Soil and water loss in the Lancang River-Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) and its control measures

According to a lot of hydrological and environmental monitoring data, the condition of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is described. The occurrence and development of soil and water loss is analyzed. The conclusion is that: (1) generally, the situation of soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River watershed (in Yunnan section, China) is light, however, soil and water loss in some regions is serious, especially in the middle reach area of the river; (2) soil and water loss in the Lancang River Mekong River (in Yunnan section, China) watershed presents developing tendency and it is mainly caused by human beings. In accordance with these results, the control measures for soil and water loss are discussed.

Integrated Prevention and Control System for Soil Erosion in Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China

The black soil region of Northeast China is one of the most important food production bases and commodity grain bases in China. However, the continual loss and degradation of precious black soil resources has led to direct threats to national food security and regional sustainable development. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize integrated prevention and control experience of small watersheds in black soil region of Northeast China. Tongshuang small watershed, a typical watershed in rolling hills of typical black soil areas in Northeast China, is selected as the study area. Based on nearly 50 years' experience in prevention and control of soil and water loss, the structures and overall benefits of an integrated prevention and control system for soil and water loss are investigated. Then, the 'three defense lines' tri-dimensional protection system with reasonable allocation of different types of soil and water control measures from the hill top to gully is systematically analyzed. The first line on the top hill can weaken and block uphill runoff and sediment, hold water resources and improve soil property. The second line on the hill can truncate slope length, slow down the runoff velocity and reduce erosion energy. The third line in the gully is mainly composed of waterfall engineering, which can inhibit soil erosion and restore land resources. The 'three defense lines' system is feasible for soil and water loss control of small watersheds in the typical black soil region of Northeast China. Through the application of the in Tongshuang small watershed, There are effective improvements in ecological conditions in Tongshuang small watershed after the application of 'three defense lines' soil and water control system. Moreover, the integrated treatment paradigm for soil and water loss in typical black soil region is compared with that in loess region. The results of this study could offer references and experiences for other small watersheds in typical black soil region of Northeast China.

Effects of Erosion Control Measures on Mountain Floods： A Case Study of the Censhui River South Branch Watershed

To investigate the effects of various erosion control measures on mountain floods, a case study was conducted in Censhui River South Branch Watershed using scenario analysis and soil conservation service （SCS） methods. A distributed hydrological model was developed, and watershed parameters were determined based on satellite imagery, digital terrain models, digital maps and field investigations. Two types of erosion control measures were investigated： the variation of vegetation covers and the change of cultivation techniques. Seven scenarios were considered for the test watershed. The results show： （1） while the de-vegetation results in the increase of peak discharge, the improve of vegetation covers decreases peak discharge at watershed scale; （2） by both improving vegetation cover and enhancing terrace-cultivation technology, the peak discharge is reduced and the peak flow arrival time is delayed; （3） attention should be attached to both early warning system and measures changing the underlying surface and conveyance systems.

基于年际Landsat系列数据的长汀县水土流失治理区植被恢复监测

恢复植被是水土流失治理最普遍的一种方式,植被不仅可以提高水土保持能力,同时也能作为水土流失治理成效好坏的标准。以福建省长汀县2000—2010年治理区为主要研究对象,通过构建2000—2015年以年为时间间隔的季相一致的中等分辨率Landsat时序数据集,利用归一化植被指数NDVI时序集对治理区域植被生长状态进行监测,并定量分析植被恢复情况与治理时间长度以及治理方式之间的关系。结果表明:①治理区域植被整体恢复趋势要明显优于未治理区域;②不同治理方式下植被恢复也有所差别,园改、经济林果和重复治理下植被恢复相对较快,封禁治理下植被恢复速度相对缓慢;③不同治理方式下植被增长幅度存在差异;④同种治理方式下,不同年份开始治理的区域植被恢复趋势也存在一定差异性。研究结果可为区域水土流失治理模式的选择提供参考,以期实现水土流失治理成效定量分析。

土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设与思考

在课程思政建设背景下,以专业课程思政建设、改革与人才培养质量提升为目的,分析土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设的价值,确立土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设的原则与目标,探讨土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设的内容、建设环节与方式等,并提出对土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设的思考。以期推动土壤侵蚀原理课程思政建设与改革的同时,促进水土保持与荒漠化防治专业知识传授、学生能力培养和思政教育全面协同发展。

海河流域水土流失空间分布特征及防治对策

基于2020年海河流域水土流失动态监测成果,计算县级行政区土壤侵蚀严重指数,分析流域水土流失面积及分布特征等,提出水土流失综合防治对策。流域水土流失面积占土地总面积的20.84%,占山区土地面积的34.21%;土壤侵蚀严重的县级行政区有5个,较严重的有63个;水土流失分布主要集中在永定河上游黄土丘陵区、太行山土石山区、冀北燕山石质山区和燕山北部坝上风沙区等区域。水土流失发生重点地类以旱地、有林地、其他草地、灌木林地和天然牧草地为主,呈现面积不大但相对集中、危害大的特点;生产活动频繁导致水土流失仍然严重,土壤侵蚀强度不高,但治理难度大。当前,水土流失依然是海河流域主要生态问题之一,水土流失防治应结合区域水土流失特点科学布局,系统配置各类措施,推进流域水土流失治理高质量发展。

寒区黑土侵蚀沟治理新技术研究

东北地区黑土侵蚀沟已严重威胁我国粮食安全,其绝大部分处于寒区环境,谷坊作为治理侵蚀沟的通用手段,面临寒区复杂环境威胁。针对寒区谷坊易受冻融、融雪和降雨等多因素耦合下稳定性不足的问题,提出了一种寒区黑土侵蚀沟治理新技术——生态柔性煤矸石土谷坊,该谷坊由土、滤土防冲土工合成材料、煤矸石铰接块和植被防护组成,具有就地取材、节省工期、柔性稳定、固废利用、替代石料和有利扦插等优势。文中给出设计理念、关键参数及现场应用关键技术,形成了成套工艺。研究结果表明:生态柔性煤矸石土谷坊变形值集中在-0.0518~0.0307 m之间,在允许范围内,谷坊前后沟道均无扩宽,泥沙淤积深度17~67 cm,有效减少水土流失,植被覆盖率一年增加30%,表明该谷坊具有良好的稳定性与治理效果,生态效益明显。生态柔性煤矸石土谷坊是在传统谷坊形式上做出优化和改进而形成的一种新型谷坊,此技术将生态技术与工程技术有机结合,为寒区黑土侵蚀沟治理提供了新思路和新手段。

湖北省全口径水土流失治理现状调查及对策研究

当前,湖北省水土流失防治取得了显著成效,但成效仍不稳固,防治任务仍然繁重。建立规划实施监测评估机制,统筹区域全口径水土流失治理情况、跟踪规划实施情况,有利于切实提升区域水土流失治理效益,切实改善区域水土流失情况。收集整理了湖北省8个三级水土保持功能区内的典型县全口径水土流失治理措施实施相关情况以及各类项目图斑、竣工验收图和评估年卫星影像等资料,结合GF-1卫星遥感影像分析及无人机摄影测量等手段踏查治理图斑现场并矢量化治理图斑信息,完成了图斑现场信息化复核校验工作,基本摸清了2020年全口径新增水土流失治理任务分部门、分工程、分措施、分图斑分解落实情况。发现湖北省全口径水土流失治理措施图斑坐标准确率为96.13%、图斑有效率为93.22%、图斑完成率为97.37%,但部分项目进度存在一定滞后、田间配套设施配置不太完善、人为扰动风险仍居高位等实际困难。据此,提出了强化目标责任考核、健全监督检查和监理工作机制、推动防治工作统筹的对策建议,可为湖北省水土流失治理满足《全国水土保持规划(2015~2030年)》中制定的目标任务提供决策依据。

基于SOFM与随机森林的大别山区水土保持空间管控分区

水土保持是国家生态文明建设的重要内容,水土保持空间管控分区是水土流失区域科学治理的前提与关键。然而,目前水土保持管控区域划分研究还未形成成熟的空间划定方法,且以小流域为单元的水土保持空间管控研究较少。为探索水土保持空间管控分区的方法,落实差别化保护治理措施,该研究利用通用土壤流失方程(universal soil loss equation,USLE)计算研究区潜在土壤侵蚀模数与实际土壤侵蚀模数,并通过随机森林确定了土壤侵蚀的主要影响因子,基于小流域单元的土壤侵蚀及其影响因子利用自组织映射神经网络(self-organizing feature map,SOFM)确定了大别山区的水土保持空间管控分区。结果显示:1)大别山区的平均潜在土壤侵蚀为84 415.7 t/(km^(2)·a),平均实际土壤侵蚀为210.25 t/(km^(2)·a)。小流域的实际土壤侵蚀主要分布于0~300 t/(km^(2)·a),小流域尺度上潜在土壤侵蚀与实际土壤侵蚀空间分布格局基本一致,高值区主要分布于研究区中部与东部海拔较高的山区腹地;2)植被覆盖度、坡度分别为小流域尺度上潜在土壤侵蚀与实际土壤侵蚀的主要影响因子,植被覆盖度、坡度与土壤侵蚀呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。高植被覆盖区主要分布于林地占比较高的大别山区腹地,坡度较大的区域沿大别山山脊线自西向东分布。3)SOFM结果显示,小流域尺度上的大别山水土保持空间管控区域划分为重点预防区、一般预防区与其他区域,其中重点预防区涉及小流域710个,面积15 287.4 km^(2)。一般预防区共890个小流域,面积18 874.4 km^(2)。两个预防区面积共占研究区61.2%。各区域间的实际土壤侵蚀、潜在土壤侵蚀与坡度差异明显,可作为大别山水土保持空间管控各区域的主要划分指标。研究结果为水土保持空间管控分区提供了思路,为分区域进行水土保持空间管控提供了理论支持与决策依据。

Capacity of soil loss control in the Loess Plateau based on soil erosion control degree

The capacity of soil and water conservation measures, defined as the maximum quantity of suitable soil and water conservation measures contained in a region, were determined for the Loess Plateau based on zones suitable for establishing terraced fields, forestland and grassland with the support of geographic information system(GIS) software. The minimum possible soil erosion modulus and actual soil erosion modulus in 2010 were calculated using the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE), and the ratio of the minimum possible soil erosion modulus under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures to the actual soil erosion modulus was defined as the soil erosion control degree. The control potential of soil erosion and water loss in the Loess Plateau was studied using this concept. Results showed that the actual soil erosion modulus was 3355 t·km^(–2)·a^(–1), the minimum possible soil erosion modulus was 1921 t·km^(–2)·a^(–1), and the soil erosion control degree was 0.57(medium level) in the Loess Plateau in 2010. In terms of zoning, the control degree was relatively high in the river valley-plain area, soil-rocky mountainous area, and windy-sandy area, but relatively low in the soil-rocky hilly-forested area, hilly-gully area and plateau-gully area. The rate of erosion areas with a soil erosion modulus of less than 1000 t·km^(–2)·a^(–1) increased from 50.48% to 57.71%, forest and grass coverage rose from 56.74% to 69.15%, rate of terraced fields increased from 4.36% to 19.03%, and per capita grain available rose from 418 kg·a^(–1) to 459 kg·a^(–1) under the capacity of soil and water conservation measures compared with actual conditions. These research results are of some guiding significance for soil and water loss control in the Loess Plateau.

Pisha sandstone: Causes, processes and erosion options for its control and prospects

Pisha sandstone is a special kind of soft rock in the semiarid region along the up and middle reaches of Yellow River and Loess Plateau and is severely eroded by wind,rainfall and gravity force.Pisha sandstone region is called 'the most severe water loss and soil erosion in the world' and referred to as the 'Earth Cancer' by local residents and experts both at home and abroad.The plan for the control of Pisha sandstone started in the 1950s.Since then a series of projects have been implemented,both engineering and vegetation measures have been developed and widely used to protect Pisha sandstone from erosion.Since seabuckthom was introduced as a viable approach for soil erosion protection and its implementation resulted in a breakthrough to control Loess Plateau,it was considered as an important and efficient measure.Then the seabuckthom flexible dam was proposed for coarse sediment retention and fine sediment deposition.And then a new comprehensive control model using consolidation materials combined with vegetation was proposed and promising results were achieved both in laboratory and field demonstrations.In the future,the complex erosion mechanism and ecological carrying capacity should he studied further and more efficient and practical comprehensive measures shall be developed.Moreover,monitoring systems shall be used to predict and detect the changes in the Pisha sandstone slope and structure.

Guidelines for integrating ecological and biological engineering technologies for control of severe erosion in mountainous areas-A case study of the Xiaojiang River Basin,China

Ecological environment issues caused by soil erosion have always been the attractive and significant problems all over the world.Under the background of global warming,debris flow,landslide,and other intense gravitational erosion activities have become aggravated,which leads to the decrease of biological diversity,ecosystem stability,resistance,productivity,and the like,which presents new challenges to traditional measures of soil and water conservation.This article,based on research conducted on controlling mountain hazard on the Xiaojiang River basin over the last 30 years,summarizes the managerial achievement of typical ecological engineering technologies and analyzes the principles and application of each type of treatment.The results indicated that established ecological engineering technologies play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of intense gravitational erosion caused by mountain hazard.However,there are still a great deal of limitation of application condition and maneuverability during management process.How to furtherly develop the rational combining pattern between ecological engineering(e.g.contour hedgerow)and geotechnical engineering(e.g.slit dam)and how to strengthen the risk control and improve management strategy will be the key points for preventing intense gravitational erosion in future by ecological engineering.

小型河道流域整治工程水土流失危害分析及防治措施评价

针对小型河道流域整治工程的水土流失问题展开研究,首先分析了水土流失的现状和危害,然后对流域进行了水土流失防治分区划分,并提出了相应的水土保持措施和防治措施。通过对民田涌流域的实例分析和评价,提出了一些有效的防治措施,以提高防治效果和生态环境的稳定性。研究表明,采取合适的水土流失防治措施可以有效减少水土流失,改善生态环境,提高流域的可持续发展能力。

输电线路工程水土流失差异分析及综合治理体系研究--以不同类型山丘区为例

研究选择5种类型的山丘区作为研究对象,对其坡度、植被覆盖、土壤侵蚀和水体污染等情况进行分析。研究发现,地质条件、植被覆盖程度和坡度等因素对水土流失有显著影响。不同地区的输电线路工程水土流失对水体浑浊度和污染物浓度的影响有显著差异。总体来说,东北和新疆地区的输电线路工程水土流失导致水体浑浊度和污染物浓度较高,对水环境质量产生较大影响。为此,研究提出综合治理体系和治理方法,它能够为相关部门提供科学的依据和指导,降低水土流失引发的环境问题,保障生态环境的持续发展。

水土保持生态产品价值核算与转化实践——以浙江省安吉县黄浦江源石门坑生态清洁小流域为例

水土保持是生态文明建设的重要内容,是提升生态系统质量和稳定性的有效手段。增强和发挥水土保持生态服务功能及其价值具有重要意义。在合理界定水土保持生态产品范畴基础上,结合相关技术规范和水土保持特点,提出了水土保持生态产品价值核算方法,并以浙江省安吉县黄浦江源石门坑生态清洁小流域为例,开展了水土保持生态产品价值核算与转化实践。结果表明:该小流域经过10多年的水土流失综合治理,2022年水土保持生态产品价值为10 357.5万元,占小流域生态系统服务价值的16.6%,增值率为19.9%,单位面积水土保持生态产品价值为1.82万元/(hm2·a)。通过小流域条件分析和市场需求调查,以生态旅游资源经营权转让为载体,依托生态产品交易平台,采取公开竞价方式实现了部分水土保持生态产品价值转化交易,成功探索出一条绿水青山就是金山银山水土保持转化路径,形成了可复制、可推广的水土保持生态共富模式。

武宣县高达水库枢纽工程土石方平衡分析

土石方平衡是生产建设项目的重要环节,关系到料场及弃渣场的选择,直接影响工程投资。以广西武宣县高达水库枢纽工程为例,分析了土石方挖填量的计算、临时堆土场的规划、料场选择和弃渣的综合利用等内容,并对各方案进行了评价。评价结果显示,该工程的土石方调配方案以及水土流失防治措施在保证工程顺利建设的前提下,还具有良好的经济效益和生态效益。

浅析湖库型水源地生态防治措施

主要分析了生态净化处理和生态清淤等解决库区内水源污染的工程措施和生物措施,并提出多种生态型护坡材料和护岸形式,拟在工程中选用最适当的防护措施来防治库周水土流失。从而形成湖库型水源地水质净化区,并修复和改善受损水体,防治水体水质恶化,规避风险,安全供水,使当地饮用水经本工程净化后水质达到相应的水质标准。

鹤毛河小流域水土流失现状及综合治理措施分析

为防治水土流失,改善人居环境,推进经济社会发展,在分析鹤毛河小流域土地利用现状、水土流失情况等基础上,对流域水土流失分布区域采取拦沙坝、河道护岸、村庄人居环境改善等典型治理措施,并利用林草措施及封育治理有机结合的措施,有效防治了水土流失,改善了生态环境,实现流域内水土保持措施效益最大化。

城市水体治理工程水土流失防治责任及水土保持措施研究

水土保持是城市水体治理工程中不可或缺的环节,对于保护城市生态环境、提高城市居民生活质量等方面具有重要作用。然而,目前城市水体治理工程水土保持工作仍存在诸多问题和挑战,需要进一步加强研究和探索。以中山市黄圃镇河涌整治工程为研究背景,旨在防治因河涌清淤、截污及管网完善、岸线修复等主要建设工程造成的水土流失。结合工程概况,对水土流失防治责任范围进行分析,并针对工程建设可能发生的水土流失危害重点研究水土保持措施体系。

水土流失对河流水质的影响及其综合治理措施

水土流失会对河流水质产生显著影响,其中包括增加河流中的悬浮物质、提高营养盐浓度、促进有害物质和重金属的积累及改变河流的生态系统和生物多样性。这些影响主要由自然因素,如降雨、地形和土壤类型,以及人为因素如过度开发、不当耕作和滥伐森林造成。为了更好地理解这些影响及其原因,文章通过对河流水质实施了监测与评估,提出了综合治理措施,以恢复和改善受水土流失影响的河流水质。