Deformation mechanism of surrounding rocks and key control technology for a roadway driven along goaf in fully mechanized top-coal caving face

The variation of the stress in the bolted surrounding rocks structure of the roadway driven along goaf in a fully mechanized top coal caving face with moderate stable conditions are studied by using numerical calculation. The essential deformation characteristics of the surrounding rocks in this kind of roadway are obtained and the key technology of bolting support used under these conditions is put forward.

Analysis and key control technologies to prevent spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines

In order to prevent spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines in China, we have analyzed the characteristics of spontaneous coal combustion and explain theoretically the factors affecting spontaneous coal combustion, such as rock bursts, high temperatures, high ventilation resistance, slow advancing speed and large obliquity mining. Key technologies to prevent spontaneous combustion occurring in sharply inclined seams in deep mines are pro- posed; these include pouring water, stopping leakage in upper and lower comers of the working face, choking off the goaf and cov- eting the coal. CO concentrations were controlled within two years to less than 15×10^-6 at the upper comer by applying these tech- nologies at the 1410 working face of the Huafeng coal mine. Our method has significant theoretical value and is of practical impor- tance in controlling spontaneous coal combustion occurring at a fully mechanized caving face with large obliquity in deep mines.

Statistic constitutive equation of top-coal damage for fully mechanized coal face with sublevel caving

Under the action of abutment pressure in front of fully mechanized coal face with sublevel caving(CFSC),top-coal over CFSC deformed.In the process of whole de- formation of top-coal,it changed from continuum elastic mass to non-continuum plastic mass contained fissures,become a loose body.According to its bearing characteristics and mechanical properties,top-coal mass can be divided into four deformation zones along the winning direction of CFSC,i.e.initial stress zone,elastic zone,plastic zone and loose zone.Top-coal in plastic zone located in the post-peak zone of the stress-strain curve for top-coal.With equivalent strain principle of damage mechanics and mathemati- cal theory of statistic,combining the movement law of top-coal,set up a constitutive equa- tion with damage statistics for top-coal in different position in CFSC.The equation illus- trated the mathematical relationship among top-coal bearing capacity,horizontal confining pressure along the winning direction of CFSC and mechanical properties of top-coal mate- rial.The conclusions not only provide a basis for numerical computer simulations on damage deformation and failure mechanism for top-coal,but also further promote the ap- plication of damage mechanics in CFSC.

Similar material simulation research on movement law of roof over-lying strata in stope of fully mechanized caving face with large mining height

Similar material simulation test W9-15 101 fully mechanized caving face with was carried out in a geological model of large mining height in the Liuhuanggou Colliery, in Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region. The roof overlying strata movement law in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height was studied and show that the roof overlying strata in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height can be formed into a stable arch structure; the fracture rock beam is formed resembling a ＂bond beam＂, but it has essentially the structure of ＂multi-span beams＂ under the big structure of the stable arch. The roof overlying strata movement law in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height is similar to that of the common, fully mechanized caving stope, which is determined by the deformation and instability of the structure of ＂multi-span beams＂. But because of the differences between the mining heights, the peak pressure in the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height is smaller while the affected area of abutment pressure is wider in the front of the working face; this is the obvious difference in abutment pressure between the stope of a fully mechanized caving face with large mining height and that of the common.

Reliability analysis of the velocity matching of coal cutting and caving in fully mechanized top-coal caving face

The matching relationship between coal cutting and caving in fully mechanized top-coal caving face is analyzed in detail from the angle of reliability. The coupling equation of reliability is established correspondingly, and the mathematical equation of the coefficient of velocity matching of coal cutting and caving is obtained, which meets a certain reliability demand for making the working procedure of coal caving not influence coal cutting of coal-cutter. The results show that the relationship between the coefficient of the velocity matching and the reliability of coal cutting and caving system is linear on the whole when R <0.9. It is pointed out that different numerical value should be selected for different coal face according to different demand for reliability.

Back-and-forth mining for hard and thick coal seams—research about the mining technology for fully mechanized caving working face of Datong Mine

The article introduced the key technology, mining process, and back-and-forth mining method for the caving working face of hard-thick coal seams in Datong mine, and researched this innovations process, optimized the systemic design and working face out-play, tried to perfect the caving mining technology of hard-thick coal seams further.

Analysis on distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face

The three-dimensional damage constitutive relationship of coal is established and distribution law of the abutment pressure of the integrated coal beside the road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face under the effect of given deformation of the main roof is analyzed by the damage mechanics theory. And the relationship between distribution of the abutment pressure and thickness of coal seam is explored. The presented result is of great theoretical significance and practical value to the study on stability control of the surrounding rock of road-in packing for gob-side entry retaining in fully-mechanized caving face.

Investigation on the stress field characteristic of top coal at FMTC faces under the influence of caving thickness

In the background of the technology condition and the geological condition of the 1151（3） fully mechanized top-coal caving face （FMTC face）, and by means of taking nonlinear 3D numerical simulation, the stress redistribution rules of top coal with different thick coal seam were obtained by investigation on the numerical simulation of the redistributions of the stress with different coal seam＇s thickness. The research showes that there exists a certain difference on the stress distributions of the top coal at face, the maximum principal stress is located near to the tailentry＇s corner. The vertical stress＇s peak of the top coal decreases and the distance ahead of face position increases as the once mining thickness of the coal seam increases. At the same coal seam, the vertical stresses＇ peak of top coal gradually decreases from the top to the bottom, the peak＇s position is basically the same and its changes are gradually obvious with the thickness of coal seam increas- ing. The vertical stress of top coal places in a low stress state at a certain range ahead of face and over the face, which reveals the essence that the support loads are generally low under the condition of FMTC. The study supplies the theoretical foundation for the support design and selection, the theory of top coal＇s fragmentation, the movement rules of top coal and improving the recovery of top coal.

Study of mechanical principle of floor heave of roadway driving along next goaf in fully mechanized sub-level caving face

Abstract On the basis of analyzing floor strata mechanical circumstance of the roadway, the mechanical model was established. The relative displacement of roadway floor, narrow pillar floor coal mass and floor strata was calculated, the results showed that the high abutment pressure on coal mass beside the roadway was the main reason to lead to relative displacement of floor strata. And the roadway floor heave come mainly from three aspects. Firstly, the roadway floor strata is easily fractured by the stretch stress. Secondly, because the high abutment pressure is greater than the uniaxial compressive strength of floor strata, when the roadway floor strata are fractured, the coal mass floor strata at the same depth will be fractured, and broken rock will fluid into the open roadway. Thirdly, comparing with the coal mass floor, the roadway floor is relative ascending.

Ground pressure and overlying strata structure for a repeated mining face of residual coal after room and pillar mining

To investigate the abnormal ground pressures and roof control problem in fully mechanized repeated mining of residual coal after room and pillar mining, the roof fracture structural model and mechanical model were developed using numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. The roof fracture characteristics of a repeated mining face were revealed and the ground pressure law and roof supporting condi- tions of the repeated mining face were obtained. The results indicate that when the repeated mining face passes the residual pillars, the sudden instability causes fracturing in the main roof above the old goal and forms an extra-large rock block above the mining face. A relatively stable ＂Voussoir beam＂ structure is formed after the advance fracturing of the main roof. When the repeated mining face passes the old goaf, as the large rock block revolves and touches gangue, the rock block will break secondarily under overburden rock loads. An example calculation was performed involving an integrated mine in Shanxi province, results showed that minimum working resistance values of support determined to be reason- able were respectively 11,412 kN and 10,743 kN when repeated mining face passed through residual pillar and goaf. On-site ground pressure monitoring results indicated that the mechanical model and support resistance calculation were reasonable.

综放工作面围岩控制与智能化放煤技术现状及展望

分析了厚及特厚煤层智能化综放工作面围岩控制技术与智能化放顶煤技术发展现状及存在的问题,从巷道围岩高效支护、工作面超前支护、坚硬特厚顶煤冒放性、液压支架位姿监测及智能化放顶煤5个方面提出了工程实际需求。针对综放工作面实现安全、高效、智能化开采存在的技术难题与工程需求,对综放工作面围岩控制技术、智能化放煤技术进行了研究:构建了坚硬特厚煤层顶煤悬臂梁力学模型,研发了提高顶煤冒放性及放出率关键技术,实现了坚硬特厚煤层超大采高综放开采;研发了单元式超前液压支架顶梁可旋转自复位装置,实现了液压支架顶梁根据巷道顶板倾斜角度自动旋转支护,有效提高了单元式超前液压支架对巷道顶底板的适应性;提出了采用巷道支护液压支架替代传统锚网支护结构的思路,具有支护效率高、成本低、节省工作面超前支护等优点;开发了基于立柱与尾梁千斤顶行程的综放液压支架支护姿态监测装置与算法,提高了液压支架支护姿态解算效率与精度;提出了基于透明地质模型、煤量监测装置与煤矸识别装置融合的智能放煤控制方法,可有效解决多夹矸层特厚顶煤智能化放煤技术难题。提出智能地质保障技术、机器视觉精准测量与智能感知技术、综放工作面设备智能精准自适应控制技术、综放工作面数字孪生技术等是智能化综放开采技术与装备的发展趋势。

综放面采空区漏风规律及防治技术研究

综放工作面采空区漏风易导致遗煤自燃,危及矿井安全。以大南湖一矿1305综放工作面为研究背景,采用数值模拟和现场试验的方法,研究了综放工作面采空区漏风规律,提出了综放工作面端头封堵采空区防漏风技术方案,并在现场进行了试验。结果表明,工作面端头是综放工作面采空区漏风的主要通道,其中进风巷侧端头漏风率达19%;风流在采空区内渗透深度约160 m;工作面端头封堵后,风流在采空区内渗透深度缩减至100 m左右;1305综放工作面端头封堵后,采空区漏风率降低17个百分点。

两次采动影响下小煤柱巷道切顶卸压围岩控制技术

为解决多次采动影响下留小煤柱巷道矿压显现剧烈、围岩变形量大的问题,提出了“切顶卸压+顶、帮锚索补强”联合控制技术。以贾家沟煤矿10115运输巷为工程背景,分析了切顶卸压位置、高度与巷道围岩垂直应力分布的关系,给出切顶卸压关键参数,并研究了留小煤柱巷道在切顶卸压后受两次采动影响下的矿压显现规律。结果表明:切顶卸压后,煤柱上的应力峰值随切顶深度的增加呈指数降低;10115运输巷在邻近工作面一次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出无变形、缓慢变形、快速变形和围岩稳定的变化规律,本工作面二次采动过程中巷道围岩变形依次呈现出明显变形和剧烈变形的规律;巷道围岩在受二次采动影响时变形更加剧烈,巷道变形量为一次采动时的3.0~7.5倍。

坚硬顶板切顶卸压技术对巷道围岩变形规律影响

针对特厚煤层坚硬顶板、宽煤柱条件下临空巷道面临的高围岩应力、大变形等问题,以老石旦煤矿16403综放工作面为工程研究背景,从宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构角度对临空巷道大变形的影响因素进行了理论分析,采用数值模拟方法研究了对16402运输巷实施不同切顶卸压方案时,临近采空区的16403回风巷侧向顶板采动应力传递规律,并在现场施工水力压裂钻孔进行切顶卸压,实现临空巷道围岩变形控制。研究结果表明:“低位坚硬岩层悬臂梁+高位坚硬岩层砌体梁”破断结构是特厚煤层宽煤柱临空巷道大变形的主要原因,可采用切顶卸压技术破坏宽煤柱顶板侧向破断结构来控制临空巷道围岩大变形;切顶角变化可使关键块B长度发生改变,切顶角越大,则关键块B长度越小,临空侧顶板载荷向煤柱传递的程度越弱,临空巷道围岩承受的采动应力越小,切顶角为100°时临空巷道围岩垂直应力与变形量最小;在16402运输巷以切顶角100°施工水力压裂钻孔后,16403回风巷顶底板变形量较未实施切顶卸压的16402回风巷减小86.5%,两帮变形量减小87.1%,临空巷道围岩稳定性得到极大提高。

基于三线性应变软化模型的综采工作面煤壁片帮深度解析预测

为预测综采工作面煤壁片帮深度,以煤壁为研究对象,煤壁煤体视作三线性应变软化材料;将直接顶和基本顶视作宏观顶板,建立了宏观顶板与煤层、支架相互作用的承载力学模型,结合边界条件推导了综采工作面煤壁片帮深度解析计算公式,利用该公式研究上湾煤矿12401工作面煤壁片帮情况,分析影响煤壁片帮的因素及影响规律,结果表明:①推导获得的煤壁片帮深度计算公式能够较准确计算综采工作面煤壁片帮深度,能够定量分析顶板特性和支架参数等对煤壁片帮深度的影响。②增加支架初撑力能够降低煤壁片帮深度;增加支架刚度能够降低煤壁片帮深度,但效果较差;增加支架护帮板支护强度,煤壁片帮深度近似线性减小。③顶板厚度和抗拉强度增加,煤壁片帮深度增长,但增长速率随顶板厚度和抗拉强度增加逐渐趋缓。这主要由于顶板厚度和抗拉强度增加,顶板破断步距增大,向采空区内旋转下沉角度增大所致。④综采采高对煤壁片帮深度有很大影响,综采采高增大,煤壁片帮深度近似线性增长。⑤煤体单轴抗压强度增大,煤壁片帮深度减小,顶底板与煤层界面之间的摩擦因数增大,煤壁片帮深度减小。⑥顶板动载系数增大,煤壁片帮深度近似线性增大。

基于DeepLab v3+的综放工作面含矸率预测研究

针对综放工作面真实煤矸堆叠状态下的体积含矸率很难获取的问题,提出一种基于DeepLab v3+的综放工作面含矸率预测方法。构建了煤矸堆积体图像数据集,采用半自动的数据标注方法和限制对比度自适应直方图均衡化法对煤矸图像进行预处理。运用DeepLab v3+模型进行煤矸图像语义分割,进而计算煤矸图像的投影面积含矸率。利用PFC3D数值模拟软件,基于重建的三维煤矸块体建立数值模型,模拟顶煤放落和刮板输送机运煤过程,通过fish语言读取每个矸石或煤的体积,计算得到煤矸堆积体体积含矸率。通过分析不同顶煤厚度条件下刮板输送机上煤矸堆积体的投影面积含矸率与体积含矸率的量化关系,建立了煤流的体积含矸率预测模型。实验结果表明:DeepLab v3+模型的准确率、平均像素准确率和平均交并比分别为97.68%,97.72%,95.33%,均高于经典语义分割模型FCN8s和PSPNet,实现了煤矸堆积体投影面积含矸率的精准快速识别;体积含矸率预测模型的决定系数R^(2)为0.9828,预测效果较好。

近距离煤层采空区下综放工作面巷道合理位置研究

近距离煤层综放工作面开采空间大,采动强度高,下位煤层回采巷道受上煤层采动影响存在应力集中、巷道支护困难等问题,因此近距离煤层综放工作面巷道合理位置的选取对后期支护控制起到关键性作用。以西露天煤矿2煤层和1煤层1分层为研究对象,综合考虑了上煤层开采时的底板应力降低区域和下煤层开采时的极限平衡区域,确定了下煤层巷道的合理位置应在距离实体煤柱内错22.79 m以上的区域。基于上述理论计算结果,分析了上煤层开采后底板应力分布规律及不同内错距下巷道围岩变形破坏特征及规律,结果表明:①距离采空区底板越近,应力最大值与最小值相差越明显;②随着内错距不断增大,围岩应力和应力集中系数呈现急剧降低-缓慢增大-稳定的趋势,在内错距20~25 m内应力及应力集中系数相对较小;③巷道围岩塑性区范围呈现先减小后增大的趋势,当巷道处于内错20,25 m时巷道围岩破坏相对较小;④巷道变形量随着内错距增大而逐渐减小,当内错距增加至25 m时,巷道围岩移进量基本保持不变;⑤确定巷道合理内错距为20~25 m。工程应用结果表明:巷道采用内错距24 m布置时,巷道围岩松动破坏深度及变形量均在可控范围内,进一步证明了该内错距的合理性。

厚硬顶板刀把形采空区下综放工作面冲击地压机制研究

不规则的开采空间结构可增大煤矿冲击地压危险,研究多煤层复杂开采空间结构下工作面冲击机制对煤炭资源安全采出具有重要意义。综合采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场监测等方法,研究了某矿井W1123综放工作面的动静载分布特征,分析了冲击显现机制,提出了针对性的防冲措施并进行现场应用。结果表明,上覆刀把形采空区和厚硬顶板综合作用下W1123工作面动静载分布具有区域性特征,当工作面仅受到刀把形采空区的“刀柄”作用或同时受“刀柄”和“刀身”作用时,工作面中下部和区段煤柱静载集中、动载扰动剧烈,工作面回风巷围岩也存在动静载集中,且距离刀把形采空边界越近则围岩动静载越高;仅受“刀身”作用时,工作面回风巷围岩静载集中受动载扰动。工作面静载集中区和动载扰动区重合,动静载叠加造成冲击显现。依据刀把形采空区结构特征,W1123工作面回采期间冲击类型依次为强动载型、高静载强动载型、高静载型。数值模拟和现场监测揭示的冲击危险区与理论分析结果一致。针对W1123工作面静动载分布特征,优化设计了冲击地压防治措施,增大了厚硬顶板处理高度和破碎程度、增加了工作面运输巷煤体爆破和煤柱切顶以降低顶板和煤体应力和能量集中;优化措施实施后,工作面微震事件日均能量总体下降54%,大能量事件大幅减少,冲击地压危险显著降低。该研究结果可为相似条件矿井的冲击地压防治提供借鉴。

注氮条件下大采高综放工作面采空区自燃“三带”的分布规律

为解决大采高综放工作面因采高大、回采率低、开采扰动强等造成采空区遗煤自燃危险性增大的问题,以宁夏某煤矿大采高综放工作面为研究对象,应用渗透率演变方程和气体流动模型,分析注氮前后氧浓度时空演化规律及采空区自燃“三带”分布特征。结果表明:采空区氧浓度在注氮条件下呈现出中部大,两侧小的倒“U”型分布;在氧浓度划分下,氧化带范围呈现出先增大后减小的半月形,最大宽度由未注氮时的100 m缩小到50 m;在风速划分下,氧化带较未注氮时整体向工作面方向前移了15 m左右,有效降低了自燃危险区范围。

高瓦斯综放面开切眼架前膨胀预裂坚硬顶板切顶技术研究

针对高瓦斯坚硬顶板综放工作面初采期来压步距大及顶煤损失的问题,提出代替火药爆破的开切眼架前及两顺槽煤柱侧静态膨胀预裂切顶技术;采用数值模拟方法确定了静态膨胀预裂切顶的关键参数,设计了切顶方案及工艺,并通过现场工程应用验证了静态膨胀预裂切顶技术的有效性。结果表明:综放工作面初采前在开切眼架前及两顺槽煤柱侧实施静态膨胀预裂切顶,既保证了开切眼设备安装期间的安全性,又可在后续采动应力的作用下顶板及时破断,减小坚硬顶板初次来压步距和强度;当综放工作面初采推进至开切眼宽度时发生初次来压,人工减跨效果良好,不仅提前回收了工作面的顶煤资源,而且还消除了坚硬顶板大面积悬顶带来的诸多重大安全隐患,研究成果可在类似条件下代替炸药爆破进行推广应用。