Fatigue crack propagation of 7050 aluminum alloy FSW joints after surface peening

The surface composite modification of the 7050 aluminum alloy friction stir-welded joints was performed by shot peening(SP)/multiple rotation rolling(MRR)and MRR/SP,and the fatigue performance of the nugget zone(NZ)was investigated.The results demonstrated that the fatigue life of SP/MRR samples is longer than that of MRR/SP.On the plane 150μm below the surface.The grains with high angle grain boundary account for 71.5%and 34.3%for MRR/SP and SP/MRR samples,respectively.The crack propagation path of the MRR/SP is transgranular and intergranular,and it is intergranular for the MRR/SP.Multitudinous fatigue striations and some voids appeared at the fracture during the stable crack propagation stage.However,fatigue striations for SP/MRR are with smaller spacing,fewer holes,and smaller size under SP/MRR compared with fatigue fracture of MRR/SP.The differences in fatigue properties and fracture characteristics of the NZ are related to the microstructure after the two combined surface modifications.

Extraction of Total Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Tannins from Grape Byproducts by Response Surface Methodology. Influence of Solid-Liquid Ratio, Particle Size, Time, Temperature and Solvent Mixtures on the Optimization Process

The current work concerns the optimization process of phenolic compounds solid liquid extraction from grape byproducts at high temperatures and short incubation times. The effect of five experimental parameters (solidliquid ratio, particle size, time, temperature and solvent mixture) mostly believed to affect the extraction process was undertaken. A first response surface methodology experimental design was used to optimize the solid-liquid ratio and milling time parameters. A second design was used for the optimization of the quantitative and qualitative parameters. The quantitative parameters studied are: total phenolic compounds, flavonoid content, total monomeric anthocyanin composition and tannin concentration. The qualitative parameters analyzed are: antiradical activity and antioxidant capacity. The second design was based on the use of time, temperature and solvent mixture as optimization parameters. The assays were first conducted separately revealing the best experimental conditions for the maximization of each response variable alone. A simultaneous response surface methodology of all the responses taken together was then conducted, showing the optimal extraction conditions to be: 93 minutes at 94?C and in 66% ethanol/water solvent. The maximal response values obtained for each parameter are: Total Phenolic Compounds yield (5.5 g GAE/100g DM), Flavonoid Content (5.4 g GAE/100g DM), Total Monomeric Anthocyanin yield (70.3 mg/100g DM), Tannin Concentration (12.3 g/L), Antiradical Activity (67.3%) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (393 mgAAE/L). All of the optimal values were acquired at 3 mL/g solid-liquid ratio and 6.8 min milling time. The obtained extracts could be used as natural bioactive compounds in several industrial applications.

Compounded Surface Modification of ZK60 Mg Alloy by High Current Pulsed Electron Beam+Micro-plasma Oxidation

In this study, compounded surface modification technology-high current pulsed electron beam （HCPEB） ＋ micro-plasma oxidation （MPO） was applied to treat ZK60 Mg alloys. The characteristics of the microstructure of ZK60 Mg alloy after single MPO and HCPEB＋MPO compounded treatment were investigated by SEM. The results showed that the density of the ceramic layer of HCPEB＋MPO-treated ZK60 Mg alloy was improved and defects were reduced compared to that under MPO treatment alone. Surface modified layer of ZK60 Mg alloys treated by HCPEB＋MPO was divided into three zones, namely the top loose ceramic zone, middle compact zone and inside HCPEB-induced melted zone. Corrosion resistance of ZK60 Mg alloy before and after the compounded surface modification was measured in a solution of 3.5% NaCl by potentiodynamic polarization curves. It was found that the corrosion current density of ZK60 Mg alloys could be reduced by about three orders of magnitude, from 311μA/cm^2 of the original sample to 0.2μA/cm^2 of the HCPEB＋MPO-treated sample. This indicates the great application potential of the HCPEB＋MPO compounded surface modification technology in improving the corrosion resistance of ZK60 Mg alloys in the future.

Estimation of surface tension of organic compounds using quantitative structure-property relationship

A novel quantitative structure-property relationship （QSPR） model for estimating the solution surface tension of 92 organic compounds at 20℃ was developed based on newly introduced atom-type topological indices. The data set contained non-polar and polar liquids, and saturated and unsaturated compounds. The regression analysis shows that excellent result is obtained with multiple linear regression. The predictive power of the proposed model was discussed using the leave-one-out （LOO） cross-validated （CV） method. The correlation coefficient （R） and the leave-one-out cross-validation correlation coefficient （Rcv） of multiple linear regression model are 0.991 4 and 0.991 3, respectively. The new model gives the average absolute relative deviation of 1.81% for 92 substances. The result demonstrates that novel topological indices based on the equilibrium electro-negativity of atom and the relative bond length are useful model parameters for QSPR analysis of compounds.

SURFACE REACTION，HYDROGEN DIFFUSIVITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EMBRITTLEMENT OF INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS Ni_3Al AND Fe_3Al

The effect of boron doping on the sensitivity to environmental embrittlement of Ni3Al-based alloys was investigated in this paper. The results show that the ductilizing effect of boron in Ni3Al is partly to suppress moisture-induced hydrogen embrittlement.The mechanism of this suppressing effect of boron relates to its severely decreasing the hydrogen diffusivity by boron segregated at the grain boundaries. The surface reaction of Fe3Al with water vapor and oxygen was experimentally confirmed by AES and XPS analysis. The kinetics of these reactions can be used to explain the different ductility behavior of aluminides in various environments.

Pretreatment of Chrysotile With Rare Earth Compounds Lowered Its Cytotoxicity by Lessening Surface Charges

Pathological effects of asbestos are probably dependent on the special surface properties of the fibers, such as surface charge, surface metal ions. The present study was designed to determine whether the pretreatment of chrysotile asbestos fibers (CAF) with rare earth compounds (REC) solution can reduce their pathogenicity. The results showed that REC-pretreated CAF induced less nitrogen oxide (NO) production by alveolar macrophages (AM). In addition, the pretreatment lowered the capacity of hemolysis and the methylene blue (MB) adsorption of the native CAF. These findings suggested that the pretreatment of CAF with REC solution reduced the in vitro toxicity of CAF by lessening its surface charges. Nevertheless, the pathogenicity and the carcinogenicity of REC-pretreated CAF in vivo remain to be investigated.

In Situ Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Intermetallic Compound Layer during Surface Mechanical Attrition Treatment of Zirconium

The surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) technique was developed to synthesize a nanocrystalline (NC) layer on the surface of metallic materials for upgrading their overall properties and performance. In this paper, by means of SMAT to a pure zirconium plate at the room temperature, repetitive multidirectional peening of steel shots (composition (wt%): 1C, l.SCr, base Fe) severely deformed the surface layer. A NC surface layer consisting of the intermetallic compound FeCr was fabricated on the surface of the zirconium. The microstructure characterization of the surface layer was performed by using X-ray diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy observations. The NC surface layer was about 25 urn thick and consisted of the intermetallic compound FeCr with an average grain size of 25±10 nm. The deformation-induced fast diffusion of Fe and Cr from the steel shots into Zr occurred during SMAT, leading to the formation of intermetallic compound. In addition, the NC surface layer exhibited an ultrahigh nanohardness of 10.2 GPa.

Evidence for Multiple Underlying Fermi Surface and Isotropic Energy Gap in the Cuprate Parent Compound Ca2CuO2Cl2

The parent compounds of the high-temperature cuprate superconductors are Mott insulators.It has been generally agreed that understanding the physics of the doped Mott insulators is essential to understanding the mechanism of high temperature superconductivity.A natural starting point is to elucidate the basic electronic structure of the parent compound.Here we report comprehensive high resolution angle-resolved photoemission measurements on Ca_2CuO_2Cl_2,a Mott insulator and a prototypical parent compound of the cuprates.Multiple underl.ying Fermi surface sheets are revealed for the first time.The high energy waterfall-like band dispersions exhibit different behaviors near the nodal and antinodal regions.Two distinct energy scales are identified：a d-wave-like low energy peak dispersion and a nearly isotropic lower Hubbard band gap.These observations provide new information of the electronic structure of the cuprate parent compound,which is important for understanding the anomalous physical properties and superconductivity mechanism of the high temperature cuprate superconductors.

Automated visual inspection of surface defects based on compound moment invariants and support vector machine

The traditional inspection methods are mostly based on manual inspection which is very likely to make erroneous judgments due to personal subjectivity or eye fatigue, and can＇t satisfy the accuracy. To overcome these difficulties, we develop a machine vision inspection system. We first compare several kinds of methods for feature extraction and classification, and then present a real-time automated visual inspection system for copper strips surface （CSS） defects based on compound moment invariants and support vector machine （SVM）. The proposed method first processes images collected by hardware system, and then extracts feature characteristics based on grayscale characteristics and morphologic characteristics （Hu and Zernike compound moment invariants）. Finally, we use SVM to classify the CSS defects. Furthermore, performance comparisons among SVM, back propagation （BP） and radial basis function （RBF） neural networks have been involved. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves an accuracy of 95.8% in detecting CSS defects.

Surface Properties of Cu Doped La-Ni Intermetallic Compounds

A series of Cu-doped La-Ni intermetallic compounds(LaN5-xCux, x = 0-4) was studied. The bulk structure and surface composition of the samples were detected before and after they were used as catalyst for nitrobenzene hydrogennation. The catalytic properties of the intermetallic compounds depend on the surface region composition, especially on the valence of the metal ions.

The Coordination Compound of Ga(III) with Stillbazo in the Presence of Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride as a Surface Active Compound

The coordination compound of gallium (III) with stillbazo-stillbene-4,4'-bis [(1-azo)3,4-dihydroxybenzene]-2,2'-disulfonic acid has been investigated by spectrophotometric method in the presence of cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) as surface active compound. It has been determined that the mixed ligand complexes were formed with the ratio of 1:2:4 in CPC-mediated phase. The molar coefficient and the stability constant of the complex compound βк = 6.8 × 109, εк = 66,834 have been studied by various spectrophotometric methods. The effect of pH, time, temperature, concentration of the reagents and CPC on formation of the unmixed and mixed ligand coordination compounds has been also studied. It has been determined that the Beer’s law is respected within 0.008 - 10 μg of Ga(III) in 25 mL solution. The technique of the photometric determination of gallium in natural compositive objects and industrial objects has been developed.

Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Surface Coating Facilities: Characterization of Facilities, Estimation of Emission Rates, and Dispersion Modeling of Off-Site Impacts

Surface coating facilities are major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas. These VOCs can contribute to ground-level ozone formation, and many are hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including xylene, ethylbenzene, and toluene. This project was conducted in order to provide information for updating the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), USA, permit by rule for Surface Coating Facilities. Project objectives were: 1) To develop a database of information regarding surface coating facilities in Texas;2) To estimate maximum emission rates for various VOC species from surface coating facilities in Texas;3) To conduct dispersion modeling to estimate off-site impacts from surface coating facilities. The database was developed using 286 TCEQ permit files authorizing surface coating facilities in Texas during 2006 and 2007. The database was designed to include information important for estimating emission rates, and for using as inputs to the dispersion model. Hourly and annual emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and exempt solvents (ES) were calculated for each permitted entity/ company in the database, according to equations given by TCEQ. Dispersion modeling was then conducted for 3 facility configurations (worst-case stack height, good practice stack height, and fugitive emissions), for urban and rural dispersion parameters, for 8-hour and 24-hour operating scenarios, and for 1-hour, 24-hour, and annual averaging times, for a total of 36 scenarios. The highest modeled concentrations were for the worst-case stack height, rural dispersion parameters, 24-hour operation scenario, and 1-hour averaging time. 108 specific chemical species, which are components of surface coatings, were identified as candidates for further health impacts review.

Greenhouses Gases, Carbonyls, and Volatile Organic Compounds Surface Flux Emissions at Three Final Waste Disposal Sites Located in the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica

The surface flux emissions for volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) (alcohols and aromatic species), priority carbonyls and greenhouse gases, were measured in three different final disposal sites for urban solid waste located in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica, between July and October 2014. The emissions fluxes were determined using the static sampling chamber technique coupled to two different adsorption tubes: active charcoal (Supelco, ORBO 32) to capture BTEX and alcohols;and 2,4-DNPH coated silica gel (SKC, 226-119) for carbonyls. As for the VOCs, the BTEX, Alcohols, and Carbonyls total fluxes were in the range of 3 to 258, 1 to 318 and 0.4 to 8.5 mg/(m2d&#237a), respectively. The magnitudes per site were in the following order La Carpio > El Huaso > Rio Azul. Ethanol and BTEX presented a high correlation in all the cases because possibly they are sharing the same sources or formation mechanisms. The emission fluxes spatial distributions among the sites were very variable and dependent on the location of the active cells and their age. Only La Carpio showed a more homogeneous distribution due to its middle age.

Crystal Structures,Luminescent Properties and Hirshfeld Surface Analyses of Zn(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)Compounds Based on 1-(2-Carboxyl-phenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)pyrazole

Two compounds,[Zn2（Hcppp）2（cppp）2（H2O）2]·2 NO3·6 H2O（1） and [Cd（Hcppp）2Cl2]· 3H2O（2）（Hcppp = 1-（2-carboxyl-phenyl）-3-（pyridin-2-yl）pyrazole）,are synthesized and characterized by IR,TGA and X-ray single-crystal/powder diffraction.Compound 1 crystallizes in monoclinic system,space group P21/c with a = 9.894（2）,b = 15.856（3）,c = 20.430（4） A,β = 101.70（3）°,V = 3138.5（11） A3,Z = 2,Mr = 1457.94,Dc = 1.543 g/cm^3,F（000） = 1504,R = 0.0278 and wR = 0.0749 for 6157 observed reflections（I 〉 2σ（I））.Compound 2 crystallizes in triclinic system,space group P1 with a = 9.1424（4）,b = 11.6427（5）,c = 16.1345（7） A,α = 102.6430（10）°,β = 95.4530（10）°,γ = 104.0060（10）°,V = 1605.94（12） A3,Z = 2,Mr = 767.88,Dc = 1.588 g/cm^3,F（000） = 776,R = 0.0307 and wR = 0.0764 for 6275 observed reflections（I 〉 2σ（I））.Compound 1 exhibits a binuclear structure while compound 2 shows a mononuclear structure.In compound 1,two cppp-ligands display the μ2-kN,N′：k O and two Hcppp ligands show the μ1-kN,N′ coordination modes.However,two Hcppp ligands connect one Cd（Ⅱ） cation and exhibit the μ1-kN,N′ binding mode in compound 2.The compounds are both studied using Hirshfeld surface analyses and 2D fingerprint plots.The luminescent properties are also discussed.

The Experimental Research on a New Multiple Curved Surfaces Compound Focus Solar Trough Collector

A new trough imaging solar collector with multiple compounding curved surfaces has been designed. Its working principle and design parameters have been introduced. The experimental curve of temperature rising of the system with time under the real weather has been given. The system efficiency and the relation between efficiency and temperature have been calculated. The test result shows that the system has the advantages of high collecting temperature and not obvious variety of the collecting efficiency with the operating temperature. Therefore, this collector is a quite ideal medium temperature solar collector.

ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES FORNC MACHINING COMPOUND FREE-FORM SURFACES

This paper treats adaptation to the machining precision and productivity of compound free-form surfaces. The principle of a mixed NC machining method (surface direct interpolating (SDI[1])and discrete NC programming) is introduced- Three adaptive procedures are discussed : ( 1 ) adaptivedivision of the machining areas, (2) adaptive triangulation for generating interference-free tool pathsfrom compound surfaces, (3) machining along surface/surface intersection (SSI ) curves with anadaptive step length. They upgrade the intelligence of machining compound surfaces.

Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals,personal care products,and endocrine-disrupting compounds in Chinese surface waters

The continuous and rapid increase of chemical pollution in surface waters has become a pressing and widely recognized global concern.As emerging contaminants(ECs)in surface waters,pharmaceutical and personal care products(PPCPs),and endocrine-disrupting compounds(EDCs)have attracted considerable attention due to their wide occurrence and potential threat to human health.Therefore,a comprehensive understanding of the occurrence and risks of ECs in Chinese surface waters is urgently required.This study summarizes and assesses the environmental occurrence concentrations and ecological risks of 42 pharmaceuticals,15 personal care products(PCPs),and 20 EDCs frequently detected in Chinese surface waters.The ECs were primarily detected in China’s densely populated and highly industrialized regions.Most detected PPCPs and EDCs had concentrations between ng/L toμg/L,whereas norfloxacin,caffeine,and erythromycin had relatively high contamination levels,even exceeding 2000 ng/L.Risk evaluation based on the risk quotient method revealed that 34 PPCPs and EDCs in Chinese surface waters did not pose a significant risk,whereas 4-nonylphenol,4-tert-octylphenol,17α-ethinyl estradiol,17β-estradiol,and triclocarban did.This review provides a comprehensive summary of the occurrence and associated hazards of typical PPCPs and EDCs in Chinese surface waters over the past decade,and will aid in the regulation and control of these ECs in Chinese surface waters。

Adaptive sliding-mode path following control system of the underactuated USV under the influence of ocean currents

The path-following control of the asymmetry underactuated unmanned surface vehicle(USV) under external disturbances such as unknown constant and irrational ocean currents is discussed, and an adaptive sliding-mode path-following control system is proposed, which comprises a path-variable updated law,a modified integral line-of-sight(ILOS) guidance law based on a time-varying lookahead distance and adaptive feedback linearizing controllers combined with sliding-mode technique. A more accurate USV model without the assumption of having diagonal inertia and damping matrices is first presented, aiming at improving the performance of the path-following control. Next, the coordinate transformation is adopted to decouple the sway dynamic from the rudder angle, and the path-following errors dynamics without non-singular problem are presented in the moving Frenet-Serret frame. Then, based on the cascaded theorem and the adaptive sliding-mode method, the adaptive control law of position errors and course error are designed, among which the lookahead distance and integral gain are all computed as different functions of cross-track error to estimate and compensate the sideslip angle caused by external disturbances adaptively. Finally, according to the Lyapunov and cascaded theorem, the control system proposed is proved to be uniform globally asymptotic stability(UGAS) and uniform semiglobal exponential stability(USGES) when the control objectives are all achieved. Simulation results illustrate the precision and high-quality performance of this new controller.

Modification of Nano-alumina Surface by Michael Addition Reaction

A general method for modification of nano-alumina surface is investigated using Michael addition reaction with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds.

LPE Growth of InAsPSb on InAs:Melt Composition,Lattice Mismatch and Surface Morphology

The LPE growth of quaternary InAs11-x-yPxSby with x = 0.2 and y = 0.09 on InAs substrate has been studied. This composition is very suitable for the laser and detector applications at about 2.5 μm. We show that in InAsPSb/InAs system there is a determinate relation between the surface morphology and the lattice mismatch of the epi-wafers, by which we can easily control the melt composition to grow high quality hetero-structures. The reason has been discussed. The p-n junctions with fairly good carrier profile have been prepared in this system.