Heat is the largest energy end-use in the world,accounting for about 50%of global final energy consumption.In 2019,the International Energy Agency pointed out that the development of renewable energy heating has becom...Heat is the largest energy end-use in the world,accounting for about 50%of global final energy consumption.In 2019,the International Energy Agency pointed out that the development of renewable energy heating has become a key way for the global response to climate change,environmental pollution control,energy transformation and sustainable development.Biomass energy as a priority for the development of renewable heat sources has been valued by countries around the world.Developed earlier in the EU countries,their biomass heating technology is more mature,and their policy system is more comprehensive.Accounting for 86%of the total renewable thermal energy consumption,biothermal energy in these countries has achieved significant effect and become an important driving force for the decarbonization of the heating industry.This practice has a very high demonstration effect globally.This paper constructs a comprehensive zoning theoretical framework of biomass energy heating and utilization in the EU countries.Based on the calculation of the supply and demand potential of biomass energy heating system,the FCM method is used to quantify the status of biomass resource utilization in 28 EU countries.The results show that there are significant differences in the utilization of biomass energy heating in the EU countries,which can be divided into five categories of comprehensive zones,which are the key development category(Finland,Sweden,Denmark,Estonia,Lithuania and Latvia),resource priority category(Austria,Croatia,Bulgaria,Romania,and Slovenia),policy-oriented category(Germany,Italy,Portugal,and Cyprus),good-potential category(Czech Republic,Hungary,Greece,Spain,Poland,France,and Slovakia)and under-developed category(UK,Netherlands,Belgium,Ireland,Luxembourg and Malta).At the same time,this paper discusses the characteristics and causes of biomass heating utilization of different types of EU countries,and summarizes the mature heating systems and rich experience in the EU countries with China’s current heating situation and its future challenges concerning renewable energy development.Finally,this study provides some implications for China’s clean heating development,energy efficient use,energy supply security and energy structure upgrade.展开更多
Global environmental meeting, legislating a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases for planet earth, is what mankind now hopes for, having realized the enormous dangers in the process of climate change. Global ...Global environmental meeting, legislating a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases for planet earth, is what mankind now hopes for, having realized the enormous dangers in the process of climate change. Global warming is no longer denied by the so-called cornucopians （e.g. Lomberg）, but global policy-making originating in reunions of 190 governments or more stumble on collective action difficulties, spelled out in game theory. Paris will not succeed where Copenhagen failed, namely to arrive at a binding and enforceable global environment policy that will be implemented before it is too late. Instead, there will be massive transaction costs from negotiating and re-negotiating, endless voting, the making of promises exante and reneging ex post, as well as the futile attempts at any enforcement action, given state sovereignty. Mankind will have to learn how to cope with the outcomes of global warming, as resilience is the only hope.展开更多
电转气(power to gas,P2G)技术是提升综合能源系统灵活性与能源利用率的有效途径。为进一步发掘P2G对综合能源系统的可调节能力与碳减排影响,文章提出一种考虑需求响应和P2G参与碳交易市场的优化调度模型。根据系统负荷特性建立了电热...电转气(power to gas,P2G)技术是提升综合能源系统灵活性与能源利用率的有效途径。为进一步发掘P2G对综合能源系统的可调节能力与碳减排影响,文章提出一种考虑需求响应和P2G参与碳交易市场的优化调度模型。根据系统负荷特性建立了电热综合需求响应模型;结合碳交易机制背景,考虑P2G对碳交易机制的激励作用,建立系统综合碳交易成本模型;以运行成本最小和弃风量最小为目标函数,建立了综合能源系统低碳调度模型,并通过三种场景对比验证所提模型的有效性。通过对需求响应调节能力、机组出力情况、碳价以及弃风惩罚系数分析发现,需求响应有效提高了系统经济型与用能灵活性;考虑综合碳交易成本模型下,合理制定碳价及弃风惩罚系数能有效促进系统低碳经济运行。展开更多
文摘Heat is the largest energy end-use in the world,accounting for about 50%of global final energy consumption.In 2019,the International Energy Agency pointed out that the development of renewable energy heating has become a key way for the global response to climate change,environmental pollution control,energy transformation and sustainable development.Biomass energy as a priority for the development of renewable heat sources has been valued by countries around the world.Developed earlier in the EU countries,their biomass heating technology is more mature,and their policy system is more comprehensive.Accounting for 86%of the total renewable thermal energy consumption,biothermal energy in these countries has achieved significant effect and become an important driving force for the decarbonization of the heating industry.This practice has a very high demonstration effect globally.This paper constructs a comprehensive zoning theoretical framework of biomass energy heating and utilization in the EU countries.Based on the calculation of the supply and demand potential of biomass energy heating system,the FCM method is used to quantify the status of biomass resource utilization in 28 EU countries.The results show that there are significant differences in the utilization of biomass energy heating in the EU countries,which can be divided into five categories of comprehensive zones,which are the key development category(Finland,Sweden,Denmark,Estonia,Lithuania and Latvia),resource priority category(Austria,Croatia,Bulgaria,Romania,and Slovenia),policy-oriented category(Germany,Italy,Portugal,and Cyprus),good-potential category(Czech Republic,Hungary,Greece,Spain,Poland,France,and Slovakia)and under-developed category(UK,Netherlands,Belgium,Ireland,Luxembourg and Malta).At the same time,this paper discusses the characteristics and causes of biomass heating utilization of different types of EU countries,and summarizes the mature heating systems and rich experience in the EU countries with China’s current heating situation and its future challenges concerning renewable energy development.Finally,this study provides some implications for China’s clean heating development,energy efficient use,energy supply security and energy structure upgrade.
文摘Global environmental meeting, legislating a reduction in the emission of greenhouse gases for planet earth, is what mankind now hopes for, having realized the enormous dangers in the process of climate change. Global warming is no longer denied by the so-called cornucopians （e.g. Lomberg）, but global policy-making originating in reunions of 190 governments or more stumble on collective action difficulties, spelled out in game theory. Paris will not succeed where Copenhagen failed, namely to arrive at a binding and enforceable global environment policy that will be implemented before it is too late. Instead, there will be massive transaction costs from negotiating and re-negotiating, endless voting, the making of promises exante and reneging ex post, as well as the futile attempts at any enforcement action, given state sovereignty. Mankind will have to learn how to cope with the outcomes of global warming, as resilience is the only hope.
文摘电转气(power to gas,P2G)技术是提升综合能源系统灵活性与能源利用率的有效途径。为进一步发掘P2G对综合能源系统的可调节能力与碳减排影响,文章提出一种考虑需求响应和P2G参与碳交易市场的优化调度模型。根据系统负荷特性建立了电热综合需求响应模型;结合碳交易机制背景,考虑P2G对碳交易机制的激励作用,建立系统综合碳交易成本模型;以运行成本最小和弃风量最小为目标函数,建立了综合能源系统低碳调度模型,并通过三种场景对比验证所提模型的有效性。通过对需求响应调节能力、机组出力情况、碳价以及弃风惩罚系数分析发现,需求响应有效提高了系统经济型与用能灵活性;考虑综合碳交易成本模型下,合理制定碳价及弃风惩罚系数能有效促进系统低碳经济运行。
