Effects of replacing soybean meal with enzymolysis-fermentation compound protein feed on growth performance,apparent digestibility of nutrients,carcass traits,and meat quality in growing-finishing pig

Background Addressing the shortage of high-quality protein resources,this study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing soybean meal(SBM)with different levels of enzymolysis-fe rmentation compound protein feed(EFCP)in the diets of growing—finishing pigs,focusing on growth perfo rmance,nutrients digestibility;carcass traits,and meat quality.Methods Sixty DLY(Durdcx LandracexYorkshire)pigs with an initial body weight of 42.76±2.05 kg were assigto 5 diietary treatments in a 2×2+1 factorial design.These dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal diet(CON),untreated compound protein feed(UCP)substitution 50%(U50)and 100%SBM(U100)diets,and EFCP substitution 50%(EF50)and 100%SBM(EF100)diets.Each treatment had 6 pens(replicates)with 2 pigs per pen,and the experiment lasted 58 d,divided into phaseⅠ(1-28 d)and phaseⅡ(29-58 d).Following phaseⅠ,only the CON,U50,and EF50 groups were continued for phaseⅡ,each with 5 replicate pens.On d 59,a total of 15 pigs(1 pig/pen,5pens/treatment)were euthanized.Results During phaseⅠ,the EF50 group had a higher average daily gain(ADG)in pigs(P<0.05)compared to the CON group,whereas the U50 group did not have a significant difference.As the substitution ratio of UCP and EFCP increased in phaseⅠ,there was a noticeable reduction in the final body weight and ADG(P<0.05),along with an increase in the feed-to-gain ratio(F/G)(P<0.05).In phaseⅡ,there were no significant differences in growth performance among the treatment groups,but EF50 increased the apparent digestibility of several nutrients(including dry matter,crude protein,crude fiber,acid detergent fiber,ash,gross energy)compared to U50.The EF50 group also exhibited significantly higher serum levels of neuropeptide Y and ghrelin compared to the CON and U50 groups(P<0.05),Moreover,the EF50 group had higher carcass weight and carcass length than those in the CON and U50groups(P<0.05),with no significant difference in meat quality.Conclusions The study findings suggest that replacing 50%SBM with EFCP during the growing-finishing period can improve the growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and carcass traits of pigs without compromising meat quality This research offers valuable insights into the modification of unconventional plant protein meals and developing alternatives to SBM.

Evaluation of Protein Concentration, Amino Acid Profile and Antinutritional Compounds in Hempseed Meal from Dioecious and Monoecious Varieties

Hempseed meal from three dioecious and three monoecious varieties has been evaluated for content and quality of the protein and for the concentration of antinutritional compounds. Hemp seeds were obtained from plants grown in two experimental fields for two consecutive years (2011-2012). For all the varieties, hempseed meal resulted in a rich source of protein (34% mean content) with an amino acid profile extremely rich in arginine and slightly poor in lysine. Differences between dioecious and monoecious varieties were observed in the content of antinutritional compounds. They were more concentrated in monoecious varieties in comparison with those dioecious. The concentration of phytic acid in hempseed meal deserves attention in both groups, being 63 and 75.4 g·kg-1 of dry matter in dioecious and monocieous varieties, respectively. The results show that, besides the recognized value of hemp oil, also the hempseed cake could find application in animal feed as a substitute of other cakes (soybean, rapeseed). From this point of view, the dioecious varieties showing lower contents of antinutritional compounds with respect to the monoecious varieties would be preferred.

Effect of Interaction Phenolic Compounds with Milk Proteins on Cell Line

Plant flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds, commonly found in vegetables, fruits and many food sources that form a significant portion of our diet. These compounds act as anticancer and anti-proliferative but after interaction with milk proteins they form complexes which become less effective than these compounds alone. Investigation has been conducted to delineate the action of some phenolic compounds of natural origin and complexes formed from interactions between phenolic compounds and milk proteins in three human tumors cell lines: Breast (MCF7), Liver (HePG2) and colon (HCT116), these interactions were studied by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Phenolic compounds have positive effect on human cancer cell lines but after interaction with milk protein and forming complexes, they become less effective than phenolics and some time have negative effect and become pro-cancer;this interaction can be studied by (FTIR) to know which groups do this complex. The spectra were recorded under conditions generally applied in quantitative work. IR spectra were recorded in the region from 4000 - 250 cm–1, but the bands in the region 4000 - 1400 cm–1 were analyzed in detail, since they are characteristic of OH groups while NH groups appeared at (3000 - 4000 cm–1) of various protonic species that undergo hydrogen bonding interaction. Another region of interest was the region from 1800 - 1400 cm–1, characteristic of the bending vibrations of the same group. Since the bands in this region were wide and complex.

Compound Danshen tablets downregulate amyloid protein precursor mRNA expression in a transgenic cell model of Alzheimer's disease Effects and a comparison with donepezil

After gene mutation, the pcDNA3.1/APP595/596 plasmid was transfected into HEK293 cells to establish a cell model of Alzheimer＇s disease. The cell model was treated with donepezil or compound Danshen tablets after culture for 72 hours. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that the mRNA expression of amyloid protein precursor decreased in all groups following culture for 24 hours, and that there was no significant difference in the amount of decrease between donepezil and compound Danshen tablets. Our results suggest that compound Danshen tablets can reduce expression of the mRNA for amyloid protein precursor in a transgenic cell model of Alzheimer＇s disease, with similar effects to donepezil.

Impact of Preparation Process on the Protein Structure and on the Volatile Compounds in <i>Eisenia foetida</i>Protein Powders

Protein powders from Eisenia foetida were prepared using different drying processes and fractionation. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to show that heat denaturation occurred during the drying process above 42°C. Protein solubility was also studied. The addition of dissociating reagents allowed concluding that solubility was decreased during oven drying due to thermo denaturation including hydrogen bonds. The volatile compounds of the different powders were extracted by solid phase micro-extraction and identified by mass spectrometry. Volatile compounds were related to lipid oxidation and Maillard reactions occurring during the preparation of the powders. High drying temperatures led to more volatile compounds resulting from Maillard reactions. In the protein powder preparation process, a fractionation step led to a “pulp fraction” and a “juice fraction” of earthworms. The “pulp fraction” contained less odorant volatile compounds resulting from Maillard reactions than the “juice fraction” did.

食叶草蛋白的提取工艺及其与乳化剂相互作用研究

采用超声波辅助纤维素酶法提取食叶草蛋白,并从多糖和脂质中选择最佳乳化剂与食叶草蛋白相互作用,以提高其稳定性。当纤维素酶添加量为33 U/g、料液比为1∶25(g/mL)、提取时间为60 min、提取温度为46.8℃、超声功率为150.4 W、超声时间为7.5 min时,食叶草蛋白提取率最高。食叶草蛋白-大豆卵磷脂的复合物(EPLC)最小粒径为154.6 nm,复合物粒径与分散性指数(PDI)为0.32;最小PDI为食叶草蛋白-壳聚糖复合物(EPCS),粒径为191.1 nm。EPLC的溶解度最好。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果表明,食叶草蛋白与5种乳化剂形成了复合物,EPLC的效果优于其他4种复合物。综上所述,超声结合纤维素酶法可有效提高食叶草蛋白提取率,大豆卵磷脂与食叶草蛋白形成的复合物可有效改善其功能特性。

冷休克蛋白调控恶臭假单胞菌对有机化合物耐受性

恶臭假单胞菌KT2440在内源或外源压力下表现出强大的耐受性。冷休克蛋白在极端条件下能够维持细胞的结构和功能稳定。为深入研究在有机化合物存在下细胞的耐受性,基于恶臭假单胞菌KT2440构建了敲除和过表达冷休克蛋白CspAⅠ、CspAⅡ的菌株。在紫苏醇的胁迫下,通过分光光度计和HPLC检测了细胞生长状态、半抑制浓度以及紫苏醇的产量。实验结果显示,在紫苏醇胁迫的情况下,过表达CspAⅠ的细胞的生长状态较好,其OD 600值为2.57,且回补CspAⅠ菌株的半抑制浓度是敲除菌株的1.88倍。此外,在外源添加柠檬烯催化产生紫苏醇的实验中,过表达CspAⅠ的细胞展现出最佳的生长状态,且产生的紫苏醇达到了156.49 mg/L。该结果表明冷休克蛋白的过表达有助于提高细胞对有机化合物的生存能力,并且稳定了细胞代谢水平。

Electroacupuncture preconditioning attenuates ischemic brain injury by activation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

Electroacupuncture has therapeutic effects on ischemic brain injury, but its mechanism is still poorly understood. In this study, mice were stimulated by electroacupuncture at the Baihui（GV20） acupoint for 30 minutes at 1 m A and 2/15 Hz for 5 consecutive days. A cerebral ischemia model was established by ligating the bilateral common carotid artery for 15 minutes. At 72 hours after injury, neuronal injury in the mouse hippocampus had lessened, and the number of terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated d UTP nick-end labeling-positive cells reduced after electroacupuncture treatment. Moreover, expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α（AMPKα） and phosphorylated AMPKα was up-regulated. Intraperitoneal injection of the AMPK antagonist, compound C, suppressed this phenomenon. Our findings suggest that electroacupuncture preconditioning alleviates ischemic brain injury via AMPK activation.

Purification of Proteins from Ginkgo Biloba Seeds and Their Antioxidant Activities

Ginkgo biloba seeds were widely used for food and traditional medicine in china. In the present study, antioxidant proteins named GP were purified from Ginkgo biloba seeds. The proteins （GP） were purified by homogenization of Ginkgo biloba seeds powder in the saline solution, precipitation with 70% ammonium sulphate, and filtration on DEAE-Cellulose 52 anion exchange column. GP showed protein content of 96%, and they showed three bands with approximate molecular weight of 15 kDa, 17 kDa, 21 kDa respectively by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis analysis. Compositions of amino acids obtained by Amino Acid Analyzer showed GP were rich in Glu, Ser ,His ,Asp, Gly, Ala, Leu and Lys compared with the other fractions. The antioxidant activities of GP were investigated using DPPH （the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl） free radical-scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays. The GP showed antioxidant activities higher than α-Tocopherol and BHA. Therefore, the present study demonstrates proteins from Ginkgo biloba seeds （GP） can be excellent antioxidant.

Simultaneous determination of human plasma protein binding of bioactive favonoids in Polygonum orientale by equilibrium dialysis combined with UPLC–MS/MS

A simple and selective ultra performance liquid chromatography--electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-ESI-MS/MS） assay was developed for the determination of the human plasma protein binding of four bioactive ftavonoids （such as orientin and vitexin） in Polygonum orientale. Protein precipitation was used for sample preparation. Equilibrium dialysis technique was applied to determine the plasma protein binding under physiological conditions. The separation was achieved through a Waters C i s column with a mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous formic acid using step gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. A Waters ACQUITYTM TQD system was operated under the multiple reaction monitoring （MRM） mode of positive electrospray ionization. All of the recovery, precision, accuracy and stability of the method met the requirements. Good correlations （r 〉 0.99） of the four compounds were found, which suggested that these compounds can be simultaneously determined with acceptable accuracy. Results showed that the plasma protein bindings of the four bioactive flavonoids were in the range of 74-89% over the six concentrations studied. The binding parameters containing protein binding affinity, protein binding dissociation constant, and protein binding site were studied. The maximum ability to bind with protein was also determined in the assay in order to understand the drug-protein binding of each compound better.

冻融与冻藏对乌鳢肌原纤维蛋白与酸菜鱼汤中特征风味物质结合特性的影响

为探究冷冻处理对于鱼片与酸菜鱼汤中风味物质的结合特性影响,以乌鳢的肌原纤维蛋白为对象,研究冻融及冻藏处理对其理化特性及与己醛、辛醛、芳樟醇、月桂烯结合能力的变化。结果表明经过7 d贮藏后,冻融组肌原纤维蛋白溶解度降低了约26%,相较于冻藏组,蛋白质氧化和三级结构变化程度更高,产生了更多可溶性聚集体;冻藏组溶解度降低了约33%,相较于冻融组,溶解度降低更加显著(P<0.05),产生了更多不溶性聚集体。影响肌原纤维蛋白冷冻聚集的主要作用力是非共价键。分子对接结果表明,芳樟醇、己醛和辛醛通过疏水作用和氢键与蛋白质结合,月桂烯与蛋白结合的主要驱动力为疏水相互作用。冷冻处理通过减少蛋白质与醛类化合物结合的巯基基团和氢键,降低了对己醛和辛醛的结合能力,蛋白质表面疏水性的提高,增加了对月桂烯和芳樟醇的结合能力,冻融处理后蛋白质对于月桂烯的结合能力强于冻藏处理组。研究结果可以为冷冻酸菜鱼预制品的风味控制提供理论依据和参考。

藜麦蛋白对大米淀粉凝胶特性的影响

为改善大米淀粉凝胶的品质,以大米淀粉为原料,添加不同质量比例(0%,3%,6%,9%,12%)的藜麦蛋白,在加热条件下处理,形成复合凝胶。以糊化特性、流变特性、质构特性、水分分布、持水力、分子间相互作用力为指标,探究不同藜麦蛋白含量对复合凝胶特性的影响。结果表明,当藜麦蛋白的质量比例为12%时,复合凝胶的糊化温度由92.45 ℃上升至95.60 ℃,峰值黏度下降38.4%,藜麦蛋白的加入提高复合凝胶的热稳定性。与纯淀粉凝胶相比,复合凝胶的储能模量降低75.28%,硬度由595.68 g降低至164.89 g,藜麦蛋白破坏了凝胶网络结构。添加藜麦蛋白后,自由水的比例由95.38%提高到97.13%,且持水力由90.36%降低为76.21%,藜麦蛋白使凝胶网络与水结合的能力减弱。复合凝胶的相互作用力主要为氢键。研究为设计大米淀粉和蛋白质凝胶类食品提供新的思路。

发酵降低大豆组织蛋白豆腥味的复合菌株筛选

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术并结合风味活度值和感官评价,比较了生香酵母、活性干酵母、植物乳杆菌和肉葡萄球菌对大豆组织蛋白(textured soybean protein,TSP)豆腥味的降低效果,筛选出可有效降低豆腥味的2种菌株,并研究其复配质量比和添加方式。结果表明,4种菌对大豆组织蛋白豆腥味均有一定的消减效果,其中活性干酵母的降腥效果最明显,其发酵TSP中豆腥味物质含量减少了70%;肉葡萄球菌的增香作用最大,其发酵TSP中良好风味物质的含量增加了865.41%。选择活性干酵母作为降腥菌、肉葡萄球菌作为增香菌,二者复配适宜的的质量比为10∶1,添加方式为先加肉葡萄球菌于20℃发酵12 h后加活性干酵母于该温度下发酵20 h。

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵复配饲料产品质量评定

试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌发酵复配饲料的产品质量。试验通过考察麦麸添加量、辅料比例(大蒜皮与银杏叶添加量)、发酵时间对蛋白酶活的影响,优化发酵条件,检测发酵前后活菌数与pH值、常规营养成分和小肽、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸的含量以及发酵过程中蛋白水解度,以全面评价发酵饲料的营养价值和品质。结果表明,以蛋白酶活为指标,通过单因素及正交试验,确定最优发酵条件为2%麦麸、2.5%大蒜皮+2.5%银杏叶、发酵时间72 h。在此条件下,蛋白酶活为342.36 U/g。枯草芽孢杆菌UL-191在基质上长势良好,活菌数可达3.5×10^(14) CFU/g。发酵前后水分和粗灰分含量无明显变化,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量明显增长,大分子蛋白降解成小分子蛋白。蛋白水解度、小肽含量、游离氨基酸含量均随着发酵时间延长均呈上升趋势,其中发酵72 h时,蛋白水解度可达25%,小肽、游离氨基酸含量可达182.9、1006.4μg/g。研究表明,试验制备的发酵复配饲料产品质量较高,具有一定市场应用前景。

6种平衡型复方氨基酸注射液合成人体蛋白质营养价值的研究

目的:通过对临床常用的6个品种平衡型复方氨基酸注射液(BCAA)18AA(250 mL:12.5 g)、18AA-I(250 mL:17.5 g)、18AA-II(250 mL:21.25 g)、18AA-IV(250 mL:8.7 g)、18AA-V(250 mL:8.06 g)、18AA-V-SF(250 mL:8.06 g)营养价值的研究,为医院药品遴选和临床合理选药提供参考。方法:依据全鸡蛋蛋白模式,对6个品种BCAA必需氨基酸(EAA)第一限制氨基酸化学评分(CS)值、总EAA综合质量(包括必需氨基酸指数、与标准蛋白的贴近度)2个方面评价其营养价值。结果:第一限制氨基酸CS值由高到低为:18AA-II>18AA>18AA-V=18AAV-SF>18AA-I=18AA-IV。总EAA综合质量:必需氨基酸指数由高到低为:18AA-II>18AA>18AA-I>18AA-IV>18AA-V=18AA-V-SF。与全鸡蛋蛋白的贴近度由高到低为:18AA-II=18AA=18AA-I>18AA-IV>18AA-V=18AA-VSF;最终,6个品种BCAA的营养价值由高到低:18AA-II>18AA>18AA-I>18AA-IV>18AA-V=18AA-V-SF。结论:6个品种BCAA中,18AA-II营养价值最高、相同液体量氨基酸含量最高,是肝肾功能正常病人的首选药物。

醋酸钾对烟草热解产酚特性的影响

为探究醋酸钾(CH_(3)COOK)对废次烟草热解产酚特性的影响及其因素,考察了不同钾盐对废次烟草热解生成典型酚类化合物的影响,并分析CH_(3)COOK对不同蛋白质、纤维素和木质素含量的生物质热解产酚特性的影响。结果表明:废次烟草负载CH_(3)COOK的负载量为5%时,相比于无负载的废次烟草,CH_(3)COOK可显著降低烟草热解产物中苯酚及邻苯二酚占比,提升对苯二酚占比,其中苯酚下降45.63%,邻苯二酚下降67.88%,对苯二酚上升32.80%。CH_(3)COOK可使高蛋白质含量的烟草、桑叶和银杏叶热解产物中苯酚和邻苯二酚占比降低,使低蛋白质、高纤维素、木质素含量的松木屑热解生成苯酚、邻苯二酚、愈创木酚占比提高。苯酚、对甲酚及邻苯二酚在烟草蛋白质热解生成物中占比较为显著,分别为19.99%、3.08%和2.69%,负载CH_(3)COOK后,热解产物中苯酚和对甲酚占比分别降低了77.09%和79.37%,且未检测到邻苯二酚。CH_(3)COOK主要通过抑制烟草中蛋白质热解生成苯酚和邻苯二酚来降低烟草热解产物中相应酚的占比。

Effects of long-term estrogen replacement therapy on beta-amyloid precursor protein and mRNA expression in ovariectomized rat hippocampus

BACKGROUND： In vitro cultures of neural stem cells have shown that estrogen can regulate beta-amyloid precursor protein （β-APP） metabolism and reduce amyloid-beta production. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of long-term oral administration of compound nylestriol or low-dose 17beta-estradiol on β-APP and mRNA expression in the hippocampus of ovariectomized （OVX） rats. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： This randomized and controlled experiment was performed at the Animal Laboratory and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University between April 2003 and May 2004. MATERIALS： According to body mass, 50 six-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups （n = 10 per group）： normal control, sham operation, OVX model, 17beta-estradiol （Sigma, USA）, and compound nylestriol tablet （Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University） groups. METHODS： Rats in OVX plus 17beta-estradiol and OVX plus compound nylestriol tablet groups underwent ovariectomy. On the second day after surgery, rats were intragastrically given 17beta-estradiol （100 μg/kg）, once per day or compound nylestriol tablet （0.5 mg/kg） and levonorgestrel （0.15 mg/kg） every 2 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： β-APP expression in the hippocampus of OVX rats was determined using immunohistochemistry （SABC method） and β-APP mRNA expression was analyzed by in situ hybridization. The results were quantitatively analyzed using cell counting and average optical density. RESULTS： The number and optical density of β-APP-positive neurons in every subregion of the hippocampus of OVX rats was dramatically increased compared with normal and sham operation groups following 35 weeks of administration （P 〈 0.05）. Levels of β-APP were decreased following oral administration of compound nylestriol or 17beta-estradiol. In situ hybridization showed that long-term estrogen deficiency and oral administration of compound nylestriol or 17beta-estradiol did not alter the number of β-APP mRNA-positive neurons. CONCLUSION： The results show that long-term estrogen deficiency results in an increase of expression of β-APP though no changes in the expression of β-APP mRNA are detected. Replacement of estrogen with low-dose 17 beta-estradiol or compound nylestriol tablet inhibits the expression of β-APP in the hippocampus to the same extent.

红茶-花生蛋白复合饮品工艺优化及其营养特性研究

以红茶、花生为主要原料,脱脂奶粉、白砂糖为辅料,研制一款营养丰富、口感良好的红茶-花生蛋白复合饮品,并基于感官评分、蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、渗透压等指标研究该复合饮品的最佳工艺条件及营养特性。结果表明:红茶-花生蛋白复合饮品的最佳工艺条件为花生蛋白浆与红茶汁体积比1∶2、脱脂奶粉添加量10%、白砂糖添加量2%,在此条件下,所制备复合饮品的感官评分最高(86分),蛋白质含量为5.51 g/100 g,脂肪含量为5.90 g/100 g,总酚含量为139.04μg/mL,总黄酮含量为258.98μg/mL,脂肪液滴分布均匀且平均粒径(7.54μm)较小,渗透压(336.00 mmol/kg)接近人体血液渗透压,可满足消费者对感官品质和健康饮食的要求。

亚麻籽水溶蛋白与姜黄素复合物的制备与表征

以分级提取的亚麻籽水溶蛋白(water-soluble flaxseed protein,FPW)和姜黄素(curcumin,Cur)为原料,制备FPW与Cur的复合物(FPW-Cur),测得每mg FPW可负载0.778μg Cur,复合物溶解后姜黄素溶解度达到36200μg/L,相较于Cur在水溶液中的溶解度(11μg/L)提高了约3291倍。考察了FPW、Cur和FPW-Cur对DPPH、ABTS^(+)·和·O-_(2)自由基清除能力,结果表明复合物的抗氧化活性能力高于单独的FPW和单独的Cur,但低于二者抗氧化活性之和。对FPW红外光谱进行二阶导数分析,结果表明FPW-Cur的α-螺旋、β-折叠和β-转角较FPW分别从15.84%增加到17.46%、从20.47%增加到30.62%和从32.02%增加到36.30%。紫外-可见光谱表征分析表明FPW-Cur位于208 nm附近的吸收峰强度逐渐降低,并发生明显红移,证明FPW与Cur之间存在相互作用。该研究为蛋白质基脂溶性功能分子的载运提供新方法,也为提高亚麻籽蛋白及其水溶蛋白的开发应用价值开辟新途径。