Optimization on Production Key Factors of Microbial Fermented Feed and Analysis on Composition Variation During Fermentation

[ Objective] In order to study the production key factors of microbial fermented feed and the composition variation during fermentation. [ Methods ] Water, temperature, energy and protein were selected to study the effects on microbial fermented feed. And the fermentation conditions were optimized. Changes on nutrient composition during fermentation were determined and analyzed. [ Result ] Test results showed that feed formula with high sugar content, low protein, 34% - 36% water content, high fermentation temperature was more conducive to the production and actual production needs of fermentation strains. During the fermentation, strains showed interactions, test tended to be completed at the 144^th h after the fermentation, and number of lactic acid bacteria reached the peak of 1.86×10^9 strain/g, contents of lactic acid could even reach 0.89%. As time prolonged, contents of total energy, fiber and isothiocyanate gradually reduced, while contents of water and protein increased slightly. Contents of vitamin were stable, which in an order of VB〉 VE 〉 Vx 〉 VA 〉 VD. Composition of amino acids showed an better change, contents of glutamic acid and proline decreased slowly, while contents of glycine and phenylalanine increased slowly. [ Conclusion] High quality microbial fermentation feed could improve the palatability and safety of feed and keep the intestinal balance of livestock and poultry, which had broad application prospect.

Chemical Variation of Chromian Spinel Compositions in a Serpentinized Peridotites: Implications for Evolution of the Neoproterozoic Ophiolites

Tectonic setting of the Neoproterozoic ophiolites is poorly understood.Because of extensive serpentinization/metamorphism in the mantle section,accessory chromian spinel has been used as an important geotectonic indicator.

Fluid-Rock Interaction of Shear Zones in Continental Crust:as Evidenced by Xincheng-Xishui and Hetai Shear Zones

There is a coupling of thermal, mechanical, chemical and fluidal processes in a continental shear zone. Both Xincheng - Xishui and Hetai shear zones are typical continental crust shear zones of greenschist facies environment. The representative mylonite zones of the shear zones are studied with whole rock major and trace element analyses. The chemical compositional variation tendencies in both shear zones are very similar and the gain - loss ratios of various components in the mylonitic rocks are reflected in the mass balance equations. The enrichment of those immobile high - field- strengh elements is considered to be related to the volume loss of the mylonitic rocks in a shear zone. Based on the volume loss expression Cs /Co = 1/(1- V), the fractional volume losses (V) are 37.5% and 36.5%-42.3% respectively for mylonites and ultramylonites in the Xincheng-Xishui shear zone and 11 % and 28% respectively for mylonites and phyllonites in the Hetai shear zone. The high volume loss and large removal of SiO2 from the system imply that there is a large amount of percolating fluids in the shear zones. From the SiO2 loss, the fluid/rock ratios (N) are calculated as Nmyl = 113 - 563, Nultramyl= 133-664 for the Xincheng-Xishui shear zone and Nmyl=42-208, Nphyl=110-550 for the Hetai shear zone. Such a large amount of percolating fluid must have profoundly affected the rheological behavior, chemical behavior and metallogenesis of the shear zones.

Transportation of REE in the Ductile Shear Zone in Hetai Gold Deposit, Guangdong Province

The REE transportation in two sorts of mylonites of ductile shear zone, in Hetai gold deposit, Guangdong province was studied. The results show that there is REE compositional variation regularly in the ductile shear zone. When mica-quartz schist and migmatite are changing into mylonites or ultramylonites, i.e., along with intensifying deformation, the contents of each rare earth element and the total contents of the LREE, HREE and REE increase or decrease regularly, but the REE patterns of the rock are accordant. The isocon diagram of the tectonic rocks before and after deformation shows that the REE compositional variation of the mylonites or ultramylonites are very small, but there is a few REE moving in or out in the rock deformation. The reason of the REE compositional variation is that there are volume change and fluid flow in the rock deformation, and it leads to the LREE relative enrichment and HREE relative loss.

Macroscopically-Zoned Grandite from the Garnetite Skarn of Meka Presedla(Kopaonik Mountain,Serbia)

The macroscopically-zoned grandite from the garnetite skarn of Meka Presedla （Kopaonik Mountain, Serbia） was studied with optical microscopy, electron microprobe analysis （EMPA）, Fourier transform infra-red （FT-IR）, and Raman methods. The EMPA results indicate that the main core-rim compositional variations （Ca2.93-2.97Mn0.05-0.06Mg0.00-0.01AI1.14-L26 Fe0.72-0.83 Ti0.00-0.02Si2.97-3.02012） slightly differ along the zones, showing evidence for a quasi-cyclic alternation of the oscillatory zoning nature. Among this, considerable variation is observed only by the AI-Fe3＋ substitutions in the octahedral site. The EMPA also indicate that the grandite zones compositionally vary, mostly within ＋1 and ±2 mol% of the homogeneity level range, that is, Grs64±1Adra36±1SpS2 （A）, Grs62±1Adra38±1Sps2 （B）, Grs59±2Adr40±2Sps2 （C）, Grs58±2Adr41±2Sps2 （D）, and Grss±1Adr41±1Sps2 （E）. Therefore, the investigated garnet can be considered as relatively highly homogeneous. The majority of compositions lie within the narrow miscibility region of 0.58±2〈XGrs〈0.64±1, without gaps, and with only three outliers near the zone boundaries of approximately 0.38〈XGrs〈0.52. FT-IR and Raman bands are almost constant within the zones and adequate to the chemical compositions. All of the zones should be considered as anhydrous. From the results, formation temperatures between -600 and 720℃ and pressures 0f-2-3 kbars, are derived. Among five possible causes for the slightly optical anisotropy of grandite, three were reconsidered, and consequently rejected.

Experimental Study of Partial Melting of Mantle Peridotite -A Discussion about the Genesis of Sih'ca-rich Fluids (Melts)

Experiments on partial melting of mantle lherzolite have been realized at 0.6 and 1.0 GPa and the chemical compositional variations of melts during different melting stages have been first discussed. The results show that the trends of variations in SiO2, CaO, Al2O3, Na2O and TiO2 are different at different melting stages. The melts produced at lower pressure are richer in SiO2 than those at higher pressure. The mantle-derived silica-rich fluids (silicate melts) are polygenetic, but the basic and intermediate-acid silicate melts in mantle peridotite xenoliths from the same host rocks, which have equivalent contents of volatile and alkali components and different contents of other components, should result from in-situ (low-degree) partial melting of mantle peridotite under different conditions (e.g. at different depths, with introduction of C-O-H fluids or in the presence of metasomatic minerals). The intermediate-acid melts may be the result of partial melting (at lower pressure) Opx + Sp + K-Na-rich fluid ±(Am-phi) ± (Phlog) = OI + melt. But the intermediate-acid magmas cannot be produced from the partial melting of normal mantle peridotite unless the crustal materials are introduced to some extent.

Structural and optical properties of Al_(1-x)In_xN epilayers on GaN template grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

This paper reports that Al1-xInxN epilayers were grown on GaN template by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition with an In content of 7%--20%. X-ray diffraction results indicate that all these Al1-xInxN epilayers have a relatively low density of threading dislocations. Rutherford backscattering/channeling measurements provide the exact compositional information and show that a gradual variation in composition of the Al1-xInxN epilayer happens along the growth direction. The experimental results of optical reflection clearly show the bandgap energies of Al1-xInxN epilayers. A bowing parameter of 6.5~eV is obtained from the compositional dependence of the energy gap. The cathodoluminescence peak energy of the Al1-xInxN epilayer is much lower than its bandgap, indicating a relatively large Stokes shift in the Al1-xInxN sample.

Leaf stable carbon isotope composition in Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica in relation to leaf physiological and morphological characteristics along an altitudinal gradient

To understand the effects of leaf physiological and morphological characteristics on δ13C of alpine trees, we examined leaf δ13C value, LA, SD, LNC, LPC, LKC, Chla+b, LDMC, LMA and Narea in one-year-old needles of Picea schrenkiana var. tianschanica at ten points along an altitudinal gradient from 1420 m to 2300 m a.s.l. on the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains in northwest China. Our results indicated that all the leaf traits differed significantly among sampling sites along the altitudinal gradient(P<0.001). LA, SD, LPC, LKC increased linearly with increasing elevation, whereas leaf δ13C, LNC, Chla+b, LDMC, LMA and Narea varied non-linearly with changes in altitude. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that four controlled physiological and morphological characteristics influenced the variation of δ13C. Among these four controlled factors, LKC was the most profound physiological factor that affected δ13C values, LA was the secondary morphological factor, SD was the third morphological factor, LNC was the last physiological factor. This suggested that leaf δ13C was directly controlled by physiological and morphological adjustments with changing environmental conditions due to the elevation.

Optimization of N18 Zirconium Alloy for Fuel Cladding of Water Reactors

In order to optimize the microstructure and composition of N18 zirconium alloy （Zr-1Sn-0.35Nb-0.35Fe-0.1Cr, in mass fraction, %）, which was developed in China in 1990s, the effect of microstructure and composition variation on the corrosion resistance of the N18 alloy has been investigated. The autoclave corrosion tests were carried out in super heated steam at 400 ~C/10.3 MPa, in deionized water or lithiated water with 0.01 mol/L LiOH at 360 ~C/18.6 MPa. The exposure time lasted for 300-550 days according to the test temperature. The results show that the microstructure with a fine and uniform distribution of second phase particles （SPPs）, and the decrease of Sn content from 1% （in mass fraction, the same as follows） to 0.8% are of benefit to improving the corrosion resistance; It is detrimental to the corrosion resistance if no Cr addition. The addition of Nb content with upper limit （0.35%） is beneficial to improving the corrosion resistance. The addition of Cu less than 0.1% shows no remarkable influence upon the corrosion resistance for N18 alloy. Comparing the corrosion resistance of the optimized N18 with other commercial zirconium alloys, such as Zircaloy-4, ZIRLO, E635 and Ell0, the former shows superior corrosion resistance in all autoclave testing conditions mentioned above. Although the data of the corrosion resistance as fuel cladding for high burn-up has not been obtained yet, it is believed that the optimized N18 alloy is promising for the candidate of fuel cladding materials as high burn-up fuel assemblies. Based on the theory that the microstructural evolution of oxide layer during corrosion process will affect the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys, the improvement of corrosion resistance of the N18 alloy by obtaining the microstructure with nano-size and uniform distribution of SPPs, and by decreasing the content of Sn and maintaining the content of Cr is discussed.