The deteriorated degradation resistance of Mg alloy microtubes for vascular stent under the coupling effect of radial compressive stress and dynamic medium

The degradation of Mg alloys relates to the service performance of Mg alloy biodegradable implants.In order to investigate the degradation behavior of Mg alloys as vascular stent materials in the near service environment,the hot-extruded fine-grained Mg-Zn-Y-Nd alloy microtubes,which are employed to manufacture vascular stents,were tested under radial compressive stress in the dynamic Hanks'Balanced Salt Solution(HBSS).The results revealed that the high flow rate accelerates the degradation of Mg alloy microtubes and its degradation is sensitive to radial compressive stress.These results contribute to understanding the service performance of Mg alloys as vascular stent materials.

Shear-wave splitting in the crust:Regional compressive stress from polarizations of fast shear-waves

When propagating through anisotropic rocks in the crust, shear-waves split into faster and slower components with almost orthogonal polarizations. For nearly vertical propagation the polarization of fast shear- wave （PFS） is parallel to both the strike of the cracks and the direction of maximum horizontal stress, therefore it is possible to use PFS to study stress in the crust. This study discusses several examples in which PFS is applied to deduce the compressive stress in North China, Longmenshan fault zone of east edge of Tibetan plateau and Yunnan zone of southeast edge of Tibetan plateau, also discusses temporal variations of PFS orientations of 1999 Xiuyan earthquake sequences of northeastern China. The results are consistent to those of other independent traditional stress measurements. There is a bridge between crustal PFS and the crustal principal compressive stress although there are many unclear disturbance sources. This study suggests the PFS results could be used to deduce regional and in situ principal compressive stress in the crust only if there are enough seismic stations and enough data. At least, PFS is a useful choice in the zone where there are a large number of dense seismic stations.

Influence of Al on the magnetostriction of Fe-Ga polycrystal alloys under compressive stress

Fe80Ga20-xAlx （x = 0, 6, 9, 14） ingots were prepared from high purity elements using a vacuum induction system. X-ray diffraction patterns show that the alloys are A2 disordered structures. The influence of the partial substitution of Ga in Fe-Ga alloys with A1 on their magnetostrictive properties was investigated, and the effects of different heat treatment conditions on the magnetostriction and microstructure of the alloy rods were also examined. The saturation magnetostriction value of FesoGa2o can reach to 240 x 10-6 under a compressive stress of 20 MPa. The Fe80GallA19 alloy has many good properties, such as low hysteresis, high linearity of the magnetostriction curve, and low saturated magnetic field, which make it a potential candidate for magnetostrictive actuator and transducer applications. It is found that subgrains have little influence on the magnetostriction of Fe-Ga alloys.

Transformation toughening of Al_2O_3/ZrO_2 laminated ceramics with residual compressive stress

With the help of scanning electronic microscopy and X-ray diffraction, the relationships of microstructure characteristics, phase assemblage, and fracture micrograph of Al2O3/ZrO2 laminated ceramics were studied. Compared with monolithic Al2O3/ZrO2 ceramics, the existence of surface compressive stresses greatly restrained the growth of ZrO2 and Al2O3 grains at high sinter temperature, fined the grain size, and increased the content of metastable t-ZrO2, which made the fracture transformation energy quantity 70% higher than that of the monolithic ceramics. The trans-granular and inter-granular fracture features were observed in the surface and center layers, which further verified that transformation toughening is the main mechanism, whereas, micro-crack toughening is helpful for enhancing fracture toughness.

Preparation and Compressive Stress Effect of Polymer Matrix RE-Fe Giant Magnetostrictive Composite

Polymer matrix RE-Fe giant magnetostrictire composite （GMPC） was prepared using bonding and magnetic field forming technique, and magnetostriction of samples was measured for different compressive stress. The experimental results show thai there is certain compressive effect in GMPC. And the influence of compressive stress on magnetostriction of sample was investigated. It offers essential reference for application and device design of GMPC.

Residual compressive stress and intensity of infrared absorption of cubic BN films prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Theoretical and experimental investigations on the dependence of the intensity of infrared （IR） absorption of poly- crystalline cubic boron nitride thin films under the residual compressive stress conditions have been performed. Our results indicate that the intensity of the IR absorption is proportional to the total degree of freedom of all the ions in the ordered regions. The reduction of interstitial Ar atom concentration, which causes the increase in the ordered regions of cubic boron nitride （cBN） crystallites, could be one cause for the increase in the intensity of IR absorption after residual compressive stress relaxation. Theoretical derivation is in good agreement with the experimental results concerning the IR absorption intensity and the Ar interstitial atom concentration in cubic boron nitride films measured by energy dispersion X-ray spec- troscopy. Our results also suggest that the interstitial Ar is the origin of residual compressive stress accumulation in plasma enhanced cBN film deposition.

Lightweight quasi-layered elastic fibrous porous ceramics with high compressive stress and low thermal conductivity

Fibrous porous ceramics are attractive for use as thermal insulation materials.However,the intrinsic brit-tleness of rigid materials has remained challenging and severely restricts their applications.Here,we demonstrated a facile method for fabricating elastic fibrous porous ceramics(EFPCs)with high com-pressive strength and low thermal conductivity through ordinary press filtration and subsequent heat treatment.The quasi-layered structure and the well-bonded bridging fibers between layers are the key points for the elasticity of EFPCs.The advanced EFPCs exhibited low density(∼0.126 g cm^(−3)),high com-pressive stress(∼0.356 MPa),and low thermal conductivity(∼0.026 W m^(−1) K^(−1)).Compared with rigid porous fibrous materials,the EFPCs had deformability and excellent shape recovery.In contrast to flexible materials,the EFPCs possessed high compressive stress,thus endowing them with good resistance to de-formation.The emergence of this fascinating material may provide new insights for candidate materials in thermal insulation and other fields.

Effect of Compressive Stresses on Microstructure of Scales Formed on Pure Iron During Continuous Air Cooling

The microstructure development of oxide scale on pure iron under the mutual action of compressive stress and cooling conditions was investigated. Oxide scale structure was examined by optical microscopy （OM） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. It was found that oxide scale formed under normal cooling conditions had a struc ture mainly consisting of an outer magnetite and an inner wustite layer. When a compressive stress was applied, numerous magnetite precipitates formed within wustite layer homogeneously at starting cooling temperature of 900 ℃, and the wustite layer in the scale was transformed into a mixture of mostly magnetite/iron eutectoid and magnetite layer at starting cooling temperature of 700 ℃. The wustite decomposition and precipitation of magnetite in wustite under compressive stress were discussed.

Effect of constant compressive stress induced by imitating tuina stimulation with various durations on the cell cycle,cellular secretion,apoptosis,and expression of myogenic differentiation and myogenic factor 5 of rat skeletal muscle cells in vitro

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of constant compressive stress induced by imitating Tuina stimulation with various durations on the cell cycle,cellular secretion,apoptosis,and expression of myogenic regulatory factors(MRFs),myogenic factor 5(Myf5)and myogenic differentiation(MyoD)of rat skeletal muscle cells(RSkMCs)in vitro.METHODS:Third passage RSkMCs were subjected to constant compressive stresses with various durations at 2000μstrain for 15,30,60,90,and 120 min via a four-point bending system.The control group(CG)was cultured in the absence of mechanical loading.Alterations of the cell cycle and apoptosis rate were detected by flow cytometry(FCM).The concentrations of interleukin 6(IL-6)/prostaglandin E2(PGE2)and nitric oxide(NO)in supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and the nitrate reductase method,respectively.Expression of Myf5 and MyoD was detected by immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:Compared with the CG,a significant alteration was observed in the synthesis phase fraction(SPF)(P<0.01).The SPF and proliferation index(PI)were reduced from 15 to 90 min,but reached levels similar to those at 120 min.Apoptosis was increased significantly at 30 min(P<0.05)and especially at 90 and 120 min(P<0.01).Expression of MyoD and Myf5 was increased significantly at 15,30,and 90 min(P<0.01).Compared with 15 and 30 min,MyoD and Myf5 expression at 60 and 120 min was decreased significantly(P<0.01).Compared with 60 min,M yoD expression at 90 min was increased significantly(P<0.05),whereas MyoD and Myf5 expression at 120 min was significantly lower(P<0.05).The IL-6 concentration was increased at 60 min compared with the CG and 15 min(P<0.05),whereas the concentrations of PGE2 and NO were the highest at 15 and 30 min,respectively,compared with the CG and other time points(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The cell cycle,secretion,apoptosis,and Myf5 and MyoD expression of RSkMCs were regulated by compressive stress in a time-dependent manner.SPF and PI were inhibited at short durations(<90 min),but NO and PGE2 secretion was the highest at shorter durations(<30 min).With the prolongation of stimulation time,SPF,PI,and apoptosis were increased,but Myf5 and MyoD expression was decreased gradually at 15-30 min.

Numerical Simulation of Stress Field in Physical Tempering Process of Flat Soda Lime Silica Glass

Based on the analysis of different theory for glass tempering process,the“structural theory”with stress relaxation and structural relaxation effects was selected to investigate the tempering of flat glass quantificationally.The geometrical model with small size and non-homogeneous mesh were considered to build the finite element models according to the characteristics of stress field.The tempering process of flat glass with12 mm thickness was calculated with the verified finite element model.The transient and permanent stress of the central area,edge and corner end of the flat glass are obtained and analyzed.From the calculation results of basic case,the transient tensile stress at the upper surface of the central area,the center point of edge,the edge of edge,the edge of corner were 14.30,18.94,40.76 and 34.75 MPa,respectively.The transient tensile stress at these points were dangerous to promote the glass to break during the tempering.In addition,the point at the diagonal line of symmetry plane in the thickness direction,which is 14 mm from corner,has the maximum permanent tensile stress about 70.01 MPa in the flat glass after tempering.Thus,it is indicated that the corner is the weakest region in the tempered glass.

Chloride Resistance of Concrete under Complex Stress and Environment

The presence of stress is shown to have a significant impact on chloride ions in concrete. Reinforced concrete is usually durable and cost-effective which has resulted in its widespread use for construction, however, the concrete subjected to environment and load has become increasingly apparently that attacked by aggressive agents such as chloride ion. In this study, the coupling influences are stress effects and environmental problems on the coastline concrete durability have been investigated. A series of cyclic of a wet-dry cycle and submersion tests were performed onto the stressed concrete to obtain an understanding of the physical mechanisms causing the accumulation of chlorides in the interior pores of concrete under different stress types and exposure environments, based on the same duration. Specimens were prepared and subjected to NaCl solution in a wet-dry cycle and submersion, the chloride in the tension zone is gradual with increasing the stress level, as well as the chloride ion in the wet-dry cycle, is increasing the number of cycles. The apparent diffusion coefficient of each specimen was calculated respectively, the profile of concentration at a different section of tension and compression zones were presented in influence factors of the number of cycles, the length of drying phase, and periodic wetting cycles with sodium solution was discussed. After employed Fick’s second law, the results suggested Da in a wet-dry cycle is much higher than the Da in submersion zones.

Experimental research on creep behaviors of sandstone under uniaxial compressive and tensile stresses

The consideration of time dependence is essential for the study of deformation and fracturing processes of rock materials, especially for those subjected to strong compressive and tensile stresses. In this paper, the self-developed direct tension device and creep testing machine RLW-2000M are used to conduct the creep tests on red sandstone under uniaxial compressive and tensile stresses. The short-term and long-term creep behaviors of rocks under compressive and tensile stresses are investigated, as well as the long-term strength of rocks. It is shown that, under low-stress levels, the creep curve of sandstone consists of decay and steady creep stages; while under high-stress levels, it presents the accelerated creep stage and creep fracture presents characteristics of brittle materials. The relationship between tensile stress and time under uniaxial tension is also put forward. Finally, a nonlinear viscoelastoplastic creep model is used to describe the creep behaviors of rocks under uniaxial compressive and tensile stresses.

Possibility of Inducing Compressive Residual Stresses in Welded Joints of SS400 Steels

Since the welded constructions produce easily stress corrosion cracking (SCC) or fatigue disruption in corrosive medium or under ripple load, two methods inducing compressive stress on structural surfaces by anti-welding-heating treatment (AWHT) and explosion treatment (ET) are presented. The results show that they are good ways to resisting SCC on the welded SS400 steel or other components.

Bulging Distortion of Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet on the Partially Penetrated Side of Non-Penetration Lap Laser Welding Joint

Non-penetration laser welding of lap joints in austenitic stainless steel sheets is commonly preferred in fields where the surface quality is of utmost importance.However,the application of non-penetration welded austenitic stainless steel parts is limited owing to the micro bulging distortion that occurs on the back surface of the partial penetration side.In this paper,non-penetration lap laser welding experiments,were conducted on galvanized and SUS304 austenitic stainless steel plates using a fiber laser,to investigate the mechanism of bulging distortion.A comparative experiment of DC01 galvanized steel-Q235 carbon steel lap laser welding was carried out,and the deflection and distortion profile of partially penetrated side of the sheets were measured using a noncontact laser interferometer.In addition,the cold-rolled SUS304 was subjected to heat holding at different temperatures and water quenching after bending to characterize its microstructure under tensile and compressive stress.The results show that,during the heating stage of the thermal cycle of laser lap welding,the partial penetration side of the SUS304 steel sheet generates compressive stress,which extrudes the material in the heat-affected zone to the outside of the back of the SUS304 steel sheet,thereby forming a bulge.The findings of these experiments can be of great value for controlling the distortion of the partial penetrated side of austenitic stainless steel sheet during laser non-penetration lap welding.

Experimental investigation of electrode cycle performance and electrochemical kinetic performance under stress loading

Lithium-ion batteries suffer from mechano–electrochemical coupling problems that directly determine the battery life. In this paper, we investigate the electrode electrochemical performance under stress conditions, where seven tensile/compressive stresses are designed and loaded on electrodes, thereby decoupling mechanics and electrochemistry through incremental stress loads. Four types of multi-group electrochemical tests under tensile/compressive stress loading and normal package loading are performed to quantitatively characterize the effects of tensile stress and compressive stress on cycle performance and the kinetic performance of a silicon composite electrode. Experiments show that a tensile stress improves the electrochemical performance of a silicon composite electrode, exhibiting increased specific capacity and capacity retention rate, reduced energy dissipation rate and impedances, enhanced reactivity, accelerated ion/electron migration and diffusion, and reduced polarization. Contrarily, a compressive stress has the opposite effect, inhibiting the electrochemical performance. The stress effect is nonlinear, and a more obvious suppression via compressive stress is observed than an enhancement via tensile stress. For example, a tensile stress of 675 k Pa increases diffusion coefficient by 32.5%, while a compressive stress reduces it by 35%. Based on the experimental results, the stress regulation mechanism is analyzed. Tensile stress loads increase the pores of the electrode material microstructure, providing more deformation spaces and ion/electron transport channels. This relieves contact compressive stress, strengthens diffusion/reaction, and reduces the degree of damage and energy dissipation. Thus, the essence of stress enhancement is that it improves and optimizes diffusion, reaction and stress in the microstructure of electrode material as well as their interactions via physical morphology.

Rheological properties and concentration evolution of thickened tailings under the coupling effect of compression and shear

Cemented paste backfill(CPB)is a key technology for green mining in metal mines,in which tailings thickening comprises the primary link of CPB technology.However,difficult flocculation and substandard concentrations of thickened tailings often occur.The rheological properties and concentration evolution in the thickened tailings remain unclear.Moreover,traditional indoor thickening experiments have yet to quantitatively characterize their rheological properties.An experiment of flocculation condition optimization based on the Box-Behnken design(BBD)was performed in the study,and the two response values were investigated:concentration and the mean weighted chord length(MWCL)of flocs.Thus,optimal flocculation conditions were obtained.In addition,the rheological properties and concentration evolution of different flocculant dosages and ultrafine tailing contents under shear,compression,and compression-shear coupling experimental conditions were tested and compared.The results show that the shear yield stress under compression and compression-shear coupling increases with the growth of compressive yield stress,while the shear yield stress increases slightly under shear.The order of shear yield stress from low to high under different thickening conditions is shear,compression,and compression-shear coupling.Under compression and compression-shear coupling,the concentration first rapidly increases with the growth of compressive yield stress and then slowly increases,while concentration increases slightly under shear.The order of concentration from low to high under different thickening conditions is shear,compression,and compression-shear coupling.Finally,the evolution mechanism of the flocs and drainage channels during the thickening of the thickened tailings under different experimental conditions was revealed.

Exosomes derived from osteoclasts under compression stress inhibit osteoblast differentiation

Orthodontic tooth movement is triggered by orthodontic force loading on the periodontal ligament and is achieved by alveolar bone remodeling,which is regulated by intimate crosstalk between osteoclastogenesis and osteoblast differentiation.Whether the communication between osteoclasts and osteoblasts is influenced by orthodontic compression stress requires further clarification.In this study,osteoclasts were differentiated for 10 days.On day 4 of differentiation,the number of pre-osteoclasts peaked,as determined by the increased expression of RANK and the number of multinucleated cells.After 24 h of compression stress loading,on day 4,the number of osteoclasts increased,and the optimal magnitude of stress to promote osteoclastogenesis was determined as 1 g/cm2.Moreover,the results of RNA-sequencing analysis showed that the miRNA expression profile changed markedly after compression loading and that many of the altered miRNAs were associated with cell communication functions.A series of indirect co-culture experiments showed an inhibitory effect of osteoclasts on osteoblast differentiation,especially after compression.Next,we added osteoclast-derived exosomes to hPDLSCs during osteoblast differentiation.Exosomes derived from osteoclasts under compression(cEXO)showed a greater inhibitory effect on osteoblast differentiation,compared to exosomes from osteoclasts without compression(EXO).Therefore,we analyzed differentially expressed miRNAs associated with bone development functions in exosomes:miR-223-5p and miR-181a-5p were downregulated,whereas miR-133a-3p,miR-203a-3p,miR-106a-5p,and miR-331-3p were upregulated;these altered expressions may explain the enhanced inhibitory effect of compression stress.

An Overview of Techniques for Measuring Residual Stress in Metal Matrix Composites

Measurement of residual stress is signi&#64257;cant to ensure safety, reliability and the life of composites, and currently has been a hot issue in scienti&#64257;c research. The fabrication processes such as machining, and heat treatment inherit either kind of residual stress which had either positive consequences or negative ones, for example, the fatigue limit of a component enhances by compressive stress, whereas corrosion resistance gets reduced by tensile stress. This study is aimed at a brief overview of the recent advancement in this field to help researchers in the in-depth study of measuring residual stress. It helps them in selecting the most appropriate techniques among destructive methods i.e., mainly Contour, ring core, deep hole-drilling method, and non-destructive techniques i.e., diffraction, ultrasonic method, depending on their requirements and applications. For each available technique, working methodology, physical limitations, and applications are discussed. At the end of this paper, future trends regarding an assessment of residual stress have been forecasted.

Shear wave splitting analysis of local earthquakes from dense arrays in Shimian,Sichuan

The Shimian area of Sichuan sits at the junction of the Bayan Har block.Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block,and Yangtze block,where several faults intersect.This region features intense tectonic activity and frequent earthquakes.In this study,we used local seismic waveform data recorded using dense arrays deployed in the Shimian area to obtain the shear wave splitting parameters at 55 seismic stations and thereby determine the crustal anisotropic characteristics of the region.We then analyzed the crustal stress pattern and tectonic setting and explored their relationship in the study area.Although some stations returned a polarization direction of NNW-SSE.a dominant polarization direction of NW-SE was obtained for the fast shear wave at most seismic stations in the study area.The polarization directions of the fast shear wave were highly consistent throughout the study-area.This orientation was in accordance with the direction of the regional principal compressive stress and parallel to the trend of the Xianshuihe and Daliangshan faults.The distribution of crustal anisotropy in this area was affected by the regional tectonic stress field and the fault structures.The mean delay time between fast and slow shear waves was 3.83 ms/km.slightly greater than the values obtained in other regions of Sichuan.This indicates that the crustal media in our study area had a high anisotropic strength and also reveals the influence of tectonic complexity resulting from the intersection of multiple faults on the strength of seismic anisotropy.

A new mixed-mode phase-field model for crack propagation of brittle rock

Study on crack propagation process of brittle rock is of most significance for cracking-arrest design and cracking-network optimization in rock engineering.Phase-field model(PFM)has advantages of simplicity and high convergence over the common numerical methods(e.g.finite element method,discrete element method,and particle manifold method)in dealing with three-dimensional and multicrack problems.However,current PFMs are mainly used to simulate mode-I(tensile)crack propagation but difficult to effectively simulate mode-II(shear)crack propagation.In this paper,a new mixed-mode PFM is established to simulate both mode-I and mode-II crack propagation of brittle rock by distinguishing the volumetric elastic strain energy and deviatoric elastic strain energy in the total elastic strain energy and considering the effect of compressive stress on mode-II crack propagation.Numerical solution method of the new mixed-mode PFM is proposed based on the staggered solution method with self-programmed subroutines UMAT and HETVAL of ABAQUS software.Three examples calculated using different PFMs as well as test results are presented for comparison.The results show that compared with the conventional PFM(which only simulates the tensile wing crack but not mode-II crack propagation)and the modified mixed-mode PFM(which has difficulty in simulating the shear anti-wing crack),the new mixed-mode PFM can successfully simulate the whole trajectories of mixed-mode crack propagation(including the tensile wing crack,shear secondary crack,and shear anti-wing crack)and mode-II crack propagation,which are close to the test results.It can be further extended to simulate multicrack propagation of anisotropic rock under multi-field coupling loads.