Comprehensive Prevention and Control Technology of Vegetable Diseases and Pests in Shandong Province

An in-depth research and practice has been conducted on vegetable diseases and pests in Shandong Province,and the principles of comprehensive and ecological control of diseases and pests are put forward,including agricultural control measures such as crop rotation,field cleaning,fertilizer and water management,physical control measures such as catching and killing,trapping,blocking,photoelectric energy treatment,biological control measures such as the use of natural enemies,pathogenic microorganisms,other beneficial organisms and metabolites,and scientific and rational chemical control measures.Comprehensive prevention and control not only controls vegetable diseases and pests effectively,but also protects the ecological environment.

Comprehensive Prevention and Control Strategies for Soil Continuous Cropping Obstacles of Facility Chili Pepper in Guangxi

As a crucial economic crop in Guangxi region,chili pepper is facing increasingly severe challenges of continuous cropping obstacles.In this paper,the causes of continuous cropping obstacles in chili pepper soil are deeply analyzed,covering multiple dimensions such as the dynamic changes in soil physicochemical properties,the imbalance of soil microbial community structure,and the gradual accumulation of soil borne diseases and pests.Subsequently,a set of comprehensive prevention and control strategy is proposed:soil improvement through the application of organic fertilizers,biological fertilizers,and soil conditioners;implementing agricultural strategies of crop rotation and intercropping,flexibly adjusting planting density and methods,to optimize crop layout and improve planting management measures;actively introducing natural enemies for biological control,while promoting the use of biopesticides and microbial preparations for biological control.In response to the actual situation of continuous cropping obstacles in chili pepper soil of Guangxi,it is suggested that innovative soil improvement technologies,improved planting management measures,and promotion of biological control methods should also be considered.

Comprehensive Prevention and Control Technologies of Rice Blast in Disease Nanchong City

The study was conducted to reduce blast damage, the use of pesticides residue, environment pollution and control costs, and to make a significant contribution to the improvement of grain production, quality and agriculture ecological environment. Over these years, by the methods of systematical monitoring, regular surveys, field investigation, rice blast resistance identification, experiments and meteorological data analysis, the study on comprehensive prevention and control of rice blast in Nanchong City was conducted. The results showed that the rice varieties more sensitive to blast had a higher incidence of severe blast disease. Replacing,varieties with different source of resistance every three to five years and reasonable variety distribution can effectively reduce the prevalence of rice blast. Appropriate treatment of infected rice straw and pathogen, seed disinfection, seedling disinfection, and pesticide application at transplanting and etc. can delay blast occurrence and reduce the damage caused by blast. By analyzing the blast control efficiency of pesticides applied at different growth stages, we found that best control efficiency against blast was achieved by spraying pesticide twice during the whole growth stage, once 3 d before transplanting or 10 d after transplanting; and once at initial heading stage. Spraying 525 g/hm^2 75% tricyclazole was proven to be the best dosage for blast control. However, 375-450 g/hm^2 75% tricyclazole is enough if the blast incidence is not severe, or the rice varieties are slightly susceptible to blast.The control efficiency against leaf blast between 4% kasugamycin and 20% tricyclazole had no significant difference, but was significantly higher than that of 100 billion spores/g of Bacillus subtilis. The control efficiency against neck blast had no significant difference among 4% kasugamycin, 20% tricyclazole and 100 billion spores/g of B. subtilis. 450 g/hm^2 75% tricyclazole had better control efficiency against neck blast than 2 250 g/hm^2 2% 800 million spores/g Jinggangmycin-wax bud bacteria SC, 1 050 g/hm^2 41% kasugamycin-isoprothiolane WP and 900 g/hm^2 41%kasugamycin-isoprothiolane WP. The frequency of severe blast incidence in Nanchong City has reached 50% since 1997. The rice blast disease has been effectively controlled by comprehensive prevention and control technology, reducing the production loss to less than 2%, and pesticides by 4 523 t in total. In 2014, 327000 t rice grains were approved as pollution-free, green and organic agricultural products, indicating that the blast control measures produced great economic, social and ecological values.

Establishment and Application of Prevention and Control Techniques of New Sugarcane White Leaf Disease

Aiming at the basic and key technical problems in prevention and control of sugarcane white leaf disease(SCWL),this study systematically overcame key technical bottleneck of prevention and control of new SCWL after 10 years of collaborative research,and achieved several innovative achievements.SCWL phytoplasmas newly recorded in China and the new subgroup of SCWL phytoplasmas(16SrXI-D)were discovered for the first time in Yunnan,and the whole genome analysis of the epidemic subgroup was completed.The main transmission source of SCWL pathogens has been identified as infected seed canes,and Tettigoniella viridis and Clovia conifer were newly discovered as vectors for virus transmission.The disease resistance of 25 main varieties was identified,and 10 control varieties were selected.The prevention and control strategy of"emphasizing early warning,strictly carrying out quarantine,blocking the vectors and controlling residual plants"was put forward,and a comprehensive prevention technique was established through integration of various techniques,and standardized technical regulations were formulated for demonstration application.The promotion and application of these achievements have realized scientific prevention and control of SCWL,effectively curbed the spread of SCWL,and ensured the safety of sugarcane producing areas in China,achieving great economic,social and ecological benefits and providing technical support for high-quality development,loss reduction and efficiency improvement of China's sugar industry.

On the Comprehensive Prevention and Control Technology of the Reproductive Organ Disease of Breeding Geese under the Anti-season Breeding Mode

Reproductive organ disease of geese is an endemic and multiple infectious disease in large-scale breeding of breeding geese, especially in anti-season production, which brings a great economic loss to goose production. To make effective prevention and control of reproductive organ disease of breeding geese under the anti-season breeding mode, the characteristics of control principles of infectious diseases of the poultry and the occurrence and prevalence of reproductive organ disease must be combined, so as to carry out scientific prevention and control.At the same time, according to the climate characteristics of summer, the feeding and management of breeding geese and water quality control should also be done well, and many corresponding measures should also be taken, thus obtaining better effect.

Integration and Application of Comprehensive Prevention and Control Technology for Sugarcane Borers in Low Latitude Plateau of China

Aimed at the difficult problem of prevention and control of disastrous sugarcane borers in low latitude plateau of China,this research systematically overcame the bottleneck of comprehensive prevention and control of sugarcane bores after 10 years of collaborative research,and formed a number of core product technologies,which promoted the green and high-quality development of the sugarcane industry and achieved the following innovative results.In this study,the species,population structure and damage characteristics of disastrous sugarcane borers in low latitude plateau were clarified for the first time,which provided a scientific basis for the formulation of technology and application of comprehensive prevention and control.The monitoring technology system and early warning monitoring network were constructed for the monitoring of borer population in low latitude plateau sugarcane area,which realized the accurate monitoring of the population dynamics of sugarcane bores and provided technical support for comprehensive prevention and control.The flight spraying technology by unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)was developed for bores in the low latitude plateau cane area,and it has been successfully applied in a large area,thereby opening up a new way of light,simple and efficient for effective control of borers.The scale application of lamp trapping and sexual attracting to kill adult insects technology promoted the advancement of green control technology of bores.Integration was made to the comprehensive control techniques like UAV flight control,biological agents,physical and chemical inducement and control,and sexual attractant trapping in the low latitude plateau sugarcane area,and standardized technical regulations have been formulated,which significantly improved the overall prevention and control effect of large areas.The technologies for the comprehensive prevention and control of sugarcane borers have been popularized and applied in 8 major sugarcane producing states(cities)in low altitude plateau of Yunnan over the years,which has controlled the damage and showed remarkable control effect.In 2017-2018,the integrated control technology was popularized and applied to a total of 2.78×10^5 hm^2(1.33×10^4 hm^2 of UAV flight control)of area,which recovered a total of 3.666×10^6 t of sugarcane losses,increasing 4.69×10^5 t of sugar with the sales increase of 3.979 billion yuan,added profits of 1.251 billion yuan and the taxes increase of 188 million yuan.The research results show that the technology has high technical integration,strong practicability,high degree of transformation,significant economic,social and ecological benefits,which provide technical supports for the sustainable development,loss reduction and efficiency increase of the sugarcane industry in the low-latitude plateau sugarcane region,and make significant contributions to the economic development of ethnic minorities in the border-stricken areas and the increase of farmers income and poverty alleviation.

Integrated Prevention and Control System for Soil Erosion in Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The black soil region of Northeast China is one of the most important food production bases and commodity grain bases in China. However, the continual loss and degradation of precious black soil resources has led to direct threats to national food security and regional sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize integrated prevention and control experience of small watersheds in black soil region of Northeast China. Tongshuang small watershed, a typical watershed in rolling hills of typical black soil areas in Northeast China, is selected as the study area. Based on nearly 50 years' experience in prevention and control of soil and water loss, the structures and overall benefits of an integrated prevention and control system for soil and water loss are investigated. Then, the 'three defense lines' tri-dimensional protection system with reasonable allocation of different types of soil and water control measures from the hill top to gully is systematically analyzed. The first line on the top hill can weaken and block uphill runoff and sediment, hold water resources and improve soil property. The second line on the hill can truncate slope length, slow down the runoff velocity and reduce erosion energy. The third line in the gully is mainly composed of waterfall engineering, which can inhibit soil erosion and restore land resources. The 'three defense lines' system is feasible for soil and water loss control of small watersheds in the typical black soil region of Northeast China. Through the application of the in Tongshuang small watershed, There are effective improvements in ecological conditions in Tongshuang small watershed after the application of 'three defense lines' soil and water control system. Moreover, the integrated treatment paradigm for soil and water loss in typical black soil region is compared with that in loess region. The results of this study could offer references and experiences for other small watersheds in typical black soil region of Northeast China.

The Application of the “3 + 1” Mode in the COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control at the Infection Ward of a Designated Comprehensive Hospital for COVID-19 Treatment

Objective: We assess the application effect of the “3 + 1” mode in the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control at the infection ward of a designated comprehensive hospital for COVID-19 treatment. Method: Based on the features of the inpatients of the infection ward and their relatives, a “3 + 1” mode for the COVID-19 prevention and control is developed to conform to the demands for epidemic prevention and control and the overall prevention and control scheme of the whole hospital. Here, “3” stands for the epidemic prevention and control system, personnel management, and prevention and control measures;“1” stands for COVID-19 testing. Result: From March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, a total of 3056 patients were hospitalized in the three infection wards. Among them, 265 patients had a fever, and 113 patients had respiratory symptoms. None of them were infected with COVID-19. The participation rate of the test about the knowledge related to COVID-19 and the knowledge mastery rate were both 100% among the medical staff. None of the inpatients and their companions or the medical staff was diagnosed with COVID-19. Conclusion: Thus the “3 + 1” mode proves successful for avoiding nosocomial infection and the spread of the epidemic.

Occurrence Factors and Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Chinese Rose Black Spot(Actinonema rosae)

In addition to conventional techniques,the prevention and control of Chinese rose black spot(Actinonema rosae)should be strengthened in the management of Chinese rose.The occurrence of Chinese rose black spot is closely related to plant residues,rainfall,cultivation conditions and varieties.On the basis of understanding the symptoms and occurrence regularity of Chinese rose black spot,combination measures of agricultural and chemical prevention and control should be taken.

Effect and Significance of Comprehensive Training in Infection Prevention and Control on the Psychological Health of Oral Health Staff

Background:Oral health staff have close contact with patients in the process of diagnosis and treatment,and it is inevitable for them to come into contact with patients’secretions.Therefore,oral health staff are at greater risk of infectious diseases in their daily work,and their psychological health is also greatly challenged.Objective:To study the effect and significance of comprehensive training in infection prevention and control on the psychological health of oral health staff.Methods:We selected 400 oral health staff from a tertiary stomatological hospital in Guangzhou,China in this study.The respondents were randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group.After the first round of investigation,the intervention group received comprehensive training in prevention and control of infection for three months,while the control group received no intervention.Results:The comprehensive training in infection prevention and control improved the respondents’psychological health and job satisfaction.Further strengthening infection prevention and control training for oral health staff will increase their self-confidence,improve their mental health,and increase their job satisfaction.Conclusion:For oral health staff,it is particularly important to formulate an effective and operable preventive and control training program and then implement it in a standardized manner.

Occurrence and Prevention and Control Progresses of Chilades pandava in Cycas spp.

The occurrence and comprehensive prevention and control progresses of Chilades pandava in Cycas spp. are summarized from the aspects of classification and geographic distribution, ecological characteristics, damage and development rules, and comprehensive prevention and control technology, in order to provide a reference for further prevention and control against C. pandava in Cycas spp.

Research Progress on Prevention and Control Technology of Empoasca vitis Gthe in Tea Garden

The tea green leafhopper Empoasca vitis Gothe, one of major tea insect pests in China's Mainland, grows concealed with small size, rapid reproduction and overlapped generations, which has become the most serious insect pest in tea garden. This paper described the morphological features, damage modes and occur- rence characteristics of E. vitis, and preliminarily summarized the main control methods in recent years. Therefore, from pollution-free and green control perspec- tive, controlling population quantity of E. vitis safely and effectively and reducing the yield loss of tea has become a hot issue in prevention and control of insect pests in tea garden. The paper provided a reference in green comprehensive prevention of insect pests in tea garden.

Integrated Prevention and Control Technology of Major Diseases and Insect Pests of Strawberry

In order to effectively deal with the problems of diseases and insect pests in the growth process of strawberry and to improve the quality and yield of strawberry,the main diseases and insect pests in strawberry cultivation such as powdery mildew,gray mold,anthracnose,red stele root rot,calcium deficiency,salt or fertilizer damage,aphids,red spiders,thrips,grubs,etc.and their identification methods were analyzed.The comprehensive pollution-free prevention and control techniques of these pests and diseases were explored,in order to provide technical guidance for high quality,efficient and harmless production of strawberry.

Oral health status of Chinese residents and suggestions for prevention and treatment strategies

Objective:To understand the oral health status of urban and rural residents in China,the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey (FNOHES) was conducted in 2015.Materials and methods:Based on the principles of multi-stage,stratified,equal capacity,and random sampling,the subjects included five groups of residents aged 3-5,12-15,35-44,55-64,and 65-74 years in all 31 provinces,municipalities,and autonomous regions except Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan.The total sample size was 172,425.The survey covered two areas,namely oral health status and knowledge,attitude and oral health behavior.Results:Residents in China had serious caries and poor periodontal condition.The prevalence of caries was above 50% in all age groups,subjects without periodontal disease accounted for <50%,and fewer than 50% of subjects brushed their teeth twice a day.Based on the results of the FNOHES,the following suggestions were proposed for improving the oral health in China in the future:to establish and improve the comprehensive prevention and control system for oral diseases,implement a comprehensive prevention and control strategy for priority groups,strengthen the oral health education for all people to improve oral health literacy,enhance dynamic monitoring to scientifically evaluate oral health status,and coordinate multi-party resources to establish and improve the oral health service security system.Conclusion:The oral health status of Chinese residents and their oral health behavior habits need to be improved.With the support of the administrative departments of the government and unremitting efforts of the oral health staff,all sectors of society must be coordinated to strengthen oral health education for the whole population.Furthermore,comprehensive prevention and control measures must be implemented for priority groups.

Occurrence and Control of Pear Rust in Eastern Hebei Province

In recent years, pear rust sometimes occurs in eastern Hebei area, resulting in early defoliation, fruit abscission and loss of fruit commodity value. In this paper, the incidence symptoms, regularity and causes of pear rust are summarized, and the comprehensive prevention and control measures of pear rust in eastern Hebei are put forward.

Prevalence Characteristics of Rice Black-streaked Dwarf Virus Disease and Continuous Control Strategies

Through summarizing the prevalence characteristics of rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease(RBSDVD)in Linyi City of Shandong Province,this paper analyzed its prevalence is related to changes in farming and cultivation systems,the increase in the population of venomous Laodelphax striatellus Fallén and its own migration and spread,the poor disease resistance of cultivated varieties,and inadequate time of prevention and control.Besides,based on the practice of local control,it came up with some comprehensive control measures including strengthening monitoring,early warning and forecasting,planting resistant(tolerant)rice varieties according to local conditions,appropriately delaying the sowing(planting)period,supplemented by insect nets to cover seedlings,and making scientific use of chemical control.It is expected to provide a reference for the prevention and control of RBSDVD.

Occurrence Dynamics and Countermeasure of Wheat Crown Rot in Weifang City

Wheat crown rot was first found in Weifang City in 2015,and now has become a major disease of wheat,showing an aggravating trend year by year.The author investigated the occurrence area and characteristics of wheat crown rot in Weifang City over the past 5 years,and analyzed the causes of the disease.The disease was mainly related to variety resistance and farming system.According to the occurrence regularity of the disease,a set of comprehensive control measures were put forward.

Site Selection of Waste Slag Yard and Design of Protective Measures in Water Supply Project of Drawing from the Songhua River in Central Cities of Jilin

Water supply project of drawing from the Songhua River in central cities of Jilin is taken as research object.On the basis of analyzing project characteristics and natural conditions of the project area,site selection of waste slag yard of water diversion project and design of water and soil conservation measures are discussed.Rationality of site selection of waste slag yard and pertinence of prevention and control measures of water and soil loss in waste slag yard are analyzed,and comprehensive utilization of waste slag in large-scale production and construction projects is explored.

考虑采动效应的闭坑矿井水硫酸盐污染规律

高硫煤矿闭坑后成为埋藏在地表以下深部的产酸污染场,对相邻含水层和周边环境造成了潜在危害,且因采动效应影响和矿井空间分布复杂导致相邻含水层的污染过程与污染程度评价困难。以某闭坑矿区为研究对象,选取SO_(4)^(2-)作为特征污染物,考虑多煤层采动裂隙对含水层结构的破坏影响,运用数值模拟技术对闭坑矿区酸性矿井水中SO_(4)^(2-)污染迁移特征进行研究,并分析流体扩散系数对含水层污染物运移的影响。结果表明:SO_(4)^(2-)在二叠系童子岩组砂岩含水层中水平迁移面积随时间增大而增大,增大速率逐渐减小,垂向渗透系数扩大10倍,空间变异性增强;闭坑5、10、15a后,最大水平迁移距离分别为215、414、612m,最大垂向迁移距离分别达到50、65、70m;而扩散系数越大,产酸时间越长,SO_(4)^(2-)迁移距离和污染范围将随之增大,相较于水平方向,垂向上SO_(4)^(2-)浓度变化对扩散系数的敏感度更高。基于模拟结果,结合闭坑矿区实际条件,针对性提出了“源头减量-过程阻断-末端治理”的综合防控与治理方案。研究结果将为该闭坑煤矿酸性矿井水污染治理与防控提供理论基础,也为其他同类矿井提供科学借鉴。

浙江慈溪海防林天牛的主要寄主树种与危害防控

[目的]调查慈溪海防林天牛危害树木种类,并研究天牛的防治方法。[方法]2009年,对慈溪主要防护林工程区及城市绿地、市林场开展野外调查,整理出天牛寄主树种名单,并列出遭受严重危害的林木种类。2021—2022年,对天牛寄主树种作了补充调查和资料完善。[结果]据野外调查,浙江慈溪沿海防护林天牛的寄主树种共73种,其中17种受害严重。经连续3年对天牛进行综合防控,林木天牛幼虫平均虫株率从35.70%下降到16.40%;田间林木天牛成虫虫口密度从1153.5头/hm^(2)下降到529.5头/hm^(2),降幅达54.10%,效果十分显著。[结论]综合应用药剂防治、人工杀灭和诱集树引诱集中防治等方法,有利于提高天牛防效。