Optimization of control parameters for petroleum waste composting

Composting is being widely employed in the treatment of petroleum waste. The purpose of this study was to find the optimum control parameters for petroleum waste in-vessel composting. Various physical and chemical parameters were monitored to evaluate their influence on the microbial communities present in composting. The CO2 evolution and the number of microorganisms were measured as the activity of composting. The results demonstrated that the optimum temperature, pH and moisture content were 56.5 - 59.5 degreesC, 7.0 - 8.5 and 55 % - 60%, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the removal efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbon reached 83.29% after 30 days composting.

Cellulolytic Microbial Activator Influence on Decomposition of Rubber Factory Waste Composting

An aerobic composting method is studied to reuse organic waste from rubb er factory waste as soil fertilizer and to study the effect of cellulolytic microbial activator （CMA） as the activator in the rubber factory waste composting. The performance of the composting process was monitored as a function of carbon and organic matter decomposition rate, temperature and moisture content. The results indicate that the rubber factory waste is best composted with water hyacinth and sludge than composted alone. In addition, the CMA is more aft^ctive when mixed with the rubber factory waste, water hyacinth and sludge since a good fertilizer is achieved. When adding CMA into the rubber factory waste composted alone, the finished product does not achieve a standard of fertilizer, especially the C/N ratio. The finished products （both CMA and without CMA）, can be an environmental friendly alternative to solve the disposal problems of rubber factory waste, Since the C/N ratio, pH, moisture content, temperature, and nutrients of the finished products are acceptable for agriculture use.

Biochemical changes during composting of coir pith waste as influenced by different agro industrial wastes

Coir pith, a byproduct of coconut husk is difficult to decompose due to its high lignin and cellulose content. In this study, coir pith was composted with different agro industrial by products such as cow dung, vegetable market waste, poultry waste and microbial consortium. The different treatment combinations used in the present study were Control, T1 (Coir pith + Cow dung + Vegetable market waste + Poultry waste + mixed microbial culture (Trichoderma viridae + Pleurotus sajar caju), T2 (Coir pith + Vegetable market waste + Poultry waste + Tank slit + Mixed microbial culture) and T3 (Coir pith + Cow dung + poultry waste + tank slit + mixed microbial culture). At the end of 12th week, in the treatment T1, C: N ratio of 21.8:1 was observed in the composted coir pith sample. Highest P content of 0.47% and K content of 1.2% and the least Cellulose and Lignin contents of 22.8% and 10.03% were recorded in the T1 treatment after a composting period of 12 weeks. Highest pH of 7.4 was observed in the treatment T3, this was followed by T1 (7.2) treatment.

Assessment of the Characteristics of the Municipal Solid Waste Compost in Lebanon

Waste management is crucial due to the fast increase of human population, causing an increase in solid waste generation which if not properly managed causes environmental problems. Around 57% of the wastes generated from homes are made up of green material (fruits, vegetables…). Thus, reusing and recycling green wastes through composting is one way of reducing the waste load to landfills. Composting is the transformation of raw organic materials into organic soil amendments that provide nutrients to crops and enhance the tilth, fertility, and productivity of soils. Aerobic windrow composting system at Sukomi Greensite facility located at Karantina is performed, where materials biodegrade under controlled conditions to produce compost. However, assessment of the quality of the compost is fundamental in order to determine its usages. Thus, regular testing of physical, chemical and biological parameters was performed for adequate monitoring purposes. The basic objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of the Lebanese municipal solid waste compost on a yearly basis and compare these characteristics amongst the years. Hence, each parameter was tested and compared to the BNQ international Canadian standards for proper classification of the compost and adequate identification of its usages. The preliminary data obtained were statistically diagnosed through principal component analysis by Spadv55 software. All the data reflected the normal content value of the studied parameters with minor differences between the years except for year 2007 which demonstrated higher levels of Potassium, Phosphate, Lead and Cadmium. The characteristics of the compost enabled it to be used as a soil amendment on all types of agricultural and landscape commodities at the adequate dosages and proper timing. This data will additionally reflect the efficiency of the solid waste management practices adopted via highlighting the importance of the implementation of the integrated solid waste management practices.

Study on Compost Utilization of Horticultural Waste

This study aimed to explore the optimal material ratio for composting of horticultural waste,which was expected to improve the utilization rate of this waste.To be specific,horticultural waste and edible fungus residue were mixed with pig manure,rapeseed cake,or compound fertilizer and the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the pile was adjusted to 30∶1 for composting.The raw materials at different ratios were prepared to determine the temperature variation,maturity,germination index,and total contents of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium of the compost.The results showed that the high-temperature period,germination index,and total nutrient content of the compost in the three treatments all met standard of organic fertilizer.T1 presented the longest high-temperature period and highest germination index and contents of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium after 42 d of composting.To sum up,the three treatments all yielded composts with no toxin and standard maturity and nutrients as commercial organic fertilizer,particularly T1.In areas short of livestock manure,the rapeseed cake or compound fertilizer can also be used as a nitrogen source for the composting of horticultural waste.

不同原料配比对芦笋秸秆堆肥发酵效果的影响

为促进芦笋秸秆资源化利用,通过加入不同比例的鸭粪和稻壳于芦笋秸秆中,进行资源化堆肥效果的试验研究。以发酵温度、pH、发芽指数、有机质、氮、磷、钾等为评价指标,研究鸭粪和稻壳添加对堆肥发酵过程的影响。结果表明:单一芦笋秸秆堆肥发酵过程,无高温阶段,未能达到发酵堆肥要求。添加不同比例的鸭粪和稻壳均能促进芦笋秸秆堆肥发酵,高温维持时间12~13 d,高温阶段平均温度为56.3~60.4℃,发酵周期21~29 d,发酵30 d结束时,发芽指数达到了92%~118%,pH>8.0,有机质含量50.70%~57.02%,氮磷钾总养分含量4.64%~5.20%。综合各项指标,在本试验条件下,70%芦笋秸秆+10%鸭粪+20%稻壳粉的配比发酵效果优于其他配比,更适合芦笋秸秆发酵。

不同秸秆覆盖方式调控地温对雷笋产量和经济效益的影响

[目的]研究不同秸秆覆盖方式对雷竹园地表增温效果及雷笋产量的影响。[方法]设置6组处理:不覆盖(CK),秸秆+砻糠(JL),秸秆+尿素腐熟剂+砻糠(JLNF),秸秆+有机肥腐熟剂+砻糠(JLOF),秸秆+尿素+砻糠(JLN),秸秆+有机肥+砻糠(JLO),持续监测地表温度、出笋量等指标。[结果]利用有机肥或尿素调节秸秆碳氮比同时配施腐熟剂的处理升温效果最好,1月JLOF和JLNF处理的最高温分别为24.25和21.70℃,各处理温度总体变化趋势表现为JLOF>JLNF>JLO>JLN>JL>CK。与温度变化趋势一致,JLOF处理的产量最高,达47355,其次为JLNF处理,为47190 kg/hm^(2)。经成本和产值核算,各处理经济效益趋势表现为JLNF>JLOF>JLN>JLO>JL。与JL处理相比,JLNF处理的经济效益增加了68940元/hm^(2),达627555元/hm^(2)。[结论]在秸秆-砻糠双覆盖模式的基础上,通过外源添加有机肥或尿素调节秸秆碳氮比同时配施腐熟剂是促进雷笋早出,有效提升雷笋经济效益的有效方式。

Researches on Classification Features of Rural and Urban Domestic Waste in Tianjin City Under Secondary Classification Mode

In order to investigate the influence of secondary classification mode on waste generation features, this study classified domestic waste generated by 310 rural and urban households at urban areas and Shuigaozhuang Village of Xiqing District into 3 groups： compostable materials, recyclable materials and toxics on the basis of the constructed secondary classification mode of domestic waste. The study focused on waste generation strength and classification features, compared the waste generation features between rural and urban residents, and analyzed the re- lation between waste generation strength and economic and cultural factors. The re- sults indicated that the average generation speed of urban domestic waste was 423.08 g/（d.capita）, and that of rural domestic waste was 629.89 g/（d.capita）, there was significant difference between rural and urban compost generation strength （P= 0.00002）, while the generation strength of recyclable materials and toxics between rural and urban areas had no significant difference （P=0.471 and P=0.099, respec- tively）. Secondary classification mode is an effective source classification mode for domestic wastes and has positive effects on waste reduction and treatment.

不同调理剂对尾菜低C/N堆肥腐殖化效果的影响

针对尾菜碳氮比(C/N)低自身无法堆肥,现有好氧堆肥工艺下尾菜堆肥需要大量调理剂,不同调理剂组分对尾菜堆肥过程的腐殖化进程影响差异不清的问题,本研究以番茄藤蔓尾菜为主要原料,选用小麦秸秆、椰糠和蘑菇渣三种不同的调理剂进行好氧堆肥,明确不同调理剂添加情况下,尾菜低碳氮比(C/N=14)好氧堆肥过程中腐殖质的产生与变化趋势。采用温度、pH、电导率(EC)和发芽指数(GI)进行堆肥腐熟度评判,通过腐殖质组分的变化,明确不同调理剂添加情况下的尾菜堆肥腐殖化效果及变化规律。结果表明,相较于尾菜无法自身堆肥完成腐殖化,添加不同调理剂均能使尾菜发生腐殖化,且不同处理腐殖化程度相似,堆肥结束腐殖质含量均在28%左右,但不同处理堆肥产物的胡敏酸含量差异较大,蘑菇渣处理(T3)含量最高达到11.9%,添加椰糠处理(T2)最少仅为4.8%;对不同处理堆肥产物红外光谱分析表明,相较于其他两个处理,添加椰糠处理的芳香族伸缩振动改变量最少,腐殖化程度较低。堆肥结果表明,小麦秸秆、椰糠和蘑菇渣三种调理剂均能使尾菜在低C/N条件下进行好氧堆肥,温度、pH、EC和GI值都能达到相关有机肥标准。添加小麦秸秆更易促进腐植酸产生,促进腐殖质的形成;添加椰糠处理,腐殖化效果较差。

辅料比对厨余垃圾好氧堆肥理化特性变化影响研究

利用小型堆肥装置对厨余垃圾进行好氧堆肥,考察辅料比(m/m)为0%、7%、13%、20%堆体在堆肥过程中理化特性变化。结果表明,辅料比低的堆体局部易发生厌氧反应;添加辅料太多的堆体总氮散失多,堆肥产品养分低;辅料比为13%为最适宜值。辅料比13%的堆体高温段(>50℃)持续时间为3天,升温最高,达到61℃,堆肥产品含水率50.9%,总有机质含量为59.2%,总氮、总磷含量最高,分别为1.95%、1.16%,堆肥过程中无腐臭味,堆肥产品疏松。厨余垃圾好氧堆肥操作简单,可在小区、庭院内完成厨余垃圾的堆肥和再利用。

添加沼渣对餐厨垃圾堆肥腐殖化过程的影响

为探讨添加沼渣对餐厨垃圾堆肥腐殖化过程的影响,设计餐厨垃圾∶沼渣的干基比例分别为4∶0(T1)、3∶1(T2)和1∶3(T3)3个处理,以水稻秸秆作为辅料进行条垛式堆肥。通过测定堆体温度、干物质含量、种子发芽指数以及总氮、总有机碳、胡敏酸和富里酸含量,分析堆体的物料降解、腐殖化程度、碳氮损失和堆肥品质等。结果表明:随着沼渣比例的增加,堆肥的有效积温比、腐殖质聚合度、腐殖化指数均上升;50 d完成堆肥时,T2处理具有最高的干物质降解率(37.16%)、氮含量(23.89 g·kg^(-1))和种子发芽指数(90.59%),并具有较高的有效积温比(63.73%)、腐殖质聚合度(0.84)和腐殖化指数(7.78%)。研究发现,添加沼渣提高了餐厨垃圾堆肥高温期发酵效率,强化了堆肥腐殖化作用,同时也增加了碳、氮损失。

藏东南铁路弃渣场不同土壤重构模式土壤质量评价

为揭示不同土壤重构模式对土壤性质及植物生长状况影响的差异,寻找适合藏东南铁路弃渣场生态修复需求的土壤重构模式,本研究在色季拉山隧道口弃渣场设置不同材料及覆土厚度的土壤重构模式,并选取当地优势草本高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)进行种植试验。通过研究高羊茅的生物学性状及重构土体的理化性质,分析不同土壤重构模式下弃渣场的生态恢复效果。结果表明:不同重构材料对土壤理化性质及高羊茅生长状况均产生显著影响(P<0.05),覆土厚度与高羊茅生物量呈正相关关系。添加30%生物堆肥的基质,根际土容重较剥离表土基质降低了21.4%,全氮含量提高了113%,全磷含量增加了90%,有机质含量提高了约3.5倍,高羊茅株高、地上生物量明显提高。添加30%弃渣石的基质,较剥离表土基质碳、磷含量提升,未明显促进高羊茅生长。研究表明,弃渣石和生物堆肥均可作为表土替代材料,覆土厚度增加有利于植物生长,生物堆肥+表土60 cm处理的重构效果最佳。本研究结果为藏东南铁路弃渣场土地复垦与植被恢复提供了科学依据。

园林废弃物资源化处理对金叶榆人工林土壤理化性质和团聚体稳定性的影响

为研究园林废弃物不同资源化方式和不同施用量对人工林土壤理化性质和水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响,在北京市房山区金叶榆(Ulmus pumila cv.jinye.)人工林开展试验,设置粉碎物、堆肥、生物有机肥、生物炭4种园林废弃物资源化有机物料和1 m 2样地含碳质量1、2、4 kg的施用量,培养15个月后,测定其土壤理化性质。结果表明:施用4种园林废弃物资源化有机物料均可促进土壤中小团聚体向大团聚体转化,提高土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性,降低土壤密度,增加土壤持水性和孔隙度,并提高土壤养分质量分数。其中粉碎物和生物有机肥处理显著增加全磷质量分数;堆肥处理显著增加全氮质量分数,提高毛管持水量、饱和持水量和毛管孔隙度;生物炭处理显著增加有机碳质量分数;生物有机肥和生物炭处理显著增加硝态氮质量分数;堆肥处理显著增加速效磷质量分数。不同园林废弃物有机物料对土壤pH、铵态氮、饱和孔隙度等指标作用效果不显著。因此,园林废弃物粉碎物、堆肥、生物有机肥及生物炭均能在一定程度上改善人工林土壤质量,其中,粉碎物、堆肥和生物有机肥处理对增加土壤肥力及改善土壤物理结构的效果优于生物炭。

园林废弃物资源化处理对人工林土壤养分及微生物碳源利用的影响

【目的】园林废弃物经资源化处理利用是人工林土壤培肥和增强碳汇功能的有效途径。研究园林废弃物不同资源化方式对人工林土壤化学性质和微生物群落功能的影响,可为园林废弃物的高效利用提供科学依据。【方法】在北京市房山区金叶榆Ulmuspumila‘Jinye’人工林下开展试验,设置粉碎物、堆肥、生物质炭等3种园林废弃物资源化物料和1、2、4 kg·m-23个基于碳当量的施用量,采用Biolog-ECO微平板法测定土壤微生物代谢强度,分析了不同物料和施用量对土壤pH、养分质量分数、微生物碳源利用程度和功能多样性指数的影响。【结果】①3种物料均提高了土壤有机碳和硝态氮质量分数,粉碎物和堆肥处理显著降低了弱碱性土壤的pH,对铵态氮和有效磷质量分数影响不大;生物质炭处理则提高了土壤pH,降低了铵态氮和有效磷质量分数;②土壤微生物对碳源利用程度和微生物群落功能多样性从大到小依次为粉碎物、堆肥、生物质炭;③在6类碳源中,糖类、羧酸类和氨基酸类是区分碳源微生物对3种物料利用的主要碳源种类;3种物料均促进了土壤微生物对酚酸碳源的利用,降低了对氨基酸碳源的利用,粉碎物和堆肥处理下微生物对氨基酸、聚合物等碳源利用强于生物质炭处理,且生物质炭处理下微生物对糖类利用最强;④不同施用量对土壤微生物碳源利用的影响差异不显著,随施用量增大微生物群落功能多样性有增加趋势。【结论】园林废弃物粉碎物、堆肥及生物质炭均能在一定程度上改善人工林土壤质量,其中,粉碎物和堆肥处理对降低弱碱性土壤pH、增加土壤肥力及提高土壤微生物群落功能多样性的效果优于生物质炭。

回料对餐厨垃圾二步法堆肥处理效果的影响

为探究堆肥回料替代部分餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥调理剂的可行性,采用中试规模的达诺滚筒(DANO)动态堆肥和静态堆肥结合的二步法堆肥工艺开展试验。将锯末和稻草分别与回料混合使用,分析不同比例(0、10%、20%和30%,分别记为M1、MH1-1、MH1-2、MH1-3、D1、DH2-1、DH2-2和DH2-3)回料替代部分调理剂进行好氧堆肥的效果。结果表明:利用DANO一次堆肥可以使堆体快速升温,且添加回料可以促进升温,7个批次可以维持大于55℃堆温超过12 d;回料添加量越大,易降解有机物越低,降解速度也越慢。锯末和稻草批次平均C/N降低率分别为5.42%和40.31%。添加回料能降低堆体生物毒性(8个批次的GI分别为48.35%、66.23%、54.78%、52.43%、71.89%、80.89%、73.12%和66.86%),提高腐熟度,从而提高GI。初始C/N、回料添加量和初始含水率分别控制在19∶1~24∶1、10%~20%和55%~60%情况下,二步法堆肥成品相关核心技术指标均符合NY/T 525—2021有机肥料的要求。

不同堆料比对石油烃废弃物堆肥处理效率的影响

采用高温好氧堆肥化技术，研究了不同堆料比对石油烃废弃物堆肥处理效率的影响．实验设计难降解有机物／易降解有机物（堆料比）分别为１∶１１、１∶３０和１∶６０，结果表明．１∶３０为最适堆料比，在这一条件下，废弃物中的石油烃经２８ｄ堆肥处理可达到５９．

农业废弃物静态高温堆腐过程中的生物化学变化

以养鸡场鸡粪、小麦秸秆为原料,在静态通气条件下研究了堆腐过程中有机物料温度、微生物及酶活性变化。结果表明,发酵罐底部有机物料温度较低,中上部较高;罐内有机物料在7～8h可以从环境温度上升到50℃,并在50℃以上持续198～483h。持续高温时间符合消灭病原微生物标准。有机物料温度处于55℃左右的高温阶段,纤维素酶活性[0.457mgglucose/(g·24h)]和蔗糖酶活性[87.836mg glucose/(g·24h)]最高,脱氢酶和脲酶活性分别达到高峰值21.62μlH+/(g·24h)和0.932mgNH3/(g·24h)。堆腐后期降温阶段,多酚氧化酶活性达到最高值6.23mg gallicin/(g·2h)。细菌和放线菌数在堆肥2d达到高峰值,分别为2.51×1012CFU/g和3.68×108CFU/g,之后缓慢下降;放线菌数变化较平缓。真菌数在堆腐开始较高,随着堆体温度上升而下降;堆腐后期随着温度下降而缓慢上升。整个堆腐过程中,真菌数一直较低,而细菌和放线菌相对较高。

我国城市厨余垃圾好氧堆肥研究综述

随着社会经济的发展,我国2000年之后逐渐开展城市厨余垃圾的好氧堆肥研究,且厨余垃圾好氧堆肥相关理论技术研究成果逐渐增多,源头处理、动态堆肥等新课题相继提出。本文介绍了好氧堆肥的一般机理,总结了厨余垃圾好氧堆肥预处理、微生物选择与接种、工艺条件控制、腐熟度判定、堆肥形式的研究成果。好氧堆肥处理厨余垃圾需要对原料进行一定的预处理,过程控制主要是通风量和搅拌,堆肥周期和对环境的影响因堆肥形式而异,堆垛式、槽式、容器式、蚯蚓和蝇类抗菌肽堆肥技术特点和优缺点有所不同,适用场所也不一,但都应达到相同的腐熟标准,已有实时、在线监测系统用于腐熟度测定。厨余垃圾堆肥的未来发展是基于源头容器式动态或静态堆肥,生产可就近使用的有机肥或能集中至堆肥厂再经规模化堆制加工为成品肥。

调节C/N及添加菌剂与木酢液对园林绿化废弃物堆肥效果的影响

为探究C/N、菌剂、木酢液三因子及菌剂与木酢液交互作用对堆肥腐熟效果的影响,寻求最佳堆肥效果的因子水平组合。本研究以园林绿化废弃物为主要原料,通过L9(34)正交设计,以鸡粪为C/N调理剂,菌剂和木酢液为添加剂进行堆肥试验,分析比较了各处理堆肥过程中温度、总有机碳、全氮、C/N、pH值、EC值、堆体体积等指标的变化情况,并以种子发芽率试验测定堆肥效果。结果表明,调节C/N比和添加适量菌剂与木酢液均能促使堆肥初温上升,高温期提前并延长,堆肥积温提高,发酵周期缩短,总有机碳降解量和总氮相对含量增加。适当调节C/N和添加适量菌剂均有利于堆肥pH值升高,防止EC值过高,而添加木酢液能明显降低堆肥pH与EC值。C/N、菌剂、木酢液、菌剂与木酢液交互作用对堆肥发芽指数的影响均达极显著水平,且影响效果表现为C/N>菌剂>木酢液。因素效应的差异显著性检验结果表明,C/N为30效果最好,0.4%菌剂与稀释500倍木酢液的交互作用最大,稀释50倍的木酢液对堆肥微生物活性存在一定的抑制作用。可见,基于种子发芽指数的园林绿化废弃物堆肥适宜参数组合为C/N 30+0.4%菌剂+稀释500倍木酢液。

生物可降解度判定生活垃圾堆肥处理的稳定性

准确判定城市生活垃圾(MSW)堆肥化处理的生物降解稳定性具有重要的环境、社会和经济意义,然而现有判定指标受垃圾组成不均匀性的影响,表现出一定的波动性。针对堆肥过程中微生物降解的主要对象———生物可降解物质进行研究,测定了接种1%高温菌、小风量连续通风静态好氧堆肥试验过程中生物可降解物质和有机质含量的变化。结果表明,堆肥过程中生物可降解度(BDM)受垃圾组分的影响较小,可较好地反映垃圾生物降解的规律,优于其他从有机成分变化角度判定MSW生物降解稳定性的指标。从动力学的角度,运用Matlab软件分段拟合出了整个堆肥过程中BDM变化曲线的表达式,验证了两段拟合的可行性。