New Method to Measure the Fill Level of the Ball Mill I——Theoretical Analysis and DEM Simulation

The accurate measurement of the fill level in the ball mill has not been resolved because of the interplay of many variable factors, which led the mill to be operated under the uneconomical condition and lost a lot of energy. At present, some methods, such as vibration method and acoustic method, have been applied for measuring the fill level by the researchers. Aiming at the problem of the traditional methods for measuring the fill level, that is, the feature variables of the fill level suffer the influences of the ball load and the water content of the coal, a novel method to measure the fill level is proposed and a possible relation between the fill level and the angular position of the maximum vibration point on the mill shell is investigated. The angular positions of the maximum vibration point on the mill shell for different fill level cases are calculated theoretically under two assumptions, respectively. Meanwhile the charge motions of the mill for different fill level cases are simulated with the discrete element method （DEM）. And the simulation results are verified by comparing the motion trajectories of steel balls and power draft of the mill. The simulated movement trajectories of the outmost layer steel balls in the mill are monitored and analyzed to obtain the angular positions of the maximum vibration point on the mill shell. Both the results of the theoretical calculation and the 3D DEM simulation show that the position of the maximum vibration point on the mill shell moves to a lower angular positions as the fill level decreasing, which provides a new idea for measuring the filllevel accurately.

Simulation of a Laboratory Scale Ball Mill via Discrete Element Method Modelling

Discrete Element Method (DEM) is a powerful tool for simulating different types of mills. It also used for computing different types of particles such as rocks, grains, and molecules. DEM has been widely used in the field of rock mechanics. In the present work, DEM approach is applied to model the milling media (powder particles and balls) inside a planetary ball mill and to estimate the distribution of particles of a dry powder during milling. In fact, the efficiency of the DEM strongly depends on the input parameters. The DEM simulation results indicated that DEM is a promising tool for the simulation of the dynamic particles motion and interactions within planetary ball mill. These results could be utilized to further develop the synthesis performance, anticipate the reaction, and reduce the wear in the dry milling reactions.

The Extraction Method of Cutting Engagement in Ball-end Milling Simulation

Ball-end mill is widely used in workpiece processi ng with free-form surfaces. Such models that can predict processing character istics precisely are very necessary to the aim of cost reducing, quality improvi ng and productivity progressing, the cutting force prediction is the most import ant among these models. To explore the physical essence of metal cutting, model researchers commonly simplify the geometric conditions in cutting process, and a ssume that the geometric parameters that are needed to solve the physical models have already been predefined, so it results in the separation between model res earch and practical application. In this paper, for the representative cutting f orce models of ball end milling, a new extraction method of geometric parameters is suggested, which makes it possible for physical model to actually serve for the practical manufacturing, and take in the inspection of real production.

基于Solid Works Flow Simulation的球阀内部流场仿真模拟研究

为了了解流体在球阀不同开度下的流动状态及对应的流阻系数,应用商业软件Solid Works Flow Simulation对球阀不同开度的三维流场进行数值仿真模拟和可视化研究。模拟结果表明,在开度较小的情况下,阀芯横截面流速沿中心线呈对称分布,阀芯内部流场存在一对尺寸相等、方向相反的漩涡,且这对漩涡基本占据整个流道;同时出口管路也存在强烈的涡流,随着球阀开度的增大,流动达到稳定,漩涡消失。利用数值模拟结果,求解不同开度下球阀的流阻系数,并与实验拟合公式结果进行对比,验证了数值模拟方法的可靠性。根据球阀流阻系数与开度变化的趋势可知,当球阀开度增大到70%时,再增大开度对流阻系数的减小影响不大。模拟结果可为球阀结构设计和性能优化提供参考。

Particle morphology control for spherical powder fabrication using the ball milling process with DEM simulation

Characteristics of spherical particles on copper powder and changing sizes were studied in a ball mill under various experimental conditions,such as different ball diameters,high rotation speeds,and milling times,using a discrete element method(DEM)simulation.This experiment has investigated the characteristics of spherical particle morphology evolution involved in the mechanical alloying of copper powder.The morphological evolution of the copper particle was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).A spherical copper particle was shown with a roundness value using imageJ software.The DEM was used to simulate the ball motion in a planetary ball mill,and the impact energy and shear energy generated during the collision were analyzed to estimate the contact number between the ball and the ball wall.Therefore,as the size of the ball decreased,the number of ball-to-ball and ball-to-wall contacts increased accordingly,and the spherical shape of the copper powder changed.

基于Flow Simulation的液压元件流体仿真

介绍了CFD计算流体动力学的基本思想和求解过程,通过Solidworks建立三维模型-液压球阀,并结合该实例,运用CFD软件Flow Simulation对液压球阀进行流体动力学仿真分析,直观展现了球阀内流场形态,为球阀设计和优化提供了理论指导。

Numerical study on erosion behavior of sliding sleeve ball seat for hydraulic fracturing based on experimental data

The sleeve sealing ball seat is one of the important components in the multistage fracturing process of horizontal wells.The erosion and wear of the surface will decrease the sealing performance of the fracturing ball and the ball seat.This leads to pressure leakage during the fracturing process and fracturing failure.In this paper,combined with the actual ball seat materials and working conditions during the fracturing process,the erosion tests of ductile iron and tungsten carbide materials under different erosion speeds,angles,and mortar concentrations are carried out.Then the erosion test results were analyzed by mathematical fitting,and a set of erosion models suitable for sliding sleeve setting ball seat materials were innovatively established.For the first time,this paper combines the erosion model obtained from the experiment and the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)with Fluent software to simulate the erosion of the ball seat.Based on the simulation results,the morphology of the sliding sleeve seat ball after erosion is predicted.Through analysis of the test and simulation results,it is showed that the erosion rate of tungsten carbide material is lower and the wear resistance is better under the condition of small angle erosion.This research can offer a strong basis for fracturing site selection,surface treatment methods,and prediction of failure time of ball seats.

联合载荷作用下精密轴系角接触球轴承钢球与保持架动力学行为分析

针对联合载荷作用下精密轴系角接触球轴承钢球与保持架的相互作用行为,基于滚动轴承动力学理论建立了精密轴系动力学分析模型,分析了转速、载荷、轴承结构参数对钢球与保持架动力学行为的影响,并通过保持架转速试验验证了模型的准确性,结果表明:力矩载荷对钢球与保持架动力学行为的影响程度较径向载荷明显;在径向载荷作用下,当转速小于40000 r/min时钢球与保持架的作用力随轴向预紧力增大而增大,当转速大于40000 r/min时钢球与保持架的作用力随轴向预紧力增大先减小后增大;在力矩载荷作用下,钢球与保持架的作用力随着力矩载荷的增大先增大再减小而后急剧增大;增大保持架兜孔间隙与外沟曲率半径系数有利于减小钢球与保持架的作用力。

双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子加工刀轨规划及仿真

针对双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子加工方法中存在的加工效率和精度比较低等问题,提出了利用球头铣刀在数控铣床上加工双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子的方法。研究目标是:根据双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子方程,结合空间啮合原理,建立了双圆弧斜齿轮的加工坐标系,根据各坐标系之间的转换矩阵,建立了双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子的齿面方程,模拟使用球头铣刀进行加工过程,计算出加工刀具中心在平面和空间轨迹,同时给出判定球头铣刀不发生干涉的最大半径的方法。利用VERICUT软件建立虚拟制造环境并进行铣齿仿真加工,验证了双圆弧斜齿齿轮泵转子齿面数控加工方法的正确性及其可行性。

风电轴承大尺寸钢球光球加工技术

针对国内现有风电轴承大尺寸钢球光球机加工精度低,加工效率低的问题,对钢球在光球机动、静磨盘沟道内的运动规律、受力特点和磨削机理进行分析,光球时钢球受到的磨削力与动、静磨盘沟道深度比有关,并基于ADAMS仿真得到最佳动、静磨盘沟道深度比为7∶3,去两极和环带、成形、走圆工序最佳动磨盘转速分别为90,120,90 r/min。样机试验结果表明,改进后光球机的光球效率提高了30%,球形误差至少提高了0.2 mm,表面粗糙度Ra值至少减小了0.03 mm。

等速节沟道磨削用椭球砂轮设计及优化

为提高等速万向节中星形套椭圆形弧沟道的加工精度,在分析了万向节沟道结构的基础上,提出了一种椭球砂轮磨削星形套沟道的方案,针对此方案,对砂轮尺寸进行了设计计算,初步得到了椭球砂轮的基本尺寸;根据砂轮的实际磨削状态,对砂轮形状进行了结构优化,为验证优化后砂轮形状的正确性,利用UG和VERICUT软件分别对球笼沟道磨床磨削沟道的加工过程和用新型椭球砂轮磨削沟道过程进行了模拟仿真,对比仿真结果,后者误差有所减小,从理论上验证了方案的可行性。

深沟球轴承喷油润滑搅油损失研究

为了揭示喷油润滑时深沟球轴承搅油损失随喷油润滑条件的变化,提高齿轮箱综合传动系统的性能,建立深沟球轴承喷油润滑下的数值计算模型,并用SKF模型进行验证。采用数值模拟和设计正交方案的方法研究喷油润滑时深沟球轴承内部流场运动状态,以及在不同工况参数下深沟球轴承喷油润滑的搅油损失,并通过极差分析和方差分析确定各个因素对轴承搅油损失的影响程度。研究表明:在喷油润滑过程中,外圈表面润滑油体积分数随着润滑油的进入不断提高,并且逐渐趋于均匀稳定,而内圈表面润滑油体积分数则始终很低;喷嘴角度对轴承内部润滑和搅油功率损失影响很大,当喷嘴朝向外圈时,搅油力矩最小,但润滑性能较差,当喷嘴朝向内圈时,润滑性能最好,但搅油力矩稍大;各个因素对轴承搅油损失影响由大到小顺序为节圆直径、转速、喷油压力、喷嘴直径、温度。研究结果对探究深沟球轴承喷油润滑搅油机制和提升车辆传动效率提供了重要的设计和理论参考。

残余应力分布对基板玻璃落球冲击强度影响的数值模拟研究

落球冲击强度是电子基板玻璃力学性能的重要指标,而残余应力对基板玻璃落球冲击强度有极大的影响。本文结合真实落球冲击试验,使用有限元方法对电子基板玻璃在不同残余应力分布模式下的落球冲击强度进行了数值模拟计算。结果表明,有限元数值模拟能够准确地反映落球冲击试验中的真实响应和基板玻璃破碎形貌。数值模拟中电子基板玻璃的落球冲击强度(通过残余质量率表征)和受冲击区域的残余张应力之间存在非线性关系,当残余张应力数值超过阈值时,落球冲击强度迅速下降。冲击区域存在的残余张应力对落球冲击产生的应力具有明显的放大作用,仅1.0 MPa的残余张应力就能使冲击产生的应力较无残余应力时提高约10 MPa,这是造成电子基板玻璃落球冲击强度下降的重要原因。

滚珠丝杠副动力学行为仿真及滚珠磨损故障特征信号研究

滚珠丝杠副作为精密机械和数控机床等装置中最常使用的传动元件,其工作状况的优劣直接影响着整套设备能否安全稳定运行。大多数针对滚动功能部件失效形式的研究主要集中于滚动轴承,而对滚珠丝杠副的失效演变机制却鲜有论述。以滚珠丝杠副为研究对象,建立由丝杠、滚珠、螺母等关键部件组成的滚珠丝杠副三维模型,运用ADAMS软件对滚珠丝杠副进行动力学行为仿真分析以及故障特征信号研究,分析滚珠丝杠正常运行及滚珠磨损故障状态下的特征信号变化规律,最后通过对比试验值与理论值验证所提方法的有效性。结果表明:随着滚珠表面擦伤缺陷扩展,丝杠副产生的振动变得更加剧烈,频谱尖峰幅值明显增大;试验所得结果与理论值相对误差为4.67%,证明了仿真分析的准确性。

深海浮球内部气压对水下内爆波的抑制机理

深海潜器常携带中空浮球来为其提供浮力。陶瓷因其高强度、低密度等优点成为浮球的理想材料。然而,中空结构在外部高压环境下易发生内爆,产生的内爆波会对周围结构产生毁灭性损害。为了探索浮球内部初始气压对内爆波的影响,首先,利用气泡动力学对其不考虑球壳影响时进行理论分析,得到内爆波压力脉冲沿径向以指数-1衰减,并指出其物理意义和隐含假设,进而从能量分析得到增加内压使压缩空气消耗的能量增加,从而减弱释放到水中的压力波能量;其次,采用三相流固耦合有限元模型进行计算,考虑水的可压缩性和球壳因挤压引起的脆性破裂的影响,得到更为接近实际的内爆压力的分布。由于两侧挤压球壳,外部的水在不断扩大的缺口处产生向内的射流,造成内部气体非球形塌缩,后续压力波呈现出与球壳碎裂方式有关的方向性差异。通过有限元模型对内部初始气压的研究表明,增加初始内部气体压力到1 MPa时,压力脉冲在球壳表面处下降了15.6%~24.8%。这一结果表明,在几乎不增加浮球质量的条件下,增加内部初始气压具有很好地抑制近端内爆波强度的效果。

基于球磨机放大数学模型的钢球与钢锻磨矿效率对比研究——以某钨矿石为例

钢球与钢锻作为磨矿介质在磨矿效率上的差异长期存在争议,基于实验室试验和磨矿流程模拟,对钢球和钢锻在实验室球磨机和工业磨矿回路的表现进行了对比。对云南某钨矿石进行了增强型邦德球磨功指数试验,并采用理想混合模型对2种磨矿介质在实验室试验中的破碎率参数(r/d)进行了计算。根据实验室试验获得的破碎率参数,采用球磨机放大数学模型预测了工业规模球磨磨矿回路的循环倍率和产品粒度。结果表明,尽管2种介质可以在实验室试验中获得相近的邦德球磨功指数,但在粗粒端钢锻产生的破碎率参数比钢球更大,在细粒端则相反。在工业规模球磨磨矿回路中,当循环倍率接近时,2种介质产生的旋流器溢流产品粒度分布总体较接近,但相比于钢球介质,钢锻的产品粒度分布更均匀,粗颗粒含量和细颗粒含量均少于对应的钢球产品。由于最终产品粒度分布曲线形状上的差异,对钢球与钢锻磨矿效率进行比较时,可能会受到所选磨矿细度衡量指标(P80或-0.075 mm含量)的影响。因此,应当结合矿石的实际解离特征和浮选作业的具体需求,来决定采用哪种磨矿细度衡量指标进行评估。

基于三维数值仿真的球式配流阀阀口空化流场特性研究

针对球式配流阀在配流过程中阀口出现的空化问题,建立三维流域仿真模型。结合Zwart-Gerber-Belamri空化模型和湍流黏度修正后的重整化群κ-ε湍流模型对球式配流阀空化现象进行数值模拟,通过典型工况下流场体积分数云图与气相等值面图,揭示阀口空化强度及空泡形态的周期性演变规律,并基于速度场和压力场分析,阐明空化周期性演变过程中的流场特性。同时探究阀口开度、入口压力和背压对空化流场的影响规律。结果表明:球式配流阀阀口空化特性受开度影响,开度越大,空化范围与强度越小,周期性的空化流场演变在开度超过0.3 mm后不再出现;背压的增高使空化区尾部无法向出口发展,抑制了流场空化范围,同时降低了流场周期性脉动频率;增大入口压力将加快阀口空化初生速率,当开度超过0.4 mm后,入口压力对阀口空化强度影响减弱。

推力调节球阀流量特性参数化建模

调节阀广泛应用于工业自动化领域,用于精确控制流体的流量、压力、温度等参数。应用于可重复使用液氧/甲烷发动机推力调节系统的推力调节阀,为浮动阀座矩形窗口球阀,通过控制进入燃气发生器的甲烷及液氧流量来调节涡轮泵的功率,从而实现推力调节。首先对调节阀的流量特性进行理论建模。通过参数化分析调节阀阀座和阀芯的流通特性,提出了一种理论模型来预测阀的流量系数。采用CFD仿真和实验测定方法验证理论模型,并对比理论值、仿真值和测量值。结果表明,理论模型能较好地预测中等开度下的流量系数,但在极小和极大开度下存在偏差。最后指出了进一步研究和改进的方向,以提高模型在极端开度下的准确性。

基于Simulink的大流量电磁球阀的动态性能研究

分析电磁球阀的工作原理,设计出一款大流量的电磁球阀,并推导出其系统方框图和传递函数框图,利用Simulink软件进行仿真分析,得到电磁球阀的动态性能曲线。结果表明,设计的电磁球阀响应快,稳定性好,输出流量也有较大幅度的提升。

螺栓球节点对钢管杆件屈曲特征值的影响

利用ANSYS软件建立螺栓球节点与钢管杆组合构件的有限元模型,采用接触模拟法计算螺栓球钢管构件的屈曲特征值,分析螺栓球节点作为杆件两端约束时对杆件临界荷载产生的影响;参数化研究螺栓半径、套筒壁厚、封板厚度、螺栓头半径和套筒长度等因素对不同长细比杆件屈曲特征值的影响;基于杆件屈曲的欧拉公式,通过回归分析获得考虑螺栓球节点参数与杆件长细比影响杆件的屈曲特征值计算公式。结果表明:随螺栓半径和套筒壁厚增大杆件屈曲特征值显著增大,螺栓头半径对其的影响可忽略不计,封板厚度的增加和套筒长度的减小也能使杆件屈曲特征值有所增加;随杆件长细比的增大,以上各因素对杆件屈曲特征值的影响均逐渐减小,同时杆件长细比越大螺栓球节点对杆件的约束越强;利用回归分析获得组合构件屈曲特征值公式的计算值与有限元结果接近,随节点参数与杆件长细比的变化趋势一致,该公式能够较精准地计算杆件屈曲特征值。