Artificial neural network-based method for discriminating Compton scattering events in high-purity germaniumγ-ray spectrometer

To detect radioactive substances with low activity levels,an anticoincidence detector and a high-purity germanium(HPGe)detector are typically used simultaneously to suppress Compton scattering background,thereby resulting in an extremely low detection limit and improving the measurement accuracy.However,the complex and expensive hardware required does not facilitate the application or promotion of this method.Thus,a method is proposed in this study to discriminate the digital waveform of pulse signals output using an HPGe detector,whereby Compton scattering background is suppressed and a low minimum detectable activity(MDA)is achieved without using an expensive and complex anticoincidence detector and device.The electric-field-strength and energy-deposition distributions of the detector are simulated to determine the relationship between pulse shape and energy-deposition location,as well as the characteristics of energy-deposition distributions for fulland partial-energy deposition events.This relationship is used to develop a pulse-shape-discrimination algorithm based on an artificial neural network for pulse-feature identification.To accurately determine the relationship between the deposited energy of gamma(γ)rays in the detector and the deposition location,we extract four shape parameters from the pulse signals output by the detector.Machine learning is used to input the four shape parameters into the detector.Subsequently,the pulse signals are identified and classified to discriminate between partial-and full-energy deposition events.Some partial-energy deposition events are removed to suppress Compton scattering.The proposed method effectively decreases the MDA of an HPGeγ-energy dispersive spectrometer.Test results show that the Compton suppression factors for energy spectra obtained from measurements on ^(152)Eu,^(137)Cs,and ^(60)Co radioactive sources are 1.13(344 keV),1.11(662 keV),and 1.08(1332 keV),respectively,and that the corresponding MDAs are 1.4%,5.3%,and 21.6%lower,respectively.

The Planck Constant and Its Relation to the Compton Frequency

The Planck constant is considered one of the most important universal constants of physics, and despite all we know much about it, the physical nature of it has not been fully understood. Further investigation and new perspectives on the Planck constant should therefore be of interest. We demonstrate that the Planck constant also can be directly linked to the Compton frequency of one, which again is divided by the Compton frequency in one kg. If this is right, it means also the Planck constant is linked to quantization of matter, not only energy. However, as we will show the frequency of one when expressed in relation to kg will be observational time dependent. This means the missing mass gap surprisingly both is equal to the Planck mass, which is larger than any known particle and also it is linked to a very small mass that again is equal to what has been suggested as the photon mass in the existing literature. This new view could be an important step forward in understanding the physical nature of the Planck constant as well as the mass gap and even the rest mass of a photon.

Dose reconstruction with Compton camera during proton therapy via subset-driven origin ensemble and double evolutionary algorithm

Compton camera-based prompt gamma(PG) imaging has been proposed for range verification during proton therapy. However, a deviation between the PG and dose distributions, as well as the difference between the reconstructed PG and exact values, limit the effectiveness of the approach in accurate range monitoring during clinical applications. The aim of the study was to realize a PG-based dose reconstruction with a Compton camera, thereby further improving the prediction accuracy of in vivo range verification and providing a novel method for beam monitoring during proton therapy. In this paper, we present an approach based on a subset-driven origin ensemble with resolution recovery and a double evolutionary algorithm to reconstruct the dose depth profile(DDP) from the gamma events obtained by a cadmium-zinc-telluride Compton camera with limited position and energy resolution. Simulations of proton pencil beams with clinical particle rate irradiating phantoms made of different materials and the CT-based thoracic phantom were used to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed method. The results show that for the monoenergetic proton pencil beam irradiating homogeneous-material box phantom,the accuracy of the reconstructed DDP was within 0.3 mm for range prediction and within 5.2% for dose prediction. In particular, for 1.6-Gy irradiation in the therapy simulation of thoracic tumors, the range deviation of the reconstructed spreadout Bragg peak was within 0.8 mm, and the relative dose deviation in the peak area was less than 7% compared to the exact values. The results demonstrate the potential and feasibility of the proposed method in future Compton-based accurate dose reconstruction and range verification during proton therapy.

GPU-accelerated three-dimensional reconstruction method of the Compton camera and its application in radionuclide imaging

A novel and fast three-dimensional reconstruction method for a Compton camera and its performance in radionuclide imaging is proposed and analyzed in this study. The conical surface sampling back-projection method with scattering angle correction(CSS-BP-SC) can quickly perform the back-projection process of the Compton cone and can be used to precompute the list-mode maximum likelihood expectation maximization(LM-MLEM). A dedicated parallel architecture was designed for the graphics processing unit acceleration of the back-projection and iteration stage of the CSS-BP-SC-based LM-MLEM. The imaging results of the two-point source Monte Carlo(MC) simulation demonstrate that by analyzing the full width at half maximum along the three coordinate axes, the CSS-BP-SC-based LM-MLEM can obtain imaging results comparable to those of the traditional reconstruction algorithm, that is, the simple back-projection-based LM-MLEM. The imaging results of the mouse phantom MC simulation and experiment demonstrate that the reconstruction results obtained by the proposed method sufficiently coincide with the set radioactivity distribution, and the speed increased by more than 664 times compared to the traditional reconstruction algorithm in the mouse phantom experiment. The proposed method will further advance the imaging applications of Compton cameras.

Development and preliminary results of a large-pixel two-layer LaBr_(3) Compton camera prototype

Lanthanum bromide(LaBr_(3))crystal has a high energy resolution and time resolution and has been used in Compton cameras(CCs)over the past few decades.However,LaBr_(3) crystal arrays are difficult to process because LaBr_(3) is easy to crack and break;thus,few LaBr_(3)-based CC prototypes have been built.In this study,we designed and fabricated a large-pixel LaBr_(3) CC prototype and evaluated its performance with regard to position,energy,and angular resolution.We used two 10×10 LaBr_(3) crystal arrays with a pixel size of 5 mm×5 mm,silicon photomultipliers(SiPMs),and corresponding decoding circuits to construct our prototype.Additionally,a framework based on a Voronoi diagram and a lookup table was developed for list-mode projection data acquisition.Monte Carlo(MC)simulations based on Geant4 and experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of our CC prototype.The lateral position resolution was 5 mm,and the maximum deviation in the depth direction was 2.5 and 5 mm for the scatterer and absorber,respectively.The corresponding measured energy resolu-tions were 7.65%and 8.44%,respectively,at 511 keV.The experimental results of ^(137)Cs point-like sources were consistent with the MC simulation results with regard to the spatial positions and full widths at half maximum(FWHMs).The angular resolution of the fabricated prototype was approximately 6°when a point-like ^(137)Cs source was centrally placed at a distance of 5 cm from the scatterer.We proposed and investigated a large-pixel LaBr_(3) CC for the first time and verified its feasibility for use in accurate spatial positioning of radiative sources with a high angular resolution.The proposed CC can satisfy the requirements of radiative source imaging and positioning in the nuclear industry and medical applications.

多光子非线性Compton散射下的调制不稳定性对波分复用系统的影响

运用小信号分析法,研究了多光子非线性Compton散射下的调制不稳定性(MI)对波分复用系统的影响,结果表明:计及散射光的调制不稳定性,不仅会使波分复用系统的信噪比(SNR)更快地下降,从而导致信号强度更快地减弱,而且还会对噪声有更大的放大作用;这种调制不稳定性对波分复用系统中各信道的影响是不同的,它对短波段的作用强于长波段,也会使各信道的信噪比产生更大的偏差,将使长波段较短波段有更大的信噪比,信噪比的降低将随着长度的增加有较快的积累。

Compton散射下激光等离子体界面附近电子的运动

研究了多光子非线性Compton散射下等离子体中两个不同密度区的界面附近耦合激光场中电子的运动,导出了电子的横向动量与纵向动量相互关系的一般方程.研究发现:介质的非均匀性导致电子运动特性的重要变化,在一定的条件下,这种非均匀性有利于注入电子获得加速;散射可有效地降低弹推阈值.当耦合脉冲强度低于弹推阈值时,电子最终被脉冲超过,但无论对初始时刻静止的电子还是运动的电子,能量增益均不为0,且随注入能量的提高而迅速地增加.当耦合脉冲强度高于弹推阈值时,电子最终超过脉冲而获得很高的能量增益,其值远远高于均匀等离子体的情况.在入射相同能量的情况下,耦合光会使电子获得更高的能量增益.

Compton散射下等离子体中的离子加速

应用电子与多光子集团非线性Compton散射模型,将入射和散射光作为离子的传输机制,研究了Compton散射下多束相干强耦合激光等离子体中离子的运动,给出了相对论离子动力学方程,并进行了数值模拟。研究发现,散射使光的传播速度减小,系统的矢势和标势增大,由入射和散射光形成的多束相干强耦合激光能使质子加速到5.40GeV的能量,而耦合轴向电场在其中起着关键作用。

Compton散射下强激光等离子体空气冲击波波前的传输特性

根据球对称激光等离子体空气冲击波在自由空间中传输的约束条件,对多光子非线性Compton散射的强激光等离子体空气冲击波波前的传输特性进行了研究,给出了散射下空气冲击波波前的运动方程,并进行了数值模拟。结果表明:该冲击波的衰减过程不仅与爆炸源和爆炸过程的特性、释放总能量、空气的弹性有关,而且还与散射有关,散射效应使冲击波的初始半径增大,衰减过程加快,能量转移率提高;数值模拟与实验结果符合得很好。

精确计算电子重整化链图传播下的Compton散射微分截面

采用电子与光子电磁相互作用最小耦合模型,对电子重整化链图传播下Compton散射微分截面作了严格解析计算,获得精确理论结果;并将该计算结果与电子树图和重整化单圈图传播下Compton散射微分截面作对比分析,获得了有关辐射修正的重要信息.此研究结果对精确描述Compton散射现象以及对电磁相互作用所呈现的复杂内部过程的深入探讨,都将从一个重要研究侧面给出理论计算研究方面某些可供借鉴与参考之处.

Compton散射下等离子体交叉相位调制不稳定性增益谱

应用多光子非线性Compton散射模型和非线性Schrodinge方程,将入射光和Compton散射光作为形成等离子体交叉相位调制不稳定性的新机制,给出了高阶色散和高阶非线性下等离子体交叉相位调制不稳定性增益谱表达式,并进行了数值模拟.结果表明:与Compton散射前相比,Comnpton散射下的四阶色散使等负色散区的交叉相位调制不稳定性的两个频谱宽度比正色散区的宽,增益谱第二谱区及其峰值更接近零点,即使小功率光波,高频散射光的高阶色散和高阶非线性对交叉相位调制不稳定性的影响依然不可忽略.正五阶非线性使交叉相位调制不稳定性加强,第二谱区增益谱宽和峰值比第一谱区增大得更为明显;负五阶非线性对交叉相位调制不稳定性起抑制作用,五阶非线性系数绝对值越大,抑制作用越明显.散射使等离子体损耗对交叉相位调制不稳定性的影响减弱,随传输距离增加,增益谱宽缓慢减小.这主要是由于散射产生的非线性有效地补偿因传输距离增加而减小非线性的缘故.

增益介质中Compton散射对小尺度自聚焦的影响

通过对激光放大介质中多光子非线性Compton散射光小尺度自聚焦特性的研究,提出了小尺度自聚焦的非线性理论,并对小尺度调制方程、增益谱和成丝距离进行了修正．研究发现:散射光的临界频率和最快增长频率近乎是相同的,在介质增益下,散射光引起的非线性扰动最快增长频率和最大增长率与背景光强度和传输距离几乎无关．在一定输入和输出功率下,在散射光出现的初始阶段,它使背景光的能量、小尺度扰动最快增长频率、最大增益和相应的B积分迅速增大,调制谱的范围迅速加宽,成丝距离延长;之后,它们的变化几乎与散射光无关．

Compton散射对斜入射激光脉冲在等离子体中传输的影响

应用多光子非线性Compton散射模型和等效折射指数模型,研究了Compton散射对斜入射激光脉冲在等离子体中传输特性的影响,提出了将入射光和Compton散射光形成的耦合光脉冲作为在等离子体中传输的新机制,用等效耦合折射指数和折射定律分别计算和数值模拟了等离子体中耦合光的反射和折射,结果表明,散射使等离子体中法拉第效应增强,产生了一个与折射界面平行的、较小等幅度附加折射波平面;使等效耦合折射指数的实部和虚部的实参数、折射角和等效折射指数之间的差异明显减小;使用等效耦合折射指数和折射定所得到的反射系数几乎均表现出相同的先增大后迅速减小的规律;使等离子体的反射系数随碰撞频率的增大而迅速减小,透射增强,透射增强的频率位置向高频明显移动.

Compton散射下强激光等离子体的辐射阻尼效应

为了研究Compton散射对强激光等离子体中辐射阻尼效应的影响,采用多光子非线性Compton散射模型、相对论理论和洛伦兹变换方法,对Compton散射对不同极化激光在等离子体中产生辐射阻尼效应的影响进行了理论分析和数值计算。提出了将Compton散射光作为等离子体产生辐射阻尼效应的新机制,给出了辐射阻尼满足的修正方程。结果表明,Compton散射使等离子体辐射阻尼效应对电子运动产生重要作用的几率增大,这主要是由于产生这种作用所需的入射激光强度降低,从而使电子频率增大、电场耦合频率增大的缘故。多光子非线性Compton散射光是产生和提高等离子体辐射阻尼效应的一个重要机制。

超强激光场中磁逆多光子非线性Compton散射的电子加速

应用电子与多光子集团非弹性Compton散射模型,分析、计算了磁逆多光子非线性Compton散射的电子加速,结果表明,散射前做Landau圆轨道运动的电子并非是热电子,而是处于激发态的电子。当耦合光的频率与处于激发态电子的频率相等时,能发生磁逆多光子非线性Compton散射,放出高γ射线,但产生高γ射线的几率要比产生低γ射线的几率小。若电子被光场俘获,电子可从激光场中获得巨大的加速能量。

Compton散射下激光等离子体纵波色散特性

应用电子与多光子集团非线性Compton散射模型,研究了Compton散射下激光等离子体纵波色散特性.结果表明:长波支纵色散曲线由解析上的长波、数值计算结果和短波组成,长波支和短波支纵色散均随相对论正负电子对特征温度的增大而增大,随Compton散射引起的频率的增量的增大而降低,且单温激光等离子体的色散曲线与散射前的双温等离子体的色散曲线相似.

Compton散射强光子流在等离子体通道中的传输特性

给出了冷等离子体中高阶相对论下多光子非线性Compton散射的光子流在等离子体通道中的传输方程,研究了高阶相对论效应对散射光子流传输的影响。在近轴近似下,散射强光子流依然有较浅的“势阱”方程。当散射强光子流强度较大时,高阶相对论效应变得更加重要:它减小了散射光束宽的振荡幅度,同时加快了散射光束宽的振荡速度。当散射强光子流功率大于或等于相对论临界功率时,高阶相对论效应避免了散射强光子流强度随传输距离出现无限大的奇异性。给出了散射强光子流的平衡解存在的条件。

Compton散射对未磁化等离子体调制不稳定性的影响

为了研究Compton散射对未磁化等离子体调制不稳定性的影响,采用多光子非线性Compton散射模型,对Compton散射下的未磁化等离子体调制不稳定性进行了理论分析和实验验证,取得了散射对调制不稳定性的时间增长率、非线性色散和控制影响的重要数据,提出了将入射光和Compton散射光作为形成调制不稳定性的新机制。结果表明,Compton散射使未磁化等离子体的自调制不稳定性的最大时间增长率和激光自聚焦较散射前减小,等离子体截面附近处调制不稳定性的时间增长率较散射前增大。

Compton散射下磁化等离子体光子晶体光子带隙特性

为了研究多光子非线性Compton散射对横向磁光效应磁化等离子体光子晶体光子带隙特性的影响,采用多光子非线性Compton散射模型和时域有限差分法进行了理论分析和实验验证,取得了关于晶体色散和调制不稳定性、光子带宽变化的重要数据,并提出了将入射光和Compton散射光作为磁化等离子体光子晶体色散的新机制。结果表明,Compton散射使等离子体色散增强,耦合电磁波通带变窄、阻带变宽,有效地降低了电磁波传输中的交叉相位调制的不稳定性,频率低于等离子体频率的电磁波在等离子体中的传播几率减小。

Compton散射对激光等离子体中光场和电子密度分布的影响

应用电子和多光子集团非弹性碰撞模型和冷等离子体模型,研究了飞秒强激光与线性等离子体发生多光子非线性Compton散射时,散射激光与入射激光形成的飞秒耦合激光场对线性等离子体层中光场和电子密度分布的影响。研究发现,在耦合激光的有质动力作用下,电子密度分布和离子密度分布比Compton散射前的偏离更加严重,电子密度的变化比离子密度的变化更快,产生的静电场更强。即使耦合激光场非常弱,电子的运动仍表现出相对论效应,仍有静电场存在。