Characteristic stress variation and microcrack evolution of granite subjected to uniaxial compression using acoustic emission methods

The size of mineral grain has a significant impact on the initiation and propagation of microcracks within rocks.In this study,fine-,medium-,and coarse-grained granites were used to investigate microcrack evolution and characteristic stress under uniaxial compression using the acoustic emission(AE),digital image correlation(DIC),and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)measurements.The experimental results show that the characteristic stress of each granite decreased considerably with increasing grain sizes.The inflection points of the b-value occurred earlier with an increase in grain sizes,indicating that the larger grains promote the generation and propagation of microcracks.The distribution characteristics of the average frequency(AF)and the ratio of rise time to amplitude(RA)indicate that the proportion of shear microcracks increases with increasing grain size.The NMR results indicate that the porosity and the proportion of large pores increased with increasing grain size,which may intensify the microcrack evolution.Moreover,analysis of the DIC and AE event rates suggests that the high-displacement regions could serve as a criterion for the degree of microcrack propagation.The study found that granites with larger grains had a higher proportion of high-displacement regions,which can lead to larger-scale cracking or even spalling.These findings are not only beneficial to understand the pattern of microcrack evolution with different grain sizes,but also provide guidance for rock monitoring and instability assessment.

P-and SV-wave dispersion and attenuation in saturated microcracked porous rock with aligned penny-shaped fractures

P-and SV-wave dispersion and attenuation have been extensively investigated in saturated poroelastic media with aligned fractures.However,there are few existing models that incorporate the multiple wave attenuation mechanisms from the microscopic scale to the macroscopic scale.Hence,in this work,we developed a unified model to incorporate the wave attenuation mechanisms at different scales,which includes the microscopic squirt flow between the microcracks and pores,the mesoscopic wave-induced fluid flow between fractures and background(FB-WIFF),and the macroscopic Biot's global flow and elastic scattering(ES)from the fractures.Using Tang's modified Biot's theory and the mixed-boundary conditions,we derived the exact frequency-dependent solutions of the scattering problem for a single penny-shaped fracture with oblique incident P-and SV-waves.We then developed theoretical models for a set of aligned fractures and randomly oriented fractures using the Foldy approximation.The results indicated that microcrack squirt flow considerably influences the dispersion and attenuation of P-and SV-wave velocities.The coupling effects of microcrack squirt flow with the FB-WIFF and ES of fractures cause much higher velocity dispersion and attenuation for P waves than for SV waves.Randomly oriented fractures substantially reduce the attenuation caused by the FB-WIFF and ES,particularly for the ES attenuation of SV waves.Through a comparison with existing models in the limiting cases and previous experimental measurements,we validated our model.

Phase-field-crystal simulation of nano-single crystal microcrack propagation under different orientation angles

The propagation mechanism of microcracks in nanocrystalline single crystal systems under uniaxial dynamic and static tension is investigated using the phase-field-crystal method.Both dynamic and static stretching results show that different orientation angles can induce the crack propagation mode,microscopic morphology,the free energy,crack area change,and causing fracture failure.Crack propagation mode depends on the dislocation activity near the crack tip.Brittle propagation of the crack occurs due to dislocation always at crack tip.Dislocation is emitted at the front end of the crack tip and plastic deformation occurs,which belongs to ductile propagation.The orientation angles of 9°and 14°are brittleductile mixed propagation,while the orientation angles of 19°and 30°are brittle propagation and no dislocation is formed under dynamic tension.The vacancy and vacancy connectivity phenomenon would appear when the orientation angle is14°under static tension,and the crack would be ductile propagation.While the orientation angle is 19°and 30°,the crack propagates in a certain direction,which is a kind of brittle propagation.This work has some practical significance in preventing material fracture failure and improving material performance.

富水软弱围岩劈裂型注浆加固体力学性能与破坏模式

富水软弱围岩劈裂型注浆加固体的力学性能与破坏模式对注浆整体效果具有显著影响。基于室内注浆模拟试验、劈裂型注浆加固体三轴压缩试验和相应的离散元数值模拟,研究劈裂浆脉形态与空间分布特征及注浆加固规律,分析浆脉粗糙度、厚度、数量和倾角对注浆加固体力学性能与破坏模式的影响,阐明三轴加载条件下加固体内部孔隙率和微裂纹演化规律。研究结果表明:劈裂浆脉空间分布模式主要包括半贯通型、交叉型和贯通型,注浆影响区域可分为加固区、过渡区和未扰动区;浆脉存在有效提升了加固体的整体刚度和承载力,加固体峰值偏应力与浆脉粗糙度、厚度、数量呈正相关关系,而浆脉倾角增大会导致整体强度降低;加固体破坏模式主要有局部膨胀型和剪切滑移型,受浆脉形态特征影响,二者对整体变形破坏的贡献程度不同;在加载过程中,浆-土界面处首先萌生微裂纹,进而浆脉两侧软弱介质被压缩挤密后出现大量微裂纹,裂纹数量持续增多直至试样破坏;加固体孔隙率与微裂纹萌生数量变化规律均呈现明显的阶段性特征,且受浆脉形态特征影响显著。

考虑微裂纹力学行为的岩石单轴压缩损伤模型

针对目前岩石压缩损伤模型未能很好地同时考虑微裂纹滑移与扩展对岩石总变形的贡献、微裂纹复合扩展准则及岩石损伤程度对被激活裂纹数量影响等不足,基于细观力学对微裂纹在单轴压缩荷载下的滑移及扩展机理展开研究。首先根据微裂纹滑移模型及能量平衡原理,建立了岩石单轴压缩应力应变关系,并认为微裂纹服从Weibull分布模型;进而以应变能密度准则作为微裂隙扩展判据,采用迭代法求解复合型断裂的翼裂纹扩展长度,并获得用翼裂纹扩展长度表示的岩石损伤变量演化方程,由此提出了一个新的岩石单轴压缩损伤模型,并验证了其合理性;最后,采用参数敏感性分析研究了微裂纹长度及摩擦系数和岩石断裂韧度对岩石力学特性的影响。结果表明:由本模型预测得到的岩石单轴压缩峰值强度与试验结果吻合较好,说明了其合理性。同时发现随着微裂纹长度增加及其摩擦系数减小、岩石断裂韧度增加,岩石单轴抗压峰值强度及峰值应变均随之减小。当微裂纹长度由60μm增加到120μm时,岩石单轴抗压峰值强度近似线性降低;而当微裂纹摩擦系数由0.5增加到0.8及岩石断裂韧度由0.3 MPa·m^(1/2)增加到0.6 MPa·m1/2时,岩石单轴抗压峰值强度均是先缓慢增加,而后迅速增加。本研究为岩石压缩损伤本构模型的建立提供了一条新的思路,具有重要的理论意义。

基于细观结构演化的冻结砂岩热融软化规律研究

冻结岩石热融过程中强度会出现软化,是最易发生破坏的阶段。研究冻结岩石的热融软化规律对冻结地层解冻过程中的稳定性和安全性评价至关重要。本文开展了不同融化温度下冻结岩石的单轴压缩试验,在还原岩石孔隙结构及对细观参数进行精确标定的基础上,利用颗粒流软件(PFC^(2D))模拟了冻结岩石的压缩破坏过程。基于微裂纹起裂规律和微裂纹扩展规律分析,探讨了孔隙冰对冻结砂岩热融软化规律的控制作用。研究结果表明:(1)冻结岩石的强度、弹性模量等参数均随着温度的升高呈两阶段变化趋势,在-4℃至-2℃之间存在某一温度,使得试样的强度及变形参数发生骤降。(2)当温度低于-15℃时,微裂纹的起裂扩展主要由矿物颗粒之间的接触强度控制;当温度在-2℃和-15℃之间时,主要由冰颗粒之间和冰-矿物之间的接触强度控制;而当温度大于-2℃时,则主要由冰颗粒之间的接触强度控制。(3)通过分析孔隙冰在冻结岩石受荷破坏过程中所起的“支撑作用”和“黏结作用”,发现在-6℃至-4℃之间,冰颗粒之间黏结强度和冰-矿物黏结强度均迅速衰减,导致冰的支撑和黏结作用弱化,是该温度区间力学性质快速弱化的本质原因。

形变、大旱、地磁、静电场等震前异常关联性

从形变异常机理出发,对大震前出现的几种异常的关联性进行分析,同时结合观测事实和实验进行验证,探索其间可能存在的有机联系。对大震前的大旱、大震后的暴雨、大震时的喷沙冒水和地面塌陷、地声和地光以及大震前的电离层异常、大气静电异常、震前及震时电磁波异常等现象从机理上给出统一解释,认为这些异常现象均与大震前震源体附近微裂膨胀体的形成、扩展有关,并随着大震发生而迅速消失。

单轴压缩过程中冻结砂岩的损伤局部化规律研究

损伤局部化是岩石受荷破坏过程中的必经阶段和破坏前兆特征。本文研究冻结岩石受荷破坏过程中的损伤局部化规律,并探讨初始饱和度的影响。在-20℃下对具有不同初始饱和度的冻结砂岩试样进行单轴压缩试验,并采用数字图像相关(DIC)和声发射(AE)系统采集试验过程中的表面变形和声发射信号,分析了试样表面应变局部化模式与内部微裂纹扩展类型。结果表明:(1)初始饱和度令试样的单轴抗压强度产生阶段性变化,并改变了试样各加载阶段占比和破裂过程中的声发射振铃计数分布特征;(2)以40%初始饱和度为转折点,试样的表面应变局部化模式由拉应变为主变为剪应变为主,初始饱和度超过90%时出现了拉、剪应变同时发展的混合模式,并能与试样的最终破坏形态对应;(3)损伤局部化过程中,试样内部的微裂纹扩展类型与表面应变局部化模式基本吻合。最后,结合不同初始饱和度下冻结岩石孔隙中的相组成分变化,分析了其对冻结岩石损伤局部化模式的影响。本研究有助于加深研究人员对冻结岩石力学性质的认识,为寒区岩石工程破坏与失稳预测提供重要参考。

考虑温度作用的岩石统计损伤本构模型及验证

为了预测和评估深部高温岩体的稳定性,运用理论推导的方法研究温度作用下(后)岩石的本构关系。首先,基于已有的岩石统计损伤本构模型,考虑温度对岩石损伤变量的影响,引入了损伤变量修正系数、损伤起裂应力和起裂应变等参数;其次,假设微元体强度服从幂函数分布,并符合Hoek-Brown(H-B)强度准则,针对统计损伤本构模型无法反映峰前较强的微裂纹压密效应的弊端,引入了相应的模型修正系数;再次,建立了考虑温度作用的岩石统计损伤本构模型,并确定了模型参数的表达式;最后,对比不同温度作用下(后)的花岗岩在单轴和常规三轴压缩试验条件下所得的结果与文献中模型的计算结果,验证本文模型的准确性。研究结果表明:所提出的模型的计算结果与文献的试验结果在数值、分布规律和趋势上具有良好的一致性;对于全过程σ-ε曲线的各阶段,本文模型的计算效果较文献中本构模型计算效果更好,与试验曲线的贴合度更高,能够更好地反映高温作用下(后)岩石的损伤本构特征。该模型的参数具有常规性,适用于各类温-压组合作用工况下的岩石。

4种机用镍钛锉根管预备后形成牙本质微裂的研究

目的 运用micro-CT比较T-Flex、Reciproc Blue (RB)、ProTaper Gold (PTG)和ProTaper Universal(PTU) 4种机用镍钛锉在体外根管预备后牙本质微裂形成方面的差异。方法 选用根管弯曲度不大于10°的新鲜离体双根管前磨牙32颗建立体外根管预备模型。根据所用镍钛系统将其随机分为T-Flex、RB、PTG、PTU组(n=8)。设置micro-CT体素大小为17.18μm,扫描分析预备前后牙根横断面图像(n=56 940),观察牙本质微裂的存在。各组结果以存在裂纹的断层图像的数量及百分比来表示,McNemar检验用于比较预备前后牙本质裂纹的存在是否有显著差异,显著性水平设定为P<0.05。结果 总体有11.04%的图像显示有牙本质微裂(n=6 288)。T-Flex、 RB、 PTG和PTU组在预备后观察到具有牙本质微裂截面的比例各自为9.82%、 10.79%、 12.27%和11.25%。所有在预备后断层图像上发现的牙本质裂纹在相应的预备前图像中均已存在。使用上述镍钛系统预备前磨牙根管未出现新的微裂纹。结论 未经根管预备的离体牙中预先即存在牙本质微裂纹;T-Flex、RB、PTG和PTU 4种机用镍钛器械对前磨牙直根管进行根管预备均不会导致新的牙本质微裂纹形成。

Effects of seepage pressure on the mechanical behaviors and microstructure of sandstone

Surrounding rocks of underground engineering are subjected to long-term seepage pressure,which can deteriorate the mechanical properties and cause serious disasters.In order to understand the impact of seepage pressure on the mechanical property of sandstone,uniaxial compression tests,P-wave velocity measurements,and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)tests were conducted on saturated sandstone samples with varied seepage pressures(i.e.0 MPa,3 MPa,4 MPa,5 MPa,6 MPa,7 MPa).The results demonstrate that the mechanical parameters(uniaxial compressive strength,peak strain,elastic modulus,and brittleness index),total energy,elastic strain energy,as well as elastic strain energy ratio,decrease with increasing seepage pressure,while the dissipation energy and dissipation energy ratio increase.Moreover,as seepage pressure increases,the micro-pores gradually transform into meso-pores and macro-pores.This increases the cumulative porosity of sandstone and decreases P-wave velocity.The numerical results indicate that as seepage pressure rises,the number of tensile cracks increases progressively,the angle range of microcracks is basically from 50-120to 80-100,and as a result,the failure mode transforms to the tensile-shear mixed failure mode.Finally,the effects of seepage pressure on mechanical properties were discussed.The results show that decrease in the effective stress and cohesion under the action of seepage pressure could lead to deterioration of strength behaviors of sandstone.

Numerical and experimental investigation on hydraulic-electric rock fragmentation of heterogeneous granite

Hydraulic-electric rock fragmentation(HERF)plays a significant role in improving the efficiency of high voltage pulse rock breaking.However,the underlying mechanism of HERF remains unclear.In this study,considering the heterogeneity of the rock,microscopic thermodynamic properties,and shockwave time domain waveforms,based on the shockwave model,digital imaging technology and the discrete element method,the cyclic loading numerical simulations of HERF is achieved by coupling electrical,thermal,and solid mechanics under different formation temperatures,confining pressure,initial peak voltage,electrode bit diameter,and loading times.Meanwhile,the HERF discharge system is conducive to the laboratory experiments with various electrical parameters and the resulting broken pits are numerically reconstructed to obtain the geometric parameters.The results show that,the completely broken area consists of powdery rock debris.In the pre-broken zone,the mineral cementation of the rock determines the transition of type CⅠcracks to type CⅡand type CⅢcracks.Furthermore,the peak pressure of the shockwave increased with initial peak voltage but decreased with electrode bit diameter,while the wave front time reduced.Moreover,increasing well depth,formation temperature and confining pressure augment and inhibit HERF,but once confining pressure surpassed the threshold of 60 MPa for 152.40,215.90,and 228.60 mm electrode bits,and 40 MPa for 309.88 mm electrode bits,HERF is promoted.Additionally,for the same kind of rock,the volume and width of the broken pit increase with higher initial peak voltage and rock fissures will promote HERF.Eventually,the electrode drill bit with a 215.90 mm diameter is more suitable for drilling pink granite.This research contributes to a better microscopic understanding of HERF and provides valuable insights for electrode bit selection,as well as the optimization of circuit parameters for HERF technology.

Multiscale modeling of gas-induced fracturing in anisotropic clayey rocks

In the context of repositories for nuclear waste,understanding the behavior of gas migration through clayey rocks with inherent anisotropy is crucial for assessing the safety of geological disposal facilities.The primary mechanism for gas breakthrough is the opening of micro-fractures due to high gas pressure.This occurs at gas pressures lower than the combined strength of the rock and its minimum principal stress under external loading conditions.To investigate the mechanism of microscale mode-I ruptures,it is essential to incorporate a multiscale approach that includes subcritical microcracks in the modeling framework.In this contribution,we derive the model from microstructures that contain periodically distributed microcracks within a porous material.The damage evolution law is coupled with the macroscopic poroelastic system by employing the asymptotic homogenization method and considering the inherent hydro-mechanical(HM)anisotropy at the microscale.The resulting permeability change induced by fracture opening is implicitly integrated into the gas flow equation.Verification examples are presented to validate the developed model step by step.An analysis of local macroscopic response is undertaken to underscore the influence of factors such as strain rate,initial damage,and applied stress,on the gas migration process.Numerical examples of direct tension tests are used to demonstrate the model’s efficacy in describing localized failure characteristics.Finally,the simulation results for preferential gas flow reveal the robustness of the two-scale model in explicitly depicting gas-induced fracturing in anisotropic clayey rocks.The model successfully captures the common behaviors observed in laboratory experiments,such as a sudden drop in gas injection pressure,rapid build-up of downstream gas pressure,and steady-state gas flow following gas breakthrough.

Effects of thawing-induced softening on fracture behaviors of frozen rock

Due to the presence of ice and unfrozen water in pores of frozen rock,the rock fracture behaviors are susceptible to temperature.In this study,the potential thawing-induced softening effects on the fracture behaviors of frozen rock is evaluated by testing the tension fracture toughness(KIC)of frozen rock at different temperatures(i.e.-20℃,-15℃,-12℃,-10℃,-8℃,-6℃,-4℃,-2℃,and 0℃).Acoustic emission(AE)and digital image correlation(DIC)methods are utilized to analyze the microcrack propagation during fracturing.The melting of pore ice is measured using nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)method.The results indicate that:(1)The KIC of frozen rock decreases moderately between-20℃ and-4℃,and rapidly between-4℃ and 0℃.(2)At-20℃ to-4℃,the fracturing process,deduced from the DIC results at the notch tip,exhibits three stages:elastic deformation,microcrack propagation and microcrack coalescence.However,at-4℃e0℃,only the latter two stages are observed.(3)At-4℃e0℃,the AE activities during fracturing are less than that at-20℃ to-4℃,while more small events are reported.(4)The NMR results demonstrate a reverse variation trend in pore ice content with increasing temperature,that is,a moderate decrease is followed by a sharp decrease and-4℃ is exactly the critical temperature.Next,we interpret the thawing-induced softening effect by linking the evolution in microscopic structure of frozen rock with its macroscopic fracture behaviors as follow:from-20℃ to-4℃,the thickening of the unfrozen water film diminishes the cementation strength between ice and rock skeleton,leading to the decrease in fracture parameters.From-4℃ to 0℃,the cementation effect of ice almost vanishes,and the filling effect of pore ice is reduced significantly,which facilitates microcrack propagation and thus the easier fracture of frozen rocks.

侵彻双层靶板过程中PBX装药的宏-细观损伤数值模拟研究

针对高速战斗部侵彻双层目标时装药的损伤问题,基于内聚力模型开展了PBX装药战斗部侵彻双层靶板的数值模拟研究。采用内聚力模型计算装药损伤的出现与演化,分析了侵彻速度与损伤发生的关系,通过损伤比对侵彻结束后PBX装药的损伤进行了量化,建立了PBX装药细观损伤仿真模型,研究了侵彻双层靶板过程中PBX装药细观损伤机制。结果表明:当弹体垂直侵彻双层靶板时,在压-拉反复作用下,装药尾部形成了垂直于加载方向的贯穿裂纹,且装药的损伤程度随着侵彻速度的增大而增大;在侵彻双层靶板过程中,PBX装药的主要损伤模式是界面脱粘,微裂纹最先出现在颗粒边角处,并且逐渐增多,最终界面微裂纹失稳扩展并汇聚为连续的主裂纹。

弱动力扰动作用下岩石微裂隙演化特征及灾害防控

【目的】高应力叠加弱动力扰动是诱发冲击地压的关键因素,但不同扰动幅值、频率、卸载范围下的岩石微裂纹扩展特征和能量耗散规律尚不明确,无法为冲击地压防治提供技术支撑。【方法】基于真三轴卸载动力扰动试验,分析了不同扰动幅值(5、10 MPa)、频率(4、10 Hz)、三向应力卸载(0、12MPa)下深部围岩失稳破坏规律,并结合SEM扫描分析了岩石微裂隙特征。通过锚杆拉拔试验,优化了锚杆肋间距和肋高,提高了其吸能支护作用,提出了“吸能锚杆-低阻抗混凝土注浆-喷浆-挂网”组合支护技术。利用传感器对巷道进行长期监测,得到治理前后压力与振动数据。【结果和结论】研究表明:(1)随着扰动幅值和频率的增加,裂纹增加显著且不规则,岩石断口的方向分形维数降低。当扰动为10MPa、10Hz时,分形维数降至最低值0.62,孔隙方向角80°~120°孔隙定向频率达到最大值的52%,约为原始岩石的1.68倍。说明岩石受扰动后颗粒的应力不均匀,导致应力集中,断裂方向明显。(2)随着扰动幅值和频率的增加,SEM图像的微孔隙面积先快速增加,后缓慢增加且增加趋势越来越小。扰动频率每增加2 Hz,岩石微裂隙面积增加约24.13%。(3)现场测试表明随着锚杆肋间距和肋高增加,拉拔曲线形态由“弹塑性阶段-破坏失效阶段-残余阶段”逐渐过渡为“弹塑性阶段-微量屈服阶段-大量强化阶段-破坏失效阶段-残余阶段”,肋间距48mm、肋高2mm的螺纹钢锚杆吸能效果最好。经现场监测可将巷道压力稳定在36 N左右,峰值加速度控制在8000mm/s^(2)以内。研究揭示了卸载动力扰动作用下围岩破坏及能量释放规律,提出的“吸能锚杆-低阻抗混凝土注浆-喷浆-挂网”支护技术,可为类似深部工程提供理论指导。

低速撞击下PBX炸药黏弹塑性细观损伤点火模型研究

为研究塑性黏结炸药PBX-9501在低速撞击条件下的力学变形、损伤以及温升情况,发展了基于黏塑性演化方程以及复杂应力状态下微裂纹形核、演化机制的非线性黏弹塑性细观损伤力热化学耦合模型.通过分析低速撞击试验中力学变形-损伤对炸药宏细观温升的影响,可确定炸药发生点火的主导机制及点火速度阈值,结果表明:撞击速度为59 m/s时PBX-9501炸药呈现大变形与破碎响应特征,顶部位置微裂纹和微孔洞演化程度最高,裂纹摩擦热点机制对炸药热点温升起主要作用;随着撞击速度增大,微裂纹热点机制仍为点火主导机制,可预测得到PBX-9501炸药点火临界撞击速度为120~125 m/s.

MICP技术应用于岩体裂隙灌浆的现场试验研究

利用微生物诱导产生碳酸钙沉淀(MICP)技术对岩体裂隙进行灌浆,具有浆液黏度低、可灌性好、绿色环保等优点。结合现场试验开展微生物菌种的提取、活化培养和扩大培养等工作,对微生物菌液培养的最适条件进行探讨,并制备能用于现场灌浆的微生物浆液,结合现场岩体裂隙分布特征进行微生物浆液的岩体裂隙灌浆现场试验。结果表明:利用当地菌种制备形成的微生物浆液初始粘度为2 mPa·s~3 mPa·s,具有良好的可灌性;以重复多次灌注和每次定量灌注为主要特征的微生物灌浆施工工艺能适用于岩体0.2 mm以下微小裂隙灌浆,且扩散距离可达到0.4 m以上,灌后岩体透水率可达到0.1 Lu量级,防渗效果显著,为开度小于0.2 mm的岩体裂隙防渗加固处理提供了一种新的技术手段。

不同机用镍钛器械在后牙根管治疗中的应用

目的比较不同机用镍钛器械在后牙根管治疗中的临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析2021年1月至2021年6月于河南中医药大学第一附属医院口腔科行磨牙根管治疗的72例患者的临床资料,根据采用机用镍钛器械的不同分为A组、B组和C组各24例。所有患者均接受后牙根管治疗,A组采用Wave One Gold机用镍钛器械治疗,B组采用Protaper Gold机用镍钛器械治疗,C组采用Protaper Universal机用镍钛器械治疗。比较三组每个根管预备时间、根管充填质量、临床疗效、牙根微裂情况及术后疼痛情况。结果A组患者的每个根管预备时间为(29.35±4.20)s,明显短于B组的(87.42±8.56)s和C组的(88.23±8.79)s,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但B组、C组患者的每个根管预备时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);A组、B组、C组患者的根管充填质量合格率分别为92.13%、96.47%、94.81%,治疗的总有效率分别为95.83%、91.67%、95.83%,牙根微裂发生率分别为4.17%、4.17%、8.33%,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后24 h内,三组患者的术后疼痛分级比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论Wave One Gold、Protaper Universal、Protaper Gold机用镍钛器械在后牙根管治疗中疗效确切,相比于Wave One Gold,Protaper Universal、Protaper Gold的预备时间较长,且三者均不会明显增加牙根微裂发生率与术后疼痛程度。

Numerical simulation of microwave-induced cracking and melting of granite based on mineral microscopic models

This study introduces a coupled electromagnetic–thermal–mechanical model to reveal the mechanisms of microcracking and mineral melting of polymineralic rocks under microwave radiation.Experimental tests validate the rationality of the proposed model.Embedding microscopic mineral sections into the granite model for simulation shows that uneven temperature gradients create distinct molten,porous,and nonmolten zones on the fracture surface.Moreover,the varying thermal expansion coefficients and Young's moduli among the minerals induce significant thermal stress at the mineral boundaries.Quartz and biotite with higher thermal expansion coefficients are subjected to compression,whereas plagioclase with smaller coefficients experiences tensile stress.In the molten zone,quartz undergoes transgranular cracking due to theα–βphase transition.The local high temperatures also induce melting phase transitions in biotite and feldspar.This numerical study provides new insights into the distribution of thermal stress and mineral phase changes in rocks under microwave irradiation.