Cation effects in electrocatalytic reduction reactions:Recent advances

Electrocatalytic reduction reactions,powered by clean energy sources such as solar energy and wind,offer a sustainable method for converting inexpensive feedstocks(e.g.,CO_(2),N_(2)/NO_(x),organics,and O_(2))into high-value-added chemicals or fuels.The design and modification of electrocatalysts have been widely implemented to improve their performance in these reactions.However,bottle-necks are encountered,making it challenging to further improve performance through catalyst development alone.Recently,cations in the electrolyte have emerged as critical factors for tuning both the activity and product selectivity of reduction reactions.This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of cation effects in electrocatalytic reduction reactions.First,we introduce the mechanisms underlying cation effects.We then provide a comprehensive overview of their application in electroreduction reactions.Characterization techniques and theoretical calcula-tion methods for studying cation effects are also discussed.Finally,we address remaining challeng-es and future perspectives in this field.We hope that this review offers fundamental insights and design guidance for utilizing cation effects,thereby advancing their development.

Kinetic Laws of Heating Initiated Reactions for Materials in Aerospace Applications

Cure and decomposition reaction kinetics of typical organic materials in aerospace applications are introduced.From the data of dynamic differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)experiments,and based on changes of the peak temperatures(T_(p))with different heating rates(β),a linear equation,T_(p)=T_(1)+△Tlnβ,has been obtained more reasonably.The above equation can be used to explain some laws of higher or lower of apparent activation energies(E_(a)),by which the apparent activation energy(E_(a))is nearly equal to RT^(2)_(1)/△T.A number of kinetic investigations of typical thermosetting resins and energetic materials in aerospace applications were chosen to validate the above equations.

THE SYNTHESES OF POLYQUINOLINES WITH 2,2'-PYRIDYLQUINOLINE AND 2,6-DIQUINOLYLPYRIDINE AS LIGAND AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN SOME CATALYTIC REACTIONS

The polyquinolines with 2,2'-pyridylquinoline as bidentate and 2,6-diquinolylpyridine as tridentate ligand have been prepared from 4,4-dlamino- 3,3'-dibenzoyldiphenyl ether, 4,4'-diacetyldiphenyl ether and 1,4-bis (2-acetylpyridyl-6-oxy) benzene, 2,6-diacetylpyridine, respectively. These polyquinoline-supported ligands have been used in hydrogenation and hydroformylation of olefins with some transition metal complexes.

A Multifunctional Microwave Plasma Reaction Apparatus and its Applications

A multifunctional apparatus for microwave plasma reaction has been set up, which can be used in the fields such as Chemical synthesis, surface modification, and heterogeneous catalysis. This apparatus has laid an experimental foundation for new methods, new technologies, and new train of thoughts to be explored.

Development and application of a real-time polymerase chain reaction method for Campylobacter jejuni detection

AIM:To develop a real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) method to detect and quantify Campylobacter jejuni(C.jejuni) from stool specimens.METHODS:Primers and a probe for real-time PCR were designed based on the specific DNA sequence of the hipO gene in C.jejuni.The specificity of the primers and probe were tested against a set of Campylobacter spp.and other enteric pathogens.The optimal PCR conditions were determined by testing a series of conditions with standard a C.jejuni template.The detection limits were obtained using purified DNA from bacterial culture and extracted DNA from the stool specimen.Two hundred and forty-two specimens were analyzed for the presence of C.jejuni by direct bacterial culture and real-time PCR.RESULTS:The optimal PCR system was determined using reference DNA templates,1 × uracil-DNA glycosylase,3.5 mmol/L MgCl 2,1.25 U platinum Taq polymerase,0.4 mmol/L PCR nucleotide mix,0.48 μmol/L of each primer,0.2 μmol/L of probe and 2 μL of DNA template in a final volume of 25 μL.The PCR reaction was carried as follows:95 ℃ for 4 min,followed by 45 cycles of 10 s at 95 ℃ and 30 s at 59 ℃.The detection limit was 4.3 CFU/mL using purified DNA from bacterial culture and 10 3 CFU/g using DNA from stool specimens.Twenty(8.3%,20/242) C.jejuni strains were isolated from bacterial culture,while 41(16.9%,41/242) samples were found to be positive by realtime PCR.DNA sequencing of the PCR product indicated the presence of C.jejuni in the specimen.One mixed infection of C.jejuni and Salmonella was detected in one specimen and the PCR test for this specimen was positive.CONCLUSION:The sensitivity of detection of C.jejuni from stool specimens was much higher using this PCR assay than using the direct culture method.

Recent Developments in Hydrodynamic Cavitation Reactors:Cavitation Mechanism,Reactor Design,and Applications

Hydrodynamic cavitation is considered to be a promising technology for process intensification,due to its high energy efficiency,cost-effective operation,ability to induce chemical reactions,and scale-up possibilities.In the past decade,advancements have been made in the fundamental understanding of hydrodynamic cavitation and its main variables,which provide a basis for applications of hydrodynamic cavitation in radical-induced chemical reaction processes.Here,we provide an extensive review of these research efforts,including the fundamentals of hydrodynamic cavitation,the design of cavitation reactors,cavitation-induced reaction enhancement,and relevant industrial applications.Two types of hydrodynamic cavitation reactors—namely,stationary and rotational—are compared.The design parameters of a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor and reactor performance at the laboratory and pilot scales are discussed,and recommendations are made regarding optimal operation and geometric conditions.The commercial cavitation reactors that are currently on the market are reviewed here for the first time.The unique features of hydrodynamic cavitation have been widely applied to various chemical reactions,such as oxidization reactions and wastewater treatment,and to physical processes,such as emulsion generation and component extraction.The roles of radicals and gas bubble implosion are also thoroughly discussed.

Application-oriented hydrolysis reaction system of solid-state hydrogen storage materials for high energy density target:A review

Hydrogen storage and delivery technology is still a bottleneck in the hydrogen industry chain.Among all kinds of hydrogen storage methods,light-weight solid-state hydrogen storage(LSHS)materials could become promising due to its intrinsic high hydrogen capacity.Hydrolysis reaction of LSHS materials occurs at moderate conditions,indicating the potential for portable applications.At present,most of review work focuses on the improvement of material performance,especially the catalysts design.This part is important,but the others,such as operation modes,are also vital to to make full use of material potential in the practical applications.Different operation modes of hydrolysis reaction have an impact on hydrogen capacity to various degrees.For example,hydrolysis in solution would decrease the hydrogen capacity of hydrogen generator to a low value due to the excessive water participating in the reaction.Therefore,application-oriented operation modes could become a key problem for hydrolysis reaction of LSHS materials.In this paper,the operation modes of hydrolysis reaction and their practical applications are mainly reviewed.The implements of each operation mode are discussed and compared in detail to determine the suitable one for practical applications with the requirement of high energy density.The current challenges and future directions are also discussed.

KINETIC AND APPLICATION: STUDIES ON THE REACTION SYSTEM OF OSMIUM(Ⅳ)-ARSENIC(Ⅲ)-CHLORATE

The experiments have proved that Os(Ⅳ) has very strong catalytic effect on the chlorate oxidation of As(Ⅲ) in perchloric acid media, and As(Ⅲ) exhibits a sensitive single-sweep oscillopolarographic wave at-0.75 V vs. SCE. The kinetics of this catalytic reaction has been investigated by the initial rate procedure. The mechanism has been proposed. A new and highly sensitive catalytic reaction-oscillopolarographic method for the determination of ultratrace amounts of osmium has been described, based on the Os(Ⅳ) catalytic effect on the reaction. The linear range of 5.0×10^(-11)-4.4×10^(-9) mol/L and 6.0×10^(-9)-1.3×10^(-7) mol/L Os was obtained using the fixed-time procedure and the initial rate procedure, respectively. Osmium in refined ore was analysed by this method.

Progress and Application of Plastein Reaction in Food Proteins

Plastein reaction is considered a reversal of the usual protein hydrolysis by proteinase, which was applied to prepare a higher-molecular, protein-like substance. It can improve biological value and functional properties of food proteins, meliorate flavor of protein hydrolysates and, especially, provide a way to synthesize new sources of proteins. Although the mechanism（s） of the plastein reaction is not clarified, it will have great values in food industry with the development of technologies in enzymology and microbiology.

STUDY AND APPLICATION OF A NOVEL CHEMILUMINESCENCE REACTION

The present paper reports a novel chemiluminescence,i.e,isopropyl alcohol-C10^--H_2O_2 system.The chemiluminescence intensity is proportional to the concentration of C10^- within certain range.Based on this fact,a new chemiluminescence method for the determination of micro amount of C10^- has been developed.The detection limit is 2.6 x 10^(-8)g/ml C10^- and the dynamic linear range is 2.6 x 10^(-8)g/ml to 2.3 x 10^(-5)g/ml C10^-.The method has good selectivlty and reproducibility.

Electrochemical Determination of Rate Constants for Reactions of OH and its Application in the Evaluation of Anti-Oxidant Actions of Rheum

A single-sweep oscillopolarographic procedure is descrital which allows detethenahon of rateconstants for reachons of oH. For a wide range of compounds, the results fit well with rate constantspreviously obtained with other methods. Rate constants for reactions of six kinds of active compoundscontalned in rheum, a tradihonal Chinese herb, have been deteboned by this method. Rcationmechanism ha5 also been discussed.

Application of Simultaneous Technique of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Photothermal Interference Spectrometry for Monitoring Chelating Reaction of Light Rare Earth with Tribromoarsenazo

A novel high sensihtity, small-volume photothermal intheence detector has beenintroduced for capillap zone electrophoresis separation analysis. The utility of thes sdriulboconstecheque for momtomp chelating reachon of light rare earth with tribromoarsenazo has beenreported.

Application of donor dendric cell mediated recipieut lymphocyte reaction after related kidney transplantation in individualized immunosuppressive therapy

Objective To explore the feasibility of mediating recipient lymphocyte reaction with donor dendritic cells ( Dcs) in renal allograft recipients to guide individualized immunosuppressive therapy. Methods From Jan. 2008 to Jan. 2010,30 recipients received living related kidney transplantation were successively and divided into

吗啉硝唑临床应用的研究进展

从结构特点、抗菌机制、抗菌活性、药动学、药物相互作用及临床应用等方面全面介绍吗啉硝唑的研究进展,为深入研究提供参考。吗啉硝唑作为新型硝基咪唑类抗菌药,抗菌活性强,不易产生耐药性,临床应用日益增多。多项研究证实吗啉硝唑疗效显著,安全性高。吗啉硝唑具有科研和临床应用价值,值得深入研究。

中药沐足联合穴位贴敷治疗小儿百日咳的临床观察

目的探讨中药沐足联合穴位贴敷治疗小儿百日咳的临床效果。方法选取2021年3月至2023年10月九江市妇幼保健院收治的66例百日咳患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组(33例)和观察组(33例)。对照组采用注射用乳糖酸红霉素治疗,观察组加用中药沐足联合穴位贴敷治疗。比较两组临床疗效、肺功能、血清学指标、症状评分及不良反应。结果观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组吸呼比(TI/TE)、潮气量(VT)、达峰容积比(VPEF/VE)和达峰时间比(TPEF/TE)均高于本组治疗前,且观察组上述指标高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,两组C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数(WBC)水平及症状评分均低于本组治疗前,且观察组上述指标低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组不良反应总发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论小儿百日咳应用中药沐足联合穴位贴敷治疗效果较好,可改善肺功能,减轻炎症反应,安全可靠,值得推广。

揿针联合穴位贴敷治疗对胃肠道肿瘤化疗患者胃肠道反应及睡眠质量的影响

目的 探讨胃肠道肿瘤化疗患者应用揿针联合穴位贴敷治疗对胃肠道反应及睡眠质量的影响效果。方法 选择河南省肿瘤医院中西结合科住院的胃肠道肿瘤化疗患者96例(2021年10月至2023年6月入组)患者研究,参照计算机数字表法分为2组,每组48例,包括对照组(穴位贴敷治疗)与试验组(揿针联合穴位贴敷治疗)。比较干预前后2组患者胃肠道反应及睡眠质量的变化。结果 治疗前,2组恶心程度评分、呕吐程度评分、食欲情况评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗5 d、治疗7 d 2组均有改善,且试验组恶心程度评分、呕吐程度评分、食欲情况评分更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗7 d,试验组恶心频率与呕吐频率均低于对照组(P<0.05);治疗前,2组睡眠质量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗7 d试验组睡眠质量PSQI评分低于对照组(P<0.05);试验组总并发症发生率比对照组低(P<0.05)。结论 胃肠道肿瘤化疗患者应用揿针联合穴位贴敷治疗可以更好地减轻化疗所致的胃肠道反应,改善食欲及睡眠质量,值得应用。

磷酸盐改性铝酸盐水泥的研究与应用进展

磷酸盐改性铝酸盐水泥(CAPC)是一类新型胶凝材料,其特征反应为铝酸盐水泥与可溶性磷酸盐发生化学反应生成具有胶结性的难溶性磷酸盐.本文系统性总结了自CAPC理念提出30年来关于CAPC原材料、凝结硬化机理、新拌浆体流动性、硬化浆体组成与孔结构、力学性能与耐久性的重要研究进展;介绍CAPC作为耐火材料、腐蚀防护层和放射性废物固化材料的应用前景;最后提出CAPC研究和应用过程中所面临的问题以及未来研发方向.

7种常见易发生不良反应真菌的毒性分析及安全应用

目的综述见手青类、胶陀螺、黑木耳、鹅膏菌类、橘黄裸伞、毛头鬼伞、卷边桩菇7种常见易发生不良反应条件性真菌研究现状,对其毒性成分进行分析,提出相应的安全应用建议,为资源开发及可持续应用提供参考。方法通过查阅国内外文献及相关书籍,对7种常见易发生不良反应真菌的研究现状、功效作用、毒性成分、不良反应等进行总结。结果7种常见易发生不良反应真菌所含的毒性成分种类复杂,包括多肽、生物碱、氨基酸、低聚异戊二烯类等化合物,可能会引起神经毒性、光敏毒性、胃肠道刺激、双硫仑样反应、溶血性中毒等不良反应,需引起重视。同时,这些真菌富含多种生物活性成分,具有显著药理活性,部分毒性成分又具开发成抗炎、镇痛、抗抑郁等药的潜力,值得更深入研究及合理开发应用。结论易发生不良反应真菌亦是重要的药用真菌资源,极具开发价值,目前许多易发生不良反应真菌研究重点多偏重药理作用和毒理作用,其毒力因子及其中毒机制尚未明确,需进一步深入研究,为其开发应用提供参考。

白虎加人参汤在治疗2型糖尿病中的研究进展

糖尿病是临床上常见的代谢性疾病,是世界三大慢病之一,患病人口基数巨大。而2型糖尿病的典型表现为“三多一少”,即多饮、多食、多尿或消瘦等,与我国传统医学的“消渴病症”极为接近。因此本文旨在探究我国传统医学经典名方“白虎加人参汤”在2型糖尿病中的运用与研究进展。临床及基础实验研究表明白虎加人参汤具有良好地降糖效果,并具有缓解氧化应激反应、抗氧化能力以及降低血清炎症因子水平的作用,能良好的改善糖尿病患者的临床症状,能在一定程度上替代部分西药降糖,与西药联用起到提高临床疗效作用。