Comprehensive Control of Ecological Environment in Water Sources

To scientifically and effectively conduct comprehensive control of water sources to achieve water safety,the importance,main steps and plan of comprehensive control of ecological environment in water sources were analyzed on the basis of analyzing the development and protection process of foreign water sources.The results show that for the comprehensive control of water sources,it is needed to pay attention to the accurate grasp of the current environmental quality of water sources and carefully analyze the problems in the ecological environment of water sources.Besides,it is necessary to ensure the water quality and quantity of sources,focus on the implementation of environmental remediation and ecological restoration,implement regional protection of water sources,and combine engineering and non-engineering measures to take comprehensive control of environmental problems.

Design and Application of Water, Fertilizer and Pesticide Integrated Automatic Control Device

Integration of water, fertilizer and pesticide is the final stage of agricultural development, which improves the utilization efficiency of water, fertilizer and pesticide. Starting from the design and realization of water, fertilizer and pesticide integrated automatic control device, the paper discusses selection and application of fertilizer pesticides, use procedure, water, fertilizer and pesticide saving effect and receptive crowd in the application process of modern planting industry, so as to provide the basis for promotion and popularization of water, fertilizer and pesticide integration.

Study on the Rapid Method to Predict Longevity of Controlled Release Fertilizer Coated by Water Soluble Resin

The study discussed the rapid method to test and predict the longevity of controlled release fertilizers （CRFs） coated by water soluble resin by using the short-term leaching under higher temperature. Pure water dissolving incubation and higher temperature leaching were used to study the patterns of the nutrient release of the CRFs. The correlation analysis between the days at 25℃ and the hours at 80℃ of Trincote 1 and Trincote 2 for the same cumulative release rates were conducted. Patterns of cumulative nutrient release curve followed one factor quadratic regression equation at each given temperatures, and each of relative coefficient was bigger than 0.995. As the temperature increased, nutrients release of the CRFs increased. The longevity of resin coated CRFs were predicted by use of both the cumulative nutrients release equation at 80℃ and the regression equation of release time needed for the same cumulative release rates between 25 and 80℃. There were only 0.3-6.9% relative errors between the tested longevity and predicted one. In conclusion, the longevity of resin coated CRFs could be predicted more quickly and precisely by use of the higher temperature short-term leaching method than that of the traditional differential release rate. The longevity of resin coated CRF could be rapidly and precisely predicted in a few hours by application of the higher temperature shortterm leaching method.

Effect of water and fertilizer coupling optimization test on water use efficiency of rice in black soil regions

How to improve the water use efficiency of rice in black soil regions was studied. The black soil region in paddy fields was chosen as the research object. The research showed the fertilizer coupling mathematical model with N,P,K,irrigation water( W) and water use efficiency( WUE),which was set up under the condition of controlled irrigation with quadratic D- 416 optimized saturation design. The results show that the decending order of single factor' s influence on the WUE was N,K,P and W. All the interactions between N&P,N&K,N&W,K&P,P&W and K&W on the WUE were raised initially,and when reached a certain value,they began to decline. The decending order of each interaction on the WUE was K&P,K&W,N&K,N&P,P&W and N&W. When the WUE was targeted within 1. 8- 2. 5 kg / km^3,an optimized proportion plan was obtained in the 95% confidence interval,i. e. N 87. 76- 103. 32 kg / hm^2,K_2 O 52. 37- 66. 53 kg / hm^2 and P_2O_536. 80- 46. 71 kg / hm^2. Furthermore,the late tillering of the soil moisture content was 70. 07%- 72. 57% of the saturated moisture content.

Preparation and characterization of controlled-release fertilizers coated with marine polysaccharide derivatives

Encapsulation of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizers by membranes can be used to control the release of nutrients to maximize the fertilization ef fect and reduce environmental pollution.In this research,we formulated a new double-coated controlled-release fertilizer(CRF)by using food-grade microcrystalline wax(MW)and marine polysaccharide derivatives(calcium alginate and chitosan-glutaraldehyde copolymer).The pellets of water-soluble nitrogen fertilizer were coated with the marine polysaccharide derivatives and MW.A convenient and eco-friendly method was used to prepare the CRF.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)were used to characterize the morphology and composition of the products.The nitrogen-release properties were determined in water using UV-Vis spectrophotometry.The controlled-release properties of the fertilizer were improved dramatically after coating with MW and the marine polysaccharide derivatives.The results show that the double-coated CRFs can release nitrogen in a controlled manner,have excellent controlled-release features,and meet the European Standard for CRFs.

Harmoniousness analysis of total amount control of water use

Based on the fundamental principles of total amount control of water use, the harmony theory was used in this study to develop a concept of the degree of harmony of total amount control of water use. Based on this concept, the harmoniousness of total amount control of water use was analyzed in terms of the supply and demand of water resources, water resources management, water use benefits, and water-saving level. An evaluation index system of the degree of harmony of total amount control of water use was established, and a method for calculation of the degree of harmony of total amount control of water use was developed based on the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） and fuzzy comprehensive analysis （FCA） methods. The new evaluation index system was applied to a certain area in Jiangsu Province, China. The degree of harmony of total amount control of water use over this area was calculated for different years. Results indicate that the evaluation index system and calculation method proposed in this study are feasible, and such a harmoniousness analysis can provide scientific references for the strict water resources management system that will be implemented in China in the near future.

Integrated Prevention and Control System for Soil Erosion in Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The black soil region of Northeast China is one of the most important food production bases and commodity grain bases in China. However, the continual loss and degradation of precious black soil resources has led to direct threats to national food security and regional sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize integrated prevention and control experience of small watersheds in black soil region of Northeast China. Tongshuang small watershed, a typical watershed in rolling hills of typical black soil areas in Northeast China, is selected as the study area. Based on nearly 50 years' experience in prevention and control of soil and water loss, the structures and overall benefits of an integrated prevention and control system for soil and water loss are investigated. Then, the 'three defense lines' tri-dimensional protection system with reasonable allocation of different types of soil and water control measures from the hill top to gully is systematically analyzed. The first line on the top hill can weaken and block uphill runoff and sediment, hold water resources and improve soil property. The second line on the hill can truncate slope length, slow down the runoff velocity and reduce erosion energy. The third line in the gully is mainly composed of waterfall engineering, which can inhibit soil erosion and restore land resources. The 'three defense lines' system is feasible for soil and water loss control of small watersheds in the typical black soil region of Northeast China. Through the application of the in Tongshuang small watershed, There are effective improvements in ecological conditions in Tongshuang small watershed after the application of 'three defense lines' soil and water control system. Moreover, the integrated treatment paradigm for soil and water loss in typical black soil region is compared with that in loess region. The results of this study could offer references and experiences for other small watersheds in typical black soil region of Northeast China.

Site Selection of Waste Slag Yard and Design of Protective Measures in Water Supply Project of Drawing from the Songhua River in Central Cities of Jilin

Water supply project of drawing from the Songhua River in central cities of Jilin is taken as research object.On the basis of analyzing project characteristics and natural conditions of the project area,site selection of waste slag yard of water diversion project and design of water and soil conservation measures are discussed.Rationality of site selection of waste slag yard and pertinence of prevention and control measures of water and soil loss in waste slag yard are analyzed,and comprehensive utilization of waste slag in large-scale production and construction projects is explored.

Comprehensive experiment and evaluation on safety due to fully-mechanized mining under the Xitian River at Linxin Mine

L3414 mechanized mining working face (No.14 coal seam) of Lingxin Mine is under the Xitian River.The mining disturbed zone where rock properties and conditions have been changed due to mining, the safety and environmental protection were con- cemed greatly. Based on engineering geological environment of L3414 working face and mining factors, the color bore-bole TV inspecting, leakage of drilling fluid monitoring, simulation experiment, numerical computing, in-situ ground stress measurement and subsidence measurement, etal, these programs contribute to the formation of a scientific basis for control water safe mining and normal mining or environmental protection in the condition of existing fully-mechanized mining.

水利工程白蚁防治研究进展

白蚁是一种主要的害堤动物,一直是水利工程安全运行的重大隐患,经济社会的发展和复杂环境的变化对白蚁防治提出了更高的要求。梳理了水利工程白蚁防治中预防、探查、处置三个环节的研究进展,阐述了白蚁防治关键技术的基本原理、适用场景及应用效果;回顾了白蚁监测预警技术的发展过程,介绍了技术原理、系统架构和功能实现;总结了白蚁综合防治技术的实践及探索,探讨了现阶段白蚁防治技术的适用性和局限性。在此基础上提出了对白蚁习性规律、白蚁蚁巢精准探测、白蚁智能监控预警、堤坝动物危害风险评估、白蚁防治综合治理及体制机制建设等研究方向的思考,为促进白蚁防治更加精准高效、绿色智能提供借鉴。

高精度视觉感应技术在水肥一体机中的应用

以农田水肥智能化管理为研究对象,构建了一种高精度视觉感应式水肥一体机。采用高精度视觉感应技术获取作物生长状态参数图像,基于超像素图像分割技术,对复杂的作物生长状态图像特征向量进行提取,采用模糊聚类算法对图像进行分割处理,根据目标图像的像素值统计结果进行生长状态预测,并结合环境参数信息,构建灌溉过程土壤电导率EC和pH预测模型。测试结果表明:水肥一体机控制系统能够有效预测作物对水肥需求,提高了灌溉过程混肥精度,可节约灌溉用水量、提升生产效率、降低人工成本。

智慧农业下的水肥一体机精准化作业研究

针对我国农业水资源和化肥资源的利用率较低的问题,在智慧农业下对水肥一体机的精准化作业进行了研究。水肥一体机的主要组成包括控制系统、监测系统、灌溉施肥系统、网络传输系统和数据中心。将粒子群算法与PID控制算法结合,对粒子群-模糊PID控制器进行设计,并对水肥溶液的EC值和pH值进行控制,提高了水肥一体机的控制精度,减少了控制时间。为了验证水肥一体机的性能,进行了数据采集准确性分析试验和精准化作业控制试验,结果表明:数据采集较为准确,且可以精准地配比水肥溶液,满足作物的灌溉要求。

考虑采动效应的闭坑矿井水硫酸盐污染规律

高硫煤矿闭坑后成为埋藏在地表以下深部的产酸污染场,对相邻含水层和周边环境造成了潜在危害,且因采动效应影响和矿井空间分布复杂导致相邻含水层的污染过程与污染程度评价困难。以某闭坑矿区为研究对象,选取SO_(4)^(2-)作为特征污染物,考虑多煤层采动裂隙对含水层结构的破坏影响,运用数值模拟技术对闭坑矿区酸性矿井水中SO_(4)^(2-)污染迁移特征进行研究,并分析流体扩散系数对含水层污染物运移的影响。结果表明:SO_(4)^(2-)在二叠系童子岩组砂岩含水层中水平迁移面积随时间增大而增大,增大速率逐渐减小,垂向渗透系数扩大10倍,空间变异性增强;闭坑5、10、15a后,最大水平迁移距离分别为215、414、612m,最大垂向迁移距离分别达到50、65、70m;而扩散系数越大,产酸时间越长,SO_(4)^(2-)迁移距离和污染范围将随之增大,相较于水平方向,垂向上SO_(4)^(2-)浓度变化对扩散系数的敏感度更高。基于模拟结果,结合闭坑矿区实际条件,针对性提出了“源头减量-过程阻断-末端治理”的综合防控与治理方案。研究结果将为该闭坑煤矿酸性矿井水污染治理与防控提供理论基础,也为其他同类矿井提供科学借鉴。

水资源污染综合治理措施及其防治效果评估研究

长期的水污染会破坏水环境,造成生态系统的破坏和失衡,影响人类的生产和生活。为此,研究水资源污染综合治理措施并评估防治效果。在分析了水资源污染物的4种主要类型后,从工业生产、市政管理以及工程保障3方面提出相应的治理措施,并使用模糊综合评价法对治理后的效果评价,将评价结果分为5个等级,利用加权平均原则对评价结果定量计算。将所提治理措施应用在某市生态公园调节塘内,经一段时间后检验该塘水质有了明显改善,防治效果评估结果为优秀,证明所提方法在水资源污染治理方面具有可行性。

河套灌区农业高效节水与面源污染防控技术

针对河套灌区水资源短缺、农业面源污染严重等问题,从不同空间尺度和治理环节入手开展灌区农业高效节水与面源污染源头防控技术研究。研发了针对污染源头的农田水肥盐药调控管理技术模式(包括除草剂残留研究与用量推荐、土壤水氮盐和作物生长对水肥管理的响应、减量膜上秋浇技术及次生盐渍化土壤微生物改良技术)、针对农田排水的富氧生态沟渠截污净化技术模式和区域尺度的面源污染空间解析识别技术,并集成构建了贯穿源头控污—过程削污—区域查污—系统调污的高效节水型农业面源污染防控技术体系。基于现状研究和新发展理念提出了河套灌区水土资源领域研究的几点认识,相关成果为河套灌区高质量发展提供了重要支撑,对同类型灌区具有重要借鉴意义。

城市洪涝治理与韧性城市建设:变革、创新与启示

我国城市洪涝治理经历了从工程措施到工程与非工程措施并举,从洪涝分治到洪涝统筹,从城市局部治理到流域系统治理的重大转变。特别是海绵城市和韧性城市理念的引入,显著提升了城市洪涝治理水平,促进了城市可持续发展。经过多年探索与实践,我国在技术应用、政策管理、公众与社会参与等方面取得了显著进展,城市洪涝模拟与风险评估取得重要成果,监测感知系统日趋完善,预报预警技术取得突破,应用场景更加广泛;跨部门协作与联动机制、政府与社会资本合作模式的提出,高效信息传播机制和公众参与程度的加强,均显著增强了城市应对洪涝灾害的能力,为防洪减灾工作提供了有力支撑。借助北斗卫星、激光雷达、物联网、人工智能、大数据等先进技术,我国持续推进数字孪生流域、国家水网与区域水网建设,为洪涝治理和水利高质量发展提供了重要支撑。今后,城市洪涝治理将继续朝着系统化、智能化、生态化方向发展,面对新时代的机遇与挑战,应结合海绵城市与韧性城市建设,坚持系统治理、坚守底线思维、坚持创新发展,通过全局性谋划和整体性推动,不断提升水旱灾害防御水平和水安全保障能力。

黄河流域煤矿矿井水综合利用问题分析及管控建议

黄河流域煤炭资源丰富,但水资源匮乏,如何在确保生态环境安全的前提下,最大程度实现煤矿矿井水的综合利用,成为该地区迫切需要解决的热点问题.黄河流域煤矿矿井水的涌水量分布不均,呈南多北少的特征,且水质具有高矿化度、碱性或弱碱性以及高氟化物的特点.结合当前煤矿矿井水主要的综合利用途径,在总结国内外煤矿矿井水排放管控要求的基础上,识别当前制约我国煤矿矿井水综合利用的原因包括外排受较多制约,缺少供水需求,缺少对水质标准、技术规范和政策监管的改善,处理过程中缺乏技术规范化指导以及缺乏鼓励矿井水综合利用的措施等.针对以上问题,从实事求是地制订煤矿矿井水外排的管理要求、科学制订基于不同利用途径的煤矿矿井水综合利用水质标准、加强煤矿矿井水处理技术的推荐和引导以及建立多部门协作机制等方面,提出提高黄河流域煤矿矿井水综合利用率的建议,以期为合理利用水资源、确保生态环境安全、促进黄河流域高质量发展提供支撑.

水肥耦合对‘聊红’椿幼苗生长特性的影响

为探究水肥耦合对‘聊红’椿幼苗生长特性的影响,采用双因素正交试验设计,分析不同灌水量(田间持水量的30%~40%,W1、50%~60%,W2、70%~80%,W3)和N-P_(2)O_(5)-K_(2)O施用量(0-0-0 g/株,F0、2-1-1.5 g/株,F1、4-2-3 g/株,F2、6-3-4.5 g/株,F3)组合对‘聊红’椿幼苗株高、地径、叶面积、叶片数及生物量分配等生长指标的影响。结果表明:水分处理和施肥处理对各生长指标均有极显著影响,水肥耦合对试验后期的株高、地径、茎、细根和粗根生物量有显著影响。W2F2处理对株高、地径和叶片生长的促进作用最明显。‘聊红’椿的总生物量在W2F2处理下取得最大值,F3处理的肥料水平会降低各部位的生物量。W2F2处理下‘聊红’椿的根冠比、体积指数和Dickson质量指数均为最大值,且显著高于其他处理。W1F0处理下的高径比最小。因此,在不同水肥组合中W2F2处理为最佳组合,显著促进‘聊红’椿幼苗的生长和生物量积累。

基于ESP32的大田水肥一体化控制系统设计

为解决在传统大田作物种植过程中的水肥一体化集成度低、成本高、远程监控与管理困难的问题,设计一个能够远程控制的水肥一体化控制系统。该系统包含主控模块、数据采集模块、执行装置模块和远程控制模块,实现了对水肥一体化的全面控制。通过数据采集模块获取EC值、肥液流量等数据,主控模块主要进行智能化分析,通过执行装置模块实现对水肥的自动施用,再使用远程控制模块对数据进行存储,并允许用户通过远程方式监控和调整系统工作状态。经测试,该系统在本地控制时响应耗时平均为16.5 ms,远程控制响应平均耗时为1290 ms,远程控制与本地控制所显示的系统工作状态以及传感器数据实时同步。该系统设计为大田作物水肥一体化管理提供了一种先进、高效的解决方案,提高了水肥一体化的集成度,降低了成本,并解决了远程监控难题。

温室大棚溶解混施智能施肥机设计与实现

为了实现固体水溶性肥料高效溶解与精准施肥,设计了一种温室大棚溶解混施智能施肥机,主要由肥料搅拌单元、供水单元、吸肥单元及控制单元组成,水肥配比采用模糊PID控制调节方式。首先,依据固体水溶性肥料的自身特点搭建带有肥料搅拌装置的施肥设备硬件系统;然后,根据施肥设备混肥特性,建立肥料EC值调控模型,设计PID控制器;最后,采用模糊控制方法自适应调节PID参数,提出模糊PID控制系统设计方法。试验结果表明:使用模糊PID控制策略能够显著提高系统性能,特别是在减少系统滞后时间和保持系统稳定性方面。