Stress Path Analysis of Deep-Sea Sediments Under the Compression-Shear Coupling Load of Crawler Collectors

The mechanical properties of deep-sea sediments during the driving process of crawler collectors are essential factors in the design of mining systems.In this study,a crawler load is divided into a normal compression load and a horizontal shear load.Then,the internal stress state of sedimentary soil is examined through a theoretical calculation and finite element numerical simulation.Finally,the driving of crawlers is simulated by changing the relative spatial position between the load and stress unit,obtaining the stress path of the soil unit.Based on the calculation results,the effect of the horizontal shear load on the soil stress response is analyzed at different depths,and the spatial variation law of the soil stress path is examined.The results demonstrate that the horizontal shear load has a significant effect on the rotation of the principal stress,and the reverse rotation of the principal stress axis becomes obvious with the increase in the burial depth.The stress path curve of the soil is different at various depths.The spatial variation rule of the stress path of the shallow soil is complex,whereas the stress path curve of the deep soil tends to shrink as the depth increases.The stress path of the corresponding depth should be selected according to the actual research purpose and applied to the laboratory test.

Theoretical Analysis and Experimental Verification of Crack Initiation Characteristics of Compression-Shear Plane Crack with Hydraulic Pressure

In this paper, the crack initiation characteristics of compression-shear plane crack with hydraulic pressure were studied by using theoretical analysis and experimental verification methods. The formula derivation process of stress intensity factor of crack tip and open-type crack initiation angle and initiation strength was expounded in detail. Cement mortar specimens prefabricated with open-type crack were made for biaxial compression test. The results show that the mode I stress intensity factor is inversely proportional to the dip angle of pre-exciting crack, water pressure and crack width. The fracture toughness is most easily achieved when the dip angle of pre-exciting crack is 60°. The mode II stress intensity factor is symmetrically distributed with the dip angle and independent of the water pressure and crack width. For open-type crack, the crack initiation angle decreases with the increase of the dip angle of pre-exciting crack, water pressure and crack width;the crack initiation strength is inversely proportional to the water pressure and proportional to the lateral pressure. The research results can provide ideas for the study of crack initiation under the coupling of ground stress and osmotic pressure in tunnel engineering.

Bending Stiffness of Concrete-Filled Steel Tube and Its Influence on Concrete Placement Timing of Composite Beam-String Structure

When the upper chord beam of the beam-string structure(BSS)is made of concrete-filled steel tube(CFST),its overall stiffness will change greatly with the construction of concrete placement,which will have an impact on the design of the tensioning plans and selection of control measures for the BSS.In order to accurately obtain the bending stiffness of CFST beam and clarify its impact on the mechanical properties of composite BSS during construction,the influence of some factors such as height-width ratio,wall thickness of steel tube,elasticity modulus of concrete,and friction coefficient on the bending stiffness are analyzed parametrically by the numerical simulation technology based on an actual project.The calculation formula of the equivalent bending stiffness of CFST is also established through mathematical statistical simulation.Then,the equivalent bending stiffness is introduced into the construction and use stages of the composite BSS,respectively,and the mechanical properties such as prestress-tensioning control value,structural deformation,and internal force of key members are comparatively analyzed when adopting two different construction plans.Moreover,the optimal construction plan of concrete placement first and then prestress-tensioning is proposed.

基于特征变量扩展的含气饱和度随机森林预测方法

采用数据驱动的方式,提出了一种基于随机森林机器学习算法训练出含气饱和度地震预测方法,并将该方法应用于中国西部复杂天然气藏中,分别对单井资料和二维地震资料进行了含气饱和度预测与分析。研究结果表明:(1)抽取井旁道纵波速度、横波速度和密度3个弹性参数叠前地震反演结果作为基本特征变量样本,引入边界合成少数类过采样技术对基本特征变量样本和对应的含气饱和度样本进行平衡化处理;利用扩展弹性阻抗结合数学变换自动生成一系列的扩展变量;再利用随机森林对特征变量进行含气饱和度预测重要性排名,并优选重要性较高的特征变量进行含气饱和度随机森林训练。(2)该方法大幅减少了特征变量提取和优选的人工工作量,且有效减少了信息冗余以及因含气饱和度样本不平衡导致的训练偏倚问题,有效增强了随机森林算法在含气饱和度地震预测方面的能力。(3)实际单井应用中预测的含气饱和度与测井解释的含气饱和度的相关系数可达0.9855;在二维地震资料应用中,该方法比基于常规未平衡化的11个弹性参数作为随机森林输入预测出的含气饱和度精度更高。

Rheological properties and concentration evolution of thickened tailings under the coupling effect of compression and shear

Cemented paste backfill(CPB)is a key technology for green mining in metal mines,in which tailings thickening comprises the primary link of CPB technology.However,difficult flocculation and substandard concentrations of thickened tailings often occur.The rheological properties and concentration evolution in the thickened tailings remain unclear.Moreover,traditional indoor thickening experiments have yet to quantitatively characterize their rheological properties.An experiment of flocculation condition optimization based on the Box-Behnken design(BBD)was performed in the study,and the two response values were investigated:concentration and the mean weighted chord length(MWCL)of flocs.Thus,optimal flocculation conditions were obtained.In addition,the rheological properties and concentration evolution of different flocculant dosages and ultrafine tailing contents under shear,compression,and compression-shear coupling experimental conditions were tested and compared.The results show that the shear yield stress under compression and compression-shear coupling increases with the growth of compressive yield stress,while the shear yield stress increases slightly under shear.The order of shear yield stress from low to high under different thickening conditions is shear,compression,and compression-shear coupling.Under compression and compression-shear coupling,the concentration first rapidly increases with the growth of compressive yield stress and then slowly increases,while concentration increases slightly under shear.The order of concentration from low to high under different thickening conditions is shear,compression,and compression-shear coupling.Finally,the evolution mechanism of the flocs and drainage channels during the thickening of the thickened tailings under different experimental conditions was revealed.

基于XGBoost算法的v_(P)/v_(S)预测及其在储层检测中的应用

鄂尔多斯盆地碳酸盐岩地层蕴含着丰富的油气资源。在勘探实践中发现,大牛地气田马家沟组断层发育、断距小,类型多样且成因复杂,给勘探、开发带来了较多挑战。为了应对这些挑战,提高储层预测的精度变得至关重要。在分析大牛地气田敏感弹性参数的基础上,建立地震属性与储层纵横波速度比(v_(P)/v_(S))的关系,提出一种基于XGBoost算法的地震多属性v_(P)/v_(S)预测方法。为了进一步提升XGBoost算法的预测精度和泛化能力,采用贝叶斯算法对XGBoost算法的超参数进行优化,从而找到最佳的超参数组合,以确保模型在训练集和测试集上的性能均能得到提升。将XGBoost算法应用于Marmousi 2模型进行横波速度预测,预测值与实际值相关系数超过0.88,而均方误差、平均绝对百分比误差分别低于6.55×10^(-7)和4%,验证了该方法的准确性和可靠性。在鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田,应用该方法获得的v_(P)/v_(S)成功识别出含气储层,结果与实际钻井数据一致。理论模型和实际数据应用结果表明,XGBoost作为一种强大的机器学习算法预测精度较高,为直接由叠后地震属性预测v_(P)/v_(S)提供了一种有效的途径。

A systematic review of rigid-flexible composite pavement

Rigid-flexible composite pavement has gained significant popularity in recent decades.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress concerning rigid-flexible composite pavement,aiming to promote its application and address key issues while identifying future directions.The design theory and methodology of rigid-flexible composite pavement are discussed,followed by a description of its structural and mechanical behavior characteristics.The load stress,temperature stress,and their interactive effects between the asphalt layer and the rigid base were analyzed.It is clarified that the asphalt layer serves a dual role as both a“functional layer”and a“structural layer”.Typical distresses of rigid-flexible composite pavement,which primarily occur in the asphalt layer,were discussed.These distresses include reflective cracking,top-down cracking,rutting,and compressive-shear failure.Generally,the integrity of the rigid base and the interlaminar bonding conditions significantly impact the performance and distress of the asphalt layer.The technology for enhancing the performance of rigid-flexible composite pavement is summarized in three aspects:asphalt layer properties,rigid base integrity,and interlaminar bonding condition.The study concludes that developing high-performance pavement materials based on their structural behaviors is an effective approach to improve the performance and durability of rigid-flexible composite pavement.The integrated design of structure and materials represents the future direction of road design.

大庆油田长垣地区萨零组横波速度预测方法研究

萨零组是大庆油田萨尔图油层组顶部发育的一个沉积单元,含油面积广,油气资源丰富。萨零组储层致密、物性差、一直未动用,为了对大庆油田长垣地区萨零组进行高质量勘探开发,急需开展萨零组储层横波速度预测方法的研究。根据萨零组在平面上的分布特征,将长垣地区由南到北分5个区块,以67口井Xmac测井曲线和全波声波测井资料为基础,采用最小二乘法,分别进行线性关系和二次多项式关系拟合,得到长垣地区不同区块的纵横波速度经验公式。线性关系拟合的相关指数比二次多项式关系拟合的相关指数小,二次多项式关系预测值更接近实测值,应用不同区块的经验公式可以预测出横波速度,弥补了萨零组横波速度资料少的问题,对于提高垂向应力解释精度、判断压后裂缝形态等方面具有参考价值。

连云山岩体韧性走滑剪切带变形特征及其动力学

晚侏罗世末‒早白垩世早期中国东部岩石圈经历了从挤压到伸展的构造转变,这一过程反映了古太平洋板片活动方式的变化。连云山岩体位于江南造山带中段,发育E-W向和NE-SW向走滑剪切带。E-W向走滑剪切带(F1)弥散地发育于二云母花岗岩中,而NE-SW向走滑剪切带(F2)以应变集中带形式切过黑云母花岗岩和斑状花岗岩岩株,叠加在F1之上。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,连云山岩体中剪切变形的黑云母二长花岗岩和斑状花岗岩的侵位年龄分别150±2 Ma和138±5 Ma。从F2剪切带斑状花岗岩中心向边缘,石英C轴组构揭示糜棱岩中石英滑移系从柱面<c>到底面,表明从岩体中心向边缘变形温度从500℃降至约300℃。据此可以确定F1变形时间为150 Ma之后,F2变形时间为斑状花岗岩冷却至中心温度约400~500℃时,接近138 Ma。应力分析揭示两条剪切带发育的最大主应力(σ1)为NEE-SWW向,指示早白垩世早期古太平洋板块向扬子板块低角度俯冲方向为NEE-SWW向,深俯冲板片“回绕”时间略晚于138 Ma。

基于叠前地震纵横波模量直接反演的流体检测方法

流体因子是储层流体识别的重要方法,而叠前地震反演是获得流体因子的有效途径之一.本文从流体因子的构建出发,基于多孔弹性介质岩石物理模型,建立了流体因子与纵横波模量之间的直接关系,避免了流体因子计算所需的密度参数无法准确求取的问题,通过推导基于纵横波模量的Zeoppritz近似方程及弹性阻抗方程,探讨了基于弹性阻抗的纵横波模量直接反演方法,模型与实际应用表明,基于弹性阻抗的纵横波模量直接反演方法合理、可靠,减少了常规方法间接计算纵横波模量带来的累积误差,基于纵横波模量的流体因子计算方法有较好的实际应用效果.

纵横波测井资料在储层评价中的应用

将弹性波基础理论、Gasman理论、Biot理论和实验研究结果相结合 ,探讨了沉积岩地层中速度和弹性模量、弹性模量和孔隙度、剪切模量和孔隙度、速度和孔隙度、孔隙度和Biot系数之间的关系。利用从各种声学测井资料中提取出的P波和S波时差 (或速度 )定量评价地层孔隙度和骨架物质。、辅以泥质指示测井曲线 ,可以计算地层孔隙度、饱和度、岩性等参数。在M .Krief方法的基础上 ,采用优化算法寻求适合于任何岩性地层的孔隙度与Biot系数之间的关系式 ,提高了Biot系数的计算精度。该评价方法有坚实的实验基础和理论基础 。

基于薄层的反射系数谱理论与模型正演

一般的反射系数计算都是以单个界面为基础来进行的 ,而陆相地层主要以薄 (互 )层为主 ,这是一个矛盾。该文在推导出任意入射角入射条件下的多个薄层纵、横波反射系数谱理论基础上 ,进一步简化出了单个薄层垂直入射时的纵波反射系数谱计算公式 ,从而获得了在薄层条件下不同频率成分的纵波反射系数谱数学关系式。由此进一步形成了面向背景的纵波反射模型正演方法。通过采用实际地震子波为输入子波 ,对单个楔状体薄层、薄互层组楔状体地质模型进行了纵波合成记录制作。分析表明 ,其实用性强。不仅提供了一种基于新方法的合成模拟手段 ,更为横向谱比的物理意义分析提供了手段。

海底浅表层沉积物原位声学测量方法探讨

研究透射式和折射式两类海底沉积声学原位测量方法,通过分析10种海底浅表层沉积物声学原位测量仪器的特征,指出不同声学原位测量技术对沉积物声学特性测量结果的影响。比较黄海海底浅表层沉积声学原位测量数据与实验室测量结果的差异,分析原位声学测量数据普遍小于实验室测量数据的原因,指出原位测量的作用和重要性。探讨指出海底浅表层沉积物原位声学测量所需要配合发展的其他物理性质原位测量技术。

随钻声波测井研究进展

论述了随钻声波测井的纵波测量、横波测量及仪器的发展,分析了随钻声波测井面临的难题。随钻纵波测井仪器隔声体是实现随钻纵波测量的关键;利用漏能纵波求取极慢地层的纵波速度的方法也有所发展。对随钻横波测井进行了总结,快地层随钻横波测井除了可以采用单极子测量,还可以采用四极子模式进行测量;慢地层随钻横波测井可以有偶极子或四极子等方式进行测量,存在争议的是慢地层随钻偶极子的横波测量是否可行。对仪器偏心的研究表明从随钻偶极子中提取地层横波是有可能的。随钻声波测井由于偏心的原因无论采用何种模式进行测量都会产生频散。总结了随钻测井噪声的研究现状,表明噪声均为低频噪声,对随钻横波测井有一定影响。

多极子声波测井的裂缝识别与评价

多极子声波测井在油田应用广泛,对地层裂缝进行评估和分析是其一个重要应用。简要介绍了多极子声波测井在裂缝识别中的国内外研究现状,并简述了多种现有的利用多极子声波测井资料评价裂缝的新方法。以鄂尔多斯盆地X井区实际的多极子声波测井资料处理为例,利用纵横波时差比判断裂缝倾角、井孔模式波声衰减判断裂缝倾角和有效性、斯通利波反射系数确定裂缝位置。利用横波时差各向异性和快慢横波频谱差异估计裂缝发育程度、快横波面方位确定裂缝走向。结合实际电成像测井资料进行了进一步的对比和验证,并对上述方法在裂缝评价中的作用与干扰因素进行了归纳总结。综合应用多种方法进行裂缝识别,可以获取更多的裂缝参数,克服单一方法的部分多解性,从而使基于多极子声波资料的裂缝评价更加准确合理。

岩石力学参数的计算及应用

岩石力学性质及地层应力在油田勘探开发中有特别重要的指导作用。实践表明,岩石的力学性质及地层应力与地层的声学性质之间有密切的关系。利用从各种声波测井资料提取出的纵、横波速度(或时差)计算岩石的力学参数,并对岩石力学性质在井眼稳定性、砂岩强度分析、水力压裂作业等方面的应用进行了初步探讨。

疏松砂岩油藏注水开发声波速度的影响因素

由于疏松砂岩声波纵、横波速度的影响因素较多,因此有必要对各影响因素进行定量研究。在模拟地层条件下直接对岩心进行饱和、驱替试验,建立不同的油、水饱和度,并在驱替过程中进行了纵、横波速度的连续测试。结果表明:水驱至含水饱和度极限时,岩心纵波速度平均增加7.4%左右,横波速度基本不变;在水驱过程中,由于岩石骨架发生变化,岩石变得疏松,致使岩心纵波速度降低3.1%左右,因此水驱至含水饱和度极限时,最终的岩心纵波速度只增加4.3%左右;对于注水效果好的稀油油藏,温度及压力对声波速度的影响较弱,但是对于地层能量补充不充分的区块及稠油油藏,温度及压力对声波速度的影响不能忽略。

岩石的纵、横波速度与密度的规律研究

选择了济阳坳陷第三系地层四类不同岩性、237块典型岩心样品,在变温变压条件下进行超声波纵、横波速度及密度的测定,样品的孔隙度范围从2%到27%.根据变温变压测试数据,得出纵横波速度的压力、温度校正公式,将高温高压条件下测量的弹性参数校正到60 MPa条件,再进行密度、Vp和Vs数据分析.分析结果表明:Vp、Vs具有很好的线性相关性,得到新的密度与Vp关系式.同时将Vp、Vs关系融入到Gardner公式中,将Gardner函数推广为ρ=CVpAVsB的函数形式(称为广义Gardner公式),拟合出砂岩的密度、Vp和Vs间的新关系式:ρ=1.575 8V0.p287 9V0s.019 7.文中讨论了该公式在横波速度预测、岩石物理模拟和AVO正反演等的作用,指出这些规律性认识可服务于油气勘探和开发.

多分量转换波地震勘探技术

多分量转换波地震勘探既具有纵波勘探深度大、资料采集相对容易和投资少的特点 ,又能反映地下介质的横波速度变化。该技术的这一特点 ,使岩石和油气的直接识别成为可能。同时 ,由于多分量的数据采集可以利用横波分裂产生的快慢横波时差 ,反映裂缝发育的主方向和发育密度 ,使得裂缝油气藏的勘探成为可能。如今 ,二者紧密相连的各向异性理论方法研究 ,已成为国内外地震勘探领域的研究热点之一 ;建立与完善多分量地震资料处理解释系统 ,是这项技术发展的当务之急。

薄互层等效各向异性的实验研究

针对我国一些油田的储集层具有薄互层结构，本文研究了薄互层中弹性波的传播特性。在实验室条件下，选用两类薄互层样品，第一类为铝板和有机玻璃，第二类为铝板和蜡，层间粘合剂选用环氧树脂。经过实验室测量结果证实，当波长λ远大于薄互层中各单一夹层的层厚h（λ／h＞10）时，通过上述第一类样品的纵波呈现明显的各向异性特征；通过上述第二类样品的横波具有明显的各向异性特征。