Orthokeratology with increased compression factor in adolescent myopia control:a 2-year prospective randomized clinical trial

AIM:To explore the long-term efficacy,safety,and optical mechanism of orthokeratology with increased compression factor in adolescent myopia control.METHODS:A prospective,double-masked,and randomized clinical trial was performed from May 2016 to June 2020.Subjects aged between 8 and 16y,with myopia(-5.00 to-1.00 D),low astigmatism(≥-1.50 D)and anisometropia(≤1.00 D),were stratified into low(-2.75 to-1.00 D)and moderate(-5.00 to-3.00 D)myopia groups.Then they were randomly assigned to wear either increased compression factor(ICF;1.75 D)orthokeratology or conventional compression factor(CCF;0.75 D)orthokeratology.The data were recorded including axial length(AL),spherical equivalent(SE),best corrected visual acuity(BCVA),near visual acuity(NVA),corneal staining(using Efron grading scales),corneal hysteresis(CH),corneal resistance factor(CRF),higher-order aberrations(HOAs,expressed as root mean square,RMS_(h)),and subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCh T)in the 2-year followup period.Pearson's correlation coefficient was conducted to analyze the association between the changes in AL and RMS_(h),SFCh T.RESULTS:At the 2-year visit,there were no statistical differences in all the parameters between the ICF group and the CCF group in low myopia subjects(P>0.05).For the moderate myopia subjects,the ICF group had shorter AL elongation(0.23±0.08 vs 0.30±0.11 mm,P=0.015),higher RMS_(h)(1.94±0.50 vs 1.65±0.51μm,P=0.041),and higher SFCh T(279.04±35.72 vs 254.08±29.60μm,P=0.008)than those in CCF group.The change in AL was negatively correlated with RMS_(h)(r=-0.687,P<0.001)and SFCh T(r=-0.464,P=0.013).CONCLUSION:ICF orthokeratology can control the progression of moderate myopia more effectively,which might be related to greater RMS_(h) and SFCh T.

Electron G-Factor Anomaly and the Charge Thickness

The electron g-factor relates the magnetic moment to the spin angular momentum. It was originally theoretically calculated to have a value of exactly 2. Experiments yielded a value of 2 plus a very small fraction, referred to as the g-factor anomaly. This anomaly has been calculated theoretically as a power series of the fine structure constant. This document shows that the anomaly is the result of the electron charge thickness. If the thickness were to be zero, g = 2 exactly, and there would be no anomaly. As the thickness increases, the anomaly increases. An equation relating the g-factor and the surface charge thickness is presented. The thickness is calculated to be 0.23% of the electron radius. The cause of the anomaly is very clear, but why is the charge thickness greater than zero? Using the model of the interior structure of the electron previously proposed by the author, it is shown that the non-zero thickness, and thus the g-factor anomaly, are due to the proposed positive charge at the electron center and compressibility of the electron material. The author’s previous publication proposes a theory for splitting the electron into three equal charges when subjected to a strong external magnetic field. That theory is revised in this document, and the result is an error reduced to 0.4% in the polar angle where the splits occur and a reduced magnetic field required to cause the splits.

A novel correlation approach for prediction of natural gas compressibility factor

Gas compressibility factor （z-Factor） is one of the most important parameters in upstream and downstream calculations of petroleum industries.The importance of z-Factor cannot be overemphasized in oil and gas engineering calculations.The experimental measurements,Equations of State （EoS） and empirical correlations are the most common sources of z-Factor calculations.There are more than twenty correlations available with two variables for calculating the z-Factor from fitting in an EoS or just through fitting techniques.However,these correlations are too complex,which require initial value and more complicated and longer computations or have magnitude error.The purpose of this study is to develop a new accurate correlation to rapidly estimate z-Factor.Result of this correlation is compared with large scale of database and experimental data also.Proposed correlation has 1.660 of Absolute Percent Relative Error （EABS） versus Standing and Katz chart and has also 3.221 of EABS versus experimental data.The output of this correlation can be directly assumed or be used as an initial value of other implicit correlations.This correlation is valid for gas coefficient of isothermal compressibility （cg） calculations also.

Rapidly Estimating Natural Gas Compressibility Factor

Natural gases containing sour components exhibit different gas compressibility factor （Z） behavior than do sweet gases. Therefore, a new accurate method should be developed to account for these differences. Several methods are available today for calculating the Z-factor from an equation of state. However, these equations are more complex than the foregoing correlations, involving a large number of parameters, which require more complicated and longer computations. The aim of this study is to develop a simplified calculation method for a rapid estimating Z-factor for sour natural gases containing as much as 90% total acid gas. In this article, two new correlations are first presented for calculating the pseudo- critical pressure and temperature of the gas mixture as a function of the gas specific gravity. Then, a simple correlation on the basis of the standard gas compressibility factor chart is introduced for a quick estimation of sweet gases＇ compressibility factor as a function of reduced pressure and temperature. Finally, a new corrective term related to the mole fractions of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide is developed.

An efficient correlation for calculating compressibility factor of natural gases

Compressibility factor （z-factor） values of natural gases are necessary in most petroleum engineering calculations.Necessity arises when there are few available experimental data for the required composition,pressure and temperature conditions.One of the most common methods of calculating z-factor values is empirical correlation.Firstly,a new correlation based on the famous Standing-Katz （S-K） Chart is presented to predict z-factor values.The advantage of this correlation is that it is explicit in z and thus does not require an iterative solution as is required by other methods.Secondly,the comparison between new one and other correlations is carried out and the results indicate the superiority of the new correlation over the other correlations used to calculate z-factor.

Experimental determination and prediction of the compressibility factor of high CO_2 content natural gas with and without water vapor

In order to study the effect of different CO2 contents on gas compressibility factor（Z-factor）,the JEFRI-PVT apparatus has been used to measure the Z-factor of dry natural gas with CO2 content range from 10.74 to 70.42 mol%at the temperature range from 301.2 to 407.3 K and pressure range from 7 to 44 MPa.The results show that Z-factor decreases with increasing CO2 content in natural gas at constant temperature and increases with increasing temperature for natural gas with the same CO2 content.In addition,the Z-factor of water-saturated natural gas with high CO2 content has been measured.A comparison of the Z-factor between natural gas with and without saturated water vapor indicates that the former shows a higher Z-factor than the latter.Furthermore,Peng-Robinson,Hall-Yarborough,and Soave-Benedict-Webb- Rubin equations of state（EoS）are used for the calculation of Z-factor of high CO2 content natural gas with and without water vapor.The optimal binary interaction parameters（BIP）for PR EoS are presented.The measured Z-factor is compared with the calculated Z-factor based on three models,which shows that PR EoS combined with van der Waals mixing rule for gas without water and Huron-Vidal mixing rule for water-saturated gas,are in good agreement with the experimental data.

An accurate empirical correlation for predicting natural gas compressibility factors

The compressibility factor of natural gas is an important parameter in many gas and petroleum engineering calculations. This study presents a new empirical model for quick calculation of natural gas compressibility factors. The model was derived from 5844 experimental data of compressibility factors for a range of pseudo reduced pressures from 0.01 to 15 and pseudo reduced temperatures from 1 to 3. The accuracy of the new empirical correlation has been compared with commonly used existing methods. The comparison indicates the superiority of the new empirical model over the other methods used to calculate compressibility factor of natural gas with average absolute relative deviation percent （AARD%） of 0.6535.

Influencing factor of sinter body strength and its effects on iron ore sintering indexes

Sinter body strength, which reflects the strength of sinter, plays an important role in the improvement of sinter. In this study, the sinter body strengths of iron ores were measured using a microsintering method. The relationship between the chemical composition and sinter body strength was discussed. Moreover, sinter-pot tests were performed. The effects of sinter body strength on the sintering indexes were then elucidated, and the bottom limit of sinter body strength of blending ores was confirmed. In the results, the compressive strengths（CSs） of iron ores are observed to decrease with the increasing of the contents of loss on ignition（LOI）, SiO 2, and Al2O3; however, LOI of less than 3wt% does not substantially influence the CSs of fine ores. In the case of similar mineral composition, the porosity, in particular, the ratio between the number of large pores and the total number of pores, strongly influences the sinter body strength. With an increase of the blending-ore CSs used in sinter-pot tests, the yield, productivity, and tumbler strength increase, and the solid fuel consumption decreases. The CSs of the blending ores only slightly affect the sintering time. The CS bottom limit of the blending ores is 310 N. When the CSs of the blending ores increase by 10%, the yield, productivity, and tumbler index increase by 1.9%, 2.8%, and 2.0%, respectively, and the solid fuel consumption decreases by 1.9%.

基于天然气压缩系数Z提高天然气计量准确度的方法

从本质上分析了理想气体状态方程的局限性 ,提出了利用压缩系数提高天然气流量精度的概念 ,从而改进了状态方程。压缩系数的引入 ,使天然气的温压补偿有了高精度的保障。介绍了一种较简单可行的计算压缩系数的数学模型方法 。

碳酸盐岩储层流体性质识别新技术

碳酸盐岩储层由于其孔隙度低、非均质性强等原因 ,使得以电阻率高低来识别储层流体性质的常规方法失效。提出了不依赖于电阻率测井识别流体性质的新思路、新概念、新技术 ,包括核磁共振测井的移谱、差谱技术 ;交叉多极阵列声波测井的体积压缩系数以及补偿中子测井的长短计数率比值等技术。综合应用这些技术建立了一种新型的碳酸盐岩储层流体性质评价系统。该系统在大港油田千米桥潜山

基于叠前地震纵横波模量直接反演的流体检测方法

流体因子是储层流体识别的重要方法,而叠前地震反演是获得流体因子的有效途径之一.本文从流体因子的构建出发,基于多孔弹性介质岩石物理模型,建立了流体因子与纵横波模量之间的直接关系,避免了流体因子计算所需的密度参数无法准确求取的问题,通过推导基于纵横波模量的Zeoppritz近似方程及弹性阻抗方程,探讨了基于弹性阻抗的纵横波模量直接反演方法,模型与实际应用表明,基于弹性阻抗的纵横波模量直接反演方法合理、可靠,减少了常规方法间接计算纵横波模量带来的累积误差,基于纵横波模量的流体因子计算方法有较好的实际应用效果.

天然气水合物和游离气饱和度估算的影响因素

讨论了不同水合物胶结类型的流体饱和多孔隙固体中地震波的衰减情况,分析了估算天然气水合物和游离气饱和度影响因素.结果表明,地层孔隙度、纵波速度模型和弹性模量的计算方法是影响反演水合物和游离气饱和度的关键因素.含水合物地层的吸收与水合物胶结类型密切相关,当水合物远离固体颗粒,像流体一样充填在孔隙时,品质因子出现负异常,而当水合物胶结固体颗粒影响骨架的弹性性质,其品质因子出现正异常.根据布莱克海台地区164航次995井的测井资料,分别应用低频和高频速度模型估算了水合物和游离气饱和度.由低频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)10%～20%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)0.5%～1%;而由高频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)5%～10%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)1%～2%.

利用井孔首波求取V_S和Q_P值的广义线性反演方法的应用研究

针对声全波幅度信息的利用还非常有限的实际情况，本文以更加接近实际的柱状声源在各向同性准弹性介质包围的轴对称井孔中激发的波场理论为基础，建立了利用首波幅度来求取地展横波速度ＶＳ和介质纵波品质因素ＱＰ的广义线性反演模型．首先，通过数值计算考察得到该方法在长源距声全波测井的测量频率范围内．对地层介质泊松比σ约小于０．３６的情况下适用．其次，在方法可行性研究基础上，对大庆油田几口井的现场长源距声全波资料进行了处理．结果表明，在深层井段较硬地层情况下，反演求得的横波时差与相似法信号提取的横波时差基本一致．反演求得的地层破裂压力梯度值与现场测试结果基本一致，误差在１０％以内．初步分析了ＱＰ值的合理性．最后，将反演实测资料所得到的结果运用到地震ＡＶＯ技术处理中，与实测地震ＣＤＰ道集进行比较，得到满意的结果，间接地验证了反演方法求取的地层横波速度（泊松比）的可靠性．该方法为求取较软地层的横波速度提供了一条新的途径，也为地震横波处理和介质衰减值的定量描述和定性解释提供了新的手段．

Sliding-Mode PID Control of UAV Based on Particle Swarm Parameter Tuning

Due to the coupled motion between the rotor unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)and the manipulator,the underactuation characteristics of the system itself,and the influence of external uncertainties,the stability of the rotor UAV’s manipulator control system is difficult to control.Based on the dynamic model of the rotor UAV,the stability of the whole UAV manipulator control system is improved by using the piecewise cost function,the compression factor particle swarm optimization(PSO)algorithm and the sliding mode PID to establish the sliding mode PID control stability method based on the PSO.Compared with the sliding mode PID control method,this method solves the serious buffeting problem in the sliding mode control,reduces the influence of the external disturbance and realizes the attitude stabilization control of the UAV manipulator quickly and accurately,thus shortens the system adjustment time and improves the anti-interference ability.

利用纵、横波品质因子比值识别含气碳酸盐岩层

利用偶极横波声波成像(Dipole Shear Sonic Imager,DSI)测井资料计算了纵、横波衰减和纵、横波品质因子QP和QS.对纵、横波在碳酸盐岩含气层和非含气层中的衰减特征研究表明,碳酸盐岩含气层中的纵波衰减比非含气层中的纵波衰减强;横波衰减和横波品质因子在碳酸盐岩含气层和非含气层中的变化不大。根据DSI测井资料计算出的纵、横波衰减和纵、横波品质因子在碳酸盐岩含气层和非含气层中的这些差异,给出了一种利用纵、横波品质因子比值QP/QS识别碳酸盐岩含气层的方法。

声波全波列测井波形频率滤波和分析

设计了一维窗函数滤波因子， 并采用快速傅立叶变换（ＦＦＴ） 技术对声波全波列测井波形进行了频率滤波， 获得了较纯的纵、横波和斯通利波波形。通过频率特性分析， 获得全波频率信息、能量信息， 这些信息能有效地用于地层渗透性、裂缝性及含油气性的评价。以现场实例讨论和分析了处理结果。

基于可靠指标的桥梁结构稳定安全系数研究

桥梁相关规范规定,结构的第一类稳定安全系数不应小于4,但当第一类稳定安全系数取4时,能否保证结构在更可能出现的第二类失稳发生时的可靠指标达到目标可靠指标则值得研究。以钢筋混凝土受压构件为例,分别进行弹性和弹塑性稳定计算,取第一类稳定安全系数等于4,采用一次可靠度方法FORM得出第一类弹性失稳时的可靠指标,利用计算该可靠指标时的荷载效应和弹塑性临界荷载计算第二类弹塑性失稳时的可靠指标。结果表明:某些情况下,当第一类稳定安全系数取4时并不足以保证结构发生第二类失稳时的可靠指标达到目标可靠指标。文中还讨论了结构参数变化对结构第一类和第二类失稳时可靠指标及稳定安全系数的影响,得出第二类稳定安全系数和可靠指标的关系,并给出第二类稳定安全系数的取值建议。

基于测井资料的流体识别因子在致密砂岩储层中的应用

致密砂岩储层由于孔隙结构复杂和强烈的非均质性,气水识别比较困难。本文基于阵列声波测井或是交叉偶极声波测井得到的纵横波速度和密度测井得到的地层密度数据,通过适当的组合构建多种流体因子来识别致密砂岩储层的流体性质。在实际井中应用,这些因子指示流体的性质与试气结论是一致的。表明用这些因子来识别流体是有效的。

疏松砂岩流体因子气层识别方法研究及应用

偶极横波成像测井可以在软地层中提取纵、横波时差,应用纵、横时差及密度测井数据可以计算泊松比和三种流体因子。本文利用DSI测井资料对柴达木盆地三湖地区疏松砂岩储层的流体因子判识气层方法进行研究,建立起该地区气层识别的交会图版及流体因子定性判识气层的标准。应用流体因子判识气层不受地层水矿化度的影响,与电阻率计算的含气饱和度对比分析可以对疑难气层进行有效的评价。通过对三湖地区实际资料的处理,得到的解释结论与试气结果相吻合,说明在三湖地区应用流体因子能够有效地识别气层。

模拟地层条件下膏泥岩高频声波测试及频散外推对比研究

为了获得塔里木A区古近系地层中膏泥岩在声波测井20kHz频率下纵横波时差之间及与其他静力学参数之间的转换关系．开展了室内1000kHz高频声波测试。根据测试声波波速值、品质因子和频散方程外推20kHz频率的声波波速。2种频率下波速或声波时差对比分析表明：模拟地层条件下转换后的纵波时差（实验校正）与测井纵波时差更为接近；常温到85℃范围内相同净围压下波速和品质因子变化较小，波速变化可以忽略，品质因子变化范围为5％～7％；在不断增加净围压条件下，波速和品质因子都增加，且幅度显著；模拟地层条件下与常温、常压下相比，纵波波速增量为2．7％～8．4％，纵波品质因子增量为27％～58％，膏泥岩频散度为7.4％～24．4％，平均为15．12％，频散度较大。通过对频散方程变形得出了一种可直观表现本区膏泥岩在模拟地层条件下品质因子与波速降低幅度之间的表达式，同时根据膏泥岩品质因子影响因素．将该区古近系地层的膏泥岩纵波按由高到低划分为I，Ⅱ，Ⅲ共3个频散等级，最后探讨了频散效应在横波时差预测中的应用。结果表明：在1000kHz和20kHz频率下，利用纵波时差预测的横波时差在该区膏泥岩声波时差变化范围内，平均相对误差仅2％，误差整体随着石膏含量的增加而增大．这2种频率下纵横波时差拟合公式都可应用到横波时差预测（ft．0用测井纵波时差值进行预测）中，但由于膏泥岩频散度大，因而2种频率间声波时差值变化较大，应用时应进行频散校正。