Spectral purification improves monitoring accuracy of the comprehensive growth evaluation index for film-mulched winter wheat

In order to further improve the utility of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)remote-sensing for quickly and accurately monitoring the growth of winter wheat under film mulching, this study examined the treatments of ridge mulching,ridge–furrow full mulching, and flat cropping full mulching in winter wheat.Based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method, four agronomic parameters (leaf area index, above-ground biomass, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll content) were used to calculate the comprehensive growth evaluation index (CGEI) of the winter wheat, and 14 visible and near-infrared spectral indices were calculated using spectral purification technology to process the remote-sensing image data of winter wheat obtained by multispectral UAV.Four machine learning algorithms, partial least squares, support vector machines, random forests, and artificial neural network networks(ANN), were used to build the winter wheat growth monitoring model under film mulching, and accuracy evaluation and mapping of the spatial and temporal distribution of winter wheat growth status were carried out.The results showed that the CGEI of winter wheat under film mulching constructed using the FCE method could objectively and comprehensively evaluate the crop growth status.The accuracy of remote-sensing inversion of the CGEI based on the ANN model was higher than for the individual agronomic parameters, with a coefficient of determination of 0.75,a root mean square error of 8.40, and a mean absolute value error of 6.53.Spectral purification could eliminate the interference of background effects caused by mulching and soil, effectively improving the accuracy of the remotesensing inversion of winter wheat under film mulching, with the best inversion effect achieved on the ridge–furrow full mulching area after spectral purification.The results of this study provide a theoretical reference for the use of UAV remote-sensing to monitor the growth status of winter wheat with film mulching.

Comprehensive Study on the Influence of Evapotranspiration and Albedo on Surface Temperature Related to Changes in the Leaf Area Index

Many studies have investigated the influence of evapotranspiration and albedo and emphasize their separate effects but ignore their interactive influences by changing vegetation status in large amplitudes. This paper focuses on the comprehensive influence of evapotranspiration and albedo on surface temperature by changing the leaf area index （LAD between 30^-90~N. Two LAI datasets with seasonally different amplitudes of vegetation change between 30^-90~N were used in the simulations. Seasonal differences between the results of the simulations are compared, and the major findings are as follows. （1） The interactive effects of evapotranspiration and albedo on surface temperature were different over different regions during three seasons [March-April-May （MAM）, June-July-August （JJA）, and September-October-November （SON）], i.e., they were always the same over the southeastern United States during these three seasons but were opposite over most regions between 30°-90°N during JJA. （2） Either evapotranspiration or albedo tended to be dominant over different areas and during different seasons. For example, evapotranspiration dominated almost all regions between 30^-90~N during JJA, whereas albedo played a dominant role over northwestern Eurasia during MAM and over central Eurasia during SON. （3） The response of evapotranspiration and albedo to an increase in LAI with different ranges showed different paces and signals. With relatively small amplitudes of increased LAI, the rate of the relative increase in evapotranspiration was quick, and positive changes happened in albedo. But both relative changes in evapotranspiration and albedo tended to be gentle, and the ratio of negative changes of albedo increased with relatively large increased amplitudes of LAI.

Evaluation of Natural Ecological Environment in Guangzhou City Based on Remote Sensing Technology and Comprehensive Index Method

Based on the ETM remote sensing images of Guangzhou City in 2014, the spatial distribution results o f three environmental factors including vegetation coverage(NDVI), soil index(vegetation index of bare soil) and sl ope were obtained. By using comprehensive index method, the normalized environmental factors were weighted and superimposed, and the fi nal evaluation results of ecological environment in Guangzhou City were obtained. The results showed that overall situation of natural ecological environment in Guangzhou was not optimistic, that is, the area of land with bad, moderate, good and superior environment accounted for 59.70%, 35.79%, 4.50% and around 0.01% of total area of land in Guangzhou City respectively. Ecological environment was generally poor in the central urban districts in the south of Guangzhou City, while it was relatively better in the north and northeast. Attaching importance to the constr uction of greenbelts and greenways is an effective way to improve regional environmental quality and natural ecological e nvironment level.

Comprehensive Evaluation on Ecological Indexes of Wenquan Tourist Town in Anning City in China

After the survey and analysis of economic development, infrastructure, eco-environment and social development of Wenquan Town, by adopting Analytical Hierarchy Process and selecting 31 ecological evaluation factors, evaluation models of circular economic system, infrastructure system, eco-environment system and social development system have been established and the judgment matrix has been constructed. Then, the ecological construction situation of Wenquan Tourist Town has been evaluated comprehensively. Evaluation results show that important indexes affecting eco-environment construction situation of Wenquan Tourist Town contain average value of urban air pollution index, drinking water source qualification rate and average value of urban environmental noise; while indexes making less influence include social political management, environmental protection investment index and natural growth rate of population.

The study of coal mine equipment’s comprehensive evaluation index system and evaluation method

Equipment management is one of the important parts of business administra- tion of coal. Most of coal mines take no account of their equipment management, and have no comprehensive and effective evaluation index system. Based on the analysis of the equipment evaluation measures of reform and the applications, the paper built up a comprehensive and effective evaluation index system of coal mine equipment, and im- proved the evaluation method with the use of fuzzy theory, analytic hierarchy process and entropy method.

Construction of Comprehensive Development Index and Analysis on the Development Trend of Solar Energy Industry

As a strategic emerging industry, solar energy industry has been wished to ease the energy crisis and stimulate economic growth. In order to judge the development of the industry objectively, this paper constructs the index system of China’s solar energy industrial development from three dimensions of micro enterprise, medium industry and macroeconomic. This paper simultaneously takes 27 specific indicators, 54 listed companies and 10206 data from 2010 to 2016 as an example to calculate the industrial development index. The result reveals that with the implementation of the support policies playing a positive role in the development of China’s solar energy industry, the solar industry has steadily improved. Solar energy industry in our country is under the support of national support policies and its technological innovation capability is relatively active. However, the moderate investment and financing activities and inadequate enterprise operational capacity, to some extent, alleviate the development of the solar energy industry. The above shows that the solar energy industrial development index and its evaluation methods can help people to accurately grasp the development trend of the solar energy industry and accurately identify the development of advantages and disadvantages.

Index system and methods for comprehensive assessment of cross-border power grid interconnection projects

With the global economy integration and progress in energy transformation,it has become a general trend to surpass national boundaries to achieve wider and optimal energy resource allocations.Consequently,there is a critical n eed to adopt scie ntific approaches in assessi ng cross-border power grid interconnection projects.First,con sidering the promotion of large-scale renewable energy resources and improvements in system adequacy,a comprehensive assessment index system,including costs,socio-economic benefits,environmental benefits,and technical benefits,is established in this study.Second,a synthetic assessment framework is proposed for cross-border power grid interconnection projects based on the index system comprising cost-benefit analysis,with market and network simulations,iterative methods for indicator weight evaluation,and technique for order preferenee by similarity to an ideal solution(TOPSIS)method for the project rankings.Fin ally,by assessi ng and comparing three cross-border projects betwee n Europe and Asia,the proposed index system and assessment framework have been proved to be effective and feasible;the results of this system can thus support investment decision-making related to such projects in the future.

Comprehensive Characterization Model of Integrated Cotton Fiber Quality Index

An integrated cotton fiber quality index （ICFQI） model with cotton fiber qualities which can directly express cotton fiber integrated quality and spinning yarn quality was studied. The fiber length, strength, Micronalre （fiber fineness and fiber maturity）, uniformity of fiber length, and short fiber content are the pivotal indexes expressing ICFQI. All of the results above are the basic knowledge to build up the models of ICFQI. According to spinning consistency index （SCI）, spinning strength and spinning yarn integrated quality, ICFQI was the best choice. As the methods of ICFQI had quite a lot of advantages like explicit mechanism, few independent variables. The integrated fiber quality index had a significant positive correlation with yarn strength and spinning consistency, significant negative correlation with yarn evenness and yarn thin places. In additional, the model of the relationship between ICFQI and SCI was established as： SCI=0. 235 6·ICFQI ＋56.153. It was concluded that ICFQI value was the shared reference index for the testing of fiber inspection agency and the selection and distribution of raw cotton bales by textile mills.

HYDROCHEMICAL INDEXES OF SEAWATER INTRUSION AND COMPREHENSIVE JUDGEMENT ON INTRUSIVE DEGREE

The paper discusses the use of five hydrochemical indexes in evaluating seawater intrusion, and ranking the intrusion degree for Cl -, M, Br -, rHCO 3/rCl and SAR. The fuzzy mathematical comprehensive judgement model has been adopted as the method of adjustment. Based on more than 300 water samples obtained from four typical profiles in the coastal region of Laizhou Gulf during the period from June 1993 to June 1995, we made a comprehensive judgement of seawater intrusion degree. The result shows that intrusion degree was becoming heavier from June 1993 to June 1994, but more steady and inactive in the high level of intrusion degree in the perennial severe intrusion zone from December 1994 to June 1995. Since entering the 1990s up to now, the process of seawater intrusion has translated from its peak developmental stage from the 1970s to the 1980s into a stage of equilibrium and slow development mainly because the intruded area expanded inland, precipitation increased at some extent recently and various measures of prevention and harness begin to show the effect.

Optimization Analysis on Comprehensive Evaluation Index of Wetland Parks

Wetland park is an important mode of wetland protection, meanwhile, construction of comprehensive index system has become the hotspot and keystone of the researches on Wetland Parks. Basing on different development stages, this paper firstly divided the Wetland Parks into three categories, including the start-up stage, the development stage and the refinement stage. And then screened and identified the direction and keypoints of comprehensive evaluation for wetland parks in different development stages using expert scoring, questionnaire and analytic hierarchy process(AHP).

Study and Implementation on the Grey Comprehensive Evaluation Support System of Ecocity

According to basic connotation and design principles of ecocity, a comparatively integrated index system is constructed in the paper. And at the same time using hierarchy grey comprehensive evaluation method, a hierarchy grey comprehensive evaluation model of ecocity is established, then on the basis of the model, a comprehensive evaluation support system is developed, and the theoretical guidance supplied for construction of ecocity is provided.

Selection of Third-party Logistics Provider for Agricultural Products Based on System Comprehensive Evaluation

Through the analysis on the meanings and features as well as the ad- vantages of the third-party logistics for agricultural products, the quantization index system for the selection of third-party logistics providers for agricultural products was constructed based on the system comprehensive evaluation theory. Analytic hierar- chy process （AHP） was used to determine the weight of the index system of each level, and AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method were used to determine the selection steps for the third-party logistics providers for agricultural products. The method was proved to be scientific and reasonable through calculation examples.

Investigation of Dominant Populations of Late-summer Phytoplankton and Comprehensive Nutritional Evaluation of Water Quality in Bailang Lake

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the dominant populations of late-summer phytoplankton and conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of water quality in Bailang Lake. [Method] A series of water quality survey and phytoplankton sampling was conducted in Bailang Lake in September 2011, a total of four sam- pling points were set, to detect and analyze the total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and permanganate index in water samples and further conduct comprehensive nutritional evaluation of the water quality factors using comprehensive nutritional state index method. [Result] Water in Bailang Lake was neutral to slightly alkaline with pH of 8.57. The average water trans- parency was 0.4 m, with relatively high content of dissolved oxygen. The content of total nitrogen was relatively high of 3.043 mg/L averagely. Comprehensive nutritional evaluation showed that the water quality of Bailang Lake belonged to moderate eu- trophication. As can be seen from various comprehensive nutritional state indices TLI, the contribution of transparency, chlorophyll a and total nitrogen to the eutrophi- cation in Bailang Lake was the greatest, followed by the permanganate index and total phosphorus. Statistical analysis showed that the average weight-biomass of phy- toplankton in Bailang Lake was 6.442 mg/L, and the average was 146.46x104 individuals/ml. There were eight dominant species in Bailang Lake, including Scenedesmus, Tetraedron, Merismopedia sinica, Phormidium, Merismopedia, Tribonema, Chroomonas and Synedra. [Conclusion] This study provided data informa- tion for the environmental protection and fisheries production in Bailang Lake.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Tourism Climate Suitability in Qinghai Province, China

Qinghai Province is an important component of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. Scientific evaluation of the suitability of Qinghai's climate for tourism can contribute to overcoming obstacles posed by climate on sustainable tourism development in Qinghai Province, including disparities between the low and high seasons, high altitude health concerns, and weather events. A tourism climate suitability evaluation model of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is constructed (Tourism Climate Suitability Index, or TCSI), and tourism climate suitability is comprehensively evaluated for Qinghai Province from climate data from 1960 to 2009. Results show that: (I) There is clear distributional characteristics of spatial-temporal variability of TCSI values in Qinghai Province. (II) Tourism climate suitability in Qinghai Province has significant seasonal and regional differences. The year is divided into a very suitable period (July and August), suitable tourism periods (from April and October), less suitable periods (From Nov to Mar). June to August is the most suitable tourism period in Qinghai. Qinghai Province is divided into five levels of tourism climate suitability: most suitable regions, very suitable regions, suitable regions, less suitable regions, and unsuitable region. (III) The key factor which influences regional differences in tourism climatic suitability is atmospheric oxygen. And the key factors which chiefly influence seasonal differences of tourism climate suitability are temperature and humidity, the wind chill factor, and barrier weather.

Ecosystem Health and Comprehensive Ecological Benefit Assessment of an Artificial Wetland in Western Jilin Province

[Objective] This research aimed to assess the state of ecosystem health and comprehensive ecological benefit of an artificial wetland in western Jilin Province. [Method] To investigate the effects of reclaimed water from Yingtai Oil Production Plant on the wetland ecosystem, a comprehensive ecological assessment index of an artificial wetland in the west of Jilin Province was established to measure the ecological economic and social benefits. The quantitative evaluation on the ecosystem health and comprehensive ecological benefit of the artificial wetland were carried out from 2003 to 2010 and were measured by means of the square difference method. [Result] After eight years of irrigation by reclaimed water, the levels of ecosystem health and benefit of the artificial wetland improved from Grade IV to Grade II, and the ecological environment, economic and social development of the wetland tended to improve. [Conclusion] The results indicated that the use of reclaimed water for irrigation of wetland ecosystems was a suitable way to control drought in arid and semi-arid regions.

Value of a comprehensive geriatric assessment for predicting one-year outcomes in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: results from the CGA-TAVI multicentre registry

Background In a three-month report from the CGA-TAVI registry, we found the Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI) and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) to be of value for predicting short-term outcomes in elderly patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). In the present analysis, we examined the association of these tools with outcomes up to one year post-TAVI. Methods CGA-TAVI is an international, observational registry of geriatric patients undergoing TAVI. Patients were assessed using the MPI and SPPB. Efficacy of baseline values and any postoperative change for predicting outcome were established using logistic regression. Kaplan- Meier analysis was carried out for each comprehensive geriatric assessment tool, with survival stratified by risk category. Results One year after TAVI, 14.1% of patients deceased, while 17.4% met the combined endpoint of death and/or non-fatal stroke, and 37.7% the combined endpoint of death and/or hospitalisation and/or non-fatal stroke. A high-risk MPI score was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality (aOR = 36.13, 95% CI: 2.77–470.78, P = 0.006) and death and/or non-fatal stroke (aOR = 10.10, 95% CI: 1.48–68.75, P = 0.018). No significant associations were found between a high-risk SPPB score and mortality or two main combined endpoints. In contrast to a worsening SPPB, an aggravating MPI score at three months post-TAVI was associated with an increased risk of death and/or non-fatal stoke at one year (aOR = 95.16, 95% CI: 3.41–2657.01). Conclusions The MPI showed value for predicting the likelihood of death and a combination of death and/or non-fatal stroke by one year after TAVI in elderly patients.

A Comprehensive Appraisal on the Characteristics of Coal-Bed Methane Reservoir in Turpan-Hami Basin

The rich coal-bed methane resources in the Turpan-Hami Basin are mainly located in the Shisanjianfang,Hami,Shanshan,Sha'erhu,Kekeya,Kerjian,Aidinghu inclines and the Dananhu coal-bed methane reservoirs. The big-ger coal-bed reservoirs are sitting at a depth of less than 1500 m. The coalbed methane generation,storage and confin-ing conditions of the Turpan-Hami basin can be indicated by eight key parameters. They are coal-bed thickness,coal rank,missing period,permeability,Langmuir volume,rock covering ability,structural confinement and hydrodynamic sealing environment. These parameters constitute a comprehensive appraisal index system of the coal-bed methane res-ervoir characteristics of the Turpan-Hami basin. In these parameters,the missing period of coal-bed methane is indi-cated by a stratum missing intensity factor. It reflects the relative exposure period of coal series. The results of a fuzzy comprehensive judgment showed that the Shisanjianfang coal-bed methane reservoir has the best prospects for exploita-tion and the Sha'erhu,Shanshan,Hami coal-bed methane reservoirs are next in line.

Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation for Decision Making of Water Saving Irrigation System

A model of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation for water saving irrigation system (WSIS) decision making is proposed based on establishing an index system affected by six kinds of basic factors including qualitative and quantitative indexes. The object function of WSIS is set up by using the concept of fuzzy membership degree, it is to transform characteristic vector matrix into unify membership matrix and extending the least square method to the least of weighted distance square. The optimum weighted membership degree and the inferior weighted membership degree are used to solve the object function. This method effective solves the problem of classify for fuzzy attributive indexes and the problem of optimum for the set of different attributive indexes. A case study shows that the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model is reasonable and effective in decision making for water saving irrigation system planning.

Application of Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation on COGAG Power Plant of Performance

A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of COGAG power plant performance is given by using a method of fuzzy mathematics, and multilevel fuzzy evaluation model is set up. Taking a naval ship as an example, the major parameters related to COGAG power plant performance are obtained by computer simulation, and a set of synthetic performance evaluation index system is established. The result shows that the strong fuzzy propulsion system performance indexes can be quantified by this fuzzy evaluation model in order to provide the reference for choosing the optimal design of ship propulsion system.

Matter-element models for comprehensive earthquake predication and their applications

Extenics was a branch of mathematics for studying the incompatible problems. In this paper, basing on calculating the associative functions of all various indexes, we have obtained the quantitative assessment results of prediction indexes by introducing this theory into the comprehensive earthquake prediction through establishing the matter-element model for comprehensive prediction, so that the incompatible problems can be solved. The preliminary results demonstrate that this method has better prospects in comprehensive earthquake prediction.