Scoring and Consequential Validity Evidence of Computer-and Paper-Based Writing Tests in Times of Change

Little is known about how the assessment modality,i.e.,computer-based(CB)and paper-based(PB)tests,affects language teachers’scorings,perceptions,and preferences and,therefore,the validity and fairness of classroom writing assessments.The present mixed-methods study used Shaw and Weir’s(2007)sociocognitive writing test validation framework to examine the scoring and consequential validity evidence of CB and PB writing tests in EFL classroom assessment in higher education.Original handwritten and word-processed texts of 38 EFL university students were transcribed to their opposite format and assessed by three language lecturers(N=456 texts,152 per teacher)to examine the scoring validity of CB and PB tests.The teachers’perceptions of text quality and preferences for assessment modality accounted for the consequential validity evidence of both tests.Findings revealed that the assessment modality impacted teachers’scorings,perceptions,and preferences.The teachers awarded higher scores to original and transcribed handwritten texts,particularly text organization and language use.The teachers’perceptions of text quality differed from their ratings,and physical,psychological,and experiential characteristics influenced their preferences for assessment modality.The results have implications for the validity and fairness of CB and PB writing tests and teachers’assessment practices.

Age,blood tests and comorbidities and AIMS65 risk scores outperform Glasgow-Blatchford and pre-endoscopic Rockall score in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding

BACKGROUND Upper gastrointestinal(GI)bleeding is a life-threatening condition with high mortality rates.AIM To compare the performance of pre-endoscopic risk scores in predicting the following primary outcomes:In-hospital mortality,intervention(endoscopic or surgical)and length of admission(≥7 d).METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 363 patients presenting with upper GI bleeding from December 2020 to January 2021.We calculated and compared the area under the receiver operating characteristics curves(AUROCs)of Glasgow-Blatchford score(GBS),pre-endoscopic Rockall score(PERS),albumin,international normalized ratio,altered mental status,systolic blood pressure,age older than 65(AIMS65)and age,blood tests and comorbidities(ABC),including their optimal cut-off in variceal and non-variceal upper GI bleeding cohorts.We subsequently analyzed through a logistic binary regression model,if addition of lactate increased the score performance.RESULTS All scores had discriminative ability in predicting in-hospital mortality irrespective of study group.AIMS65 score had the best performance in the variceal bleeding group(AUROC=0.772;P<0.001),and ABC score(AUROC=0.775;P<0.001)in the non-variceal bleeding group.However,ABC score,at a cut-off value of 5.5,was the best predictor(AUROC=0.770,P=0.001)of inhospital mortality in both populations.PERS score was a good predictor for endoscopic treatment(AUC=0.604;P=0.046)in the variceal population,while GBS score,(AUROC=0.722;P=0.024),outperformed the other scores in predicting surgical intervention.Addition of lactate to AIMS65 score,increases by 5-fold the probability of in-hospital mortality(P<0.05)and by 12-fold if added to GBS score(P<0.003).No score proved to be a good predictor for length of admission.CONCLUSION ABC score is the most accurate in predicting in-hospital mortality in both mixed and non-variceal bleeding population.PERS and GBS should be used to determine need for endoscopic and surgical intervention,respectively.Lactate can be used as an additional tool to risk scores for predicting inhospital mortality.

Analysis of College Students’ Test Scores Based on Two-Component Mixed Generalized Normal Distribution

In order to improve the fitting accuracy of college students’ test scores, this paper proposes two-component mixed generalized normal distribution, uses maximum likelihood estimation method and Expectation Conditional Maxinnization (ECM) algorithm to estimate parameters and conduct numerical simulation, and performs fitting analysis on the test scores of Linear Algebra and Advanced Mathematics of F University. The empirical results show that the two-component mixed generalized normal distribution is better than the commonly used two-component mixed normal distribution in fitting college students’ test data, and has good application value.

Validation of a new scoring system: Rapid assessment faecal incontinence score

AIM: To implement a quick and simple test- rapid assessment faecal incontinence score(RAFIS) and show its reliability and validity.METHODS: From March 2008 through March 2010, we evaluated a total of 261 consecutive patients, including 53 patients with faecal incontinence. Demographic and comorbidity information was collected. In a single visit, patients were administered the RAFIS. The results obtained with the new score were compared with those of both Wexner score and faecal incontinence quality of life scale(FIQL) questionnaire. The patient withoutinfluence of the surgeon completed the test. The role of surgeon was explaining the meaning of each section and how he had to fill. Reliability of the RAFIS score was measured using intra-observer agreement and Cronbach's alpha(internal consistency) coefficient. Multivariate analysis of the main components within the different scores was performed in order to determine whether all the scores measured the same factor and to conclude whether the information could be encompassed in a single factor. A sample size of 50 patients with faecal incontinence was estimated to be enough to detect a correlation of 0.55 or better at 5% level of significance with 80% power.RESULTS: We analysed the results obtained by 53 consecutive patients with faecal incontinence(median age 61.55 ± 12.49 years) in the three scoring systems. A total of 208 healthy volunteers(median age 58.41 ± 18.41 years) without faecal incontinence were included in the study as negative controls. Pearson's correlation coefficient between "state" and "leaks" was excellent(r = 0.92, P < 0.005). Internal consistency in the comparison of "state" and "leaks" yielded also excellent correlation(Cronbach's α = 0.93). Results in each score were compared using regression analysis and a correlation value of r = 0.98 was obtained with Wexner score. As regards FIQL questionnaire, the values of "r " for the different subscales of the questionnaire were: "lifestyle" r =-0.87, "coping/behaviour" r =-0.91, "depression" r =-0.36 and "embarrassment" r =-0.90,(P < 0.01). A multivariate analysis showed that all the scoring systems measured the same factor. A single factor may explain 80.84% of the variability of FI, so all the scoring systems measure the same factor. Patient's continence improves when RAFIS and Jorge-Wexner scores show low values and when the values obtained in the FIQL questionnaire are high.CONCLUSION: RAFIS is a valid and reliable tool to assess Faecal Incontinence.

MAXIMUM TEST FOR A SEQUENCE OF QUADRATIC FORM STATISTICS ABOUT SCORE TEST IN LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODEL

This article proposes the maximum test for a sequence of quadratic form statistics about score test in logistic regression model which can be applied to genetic and medicine fields.Theoretical properties about the maximum test are derived.Extensive simulation studies are conducted to testify powers robustness of the maximum test compared to other two existed test.We also apply the maximum test to a real dataset about multiple gene variables association analysis.

Assessment of cardiovascular risk in diabetes:Risk scores and provocative testing

Cardiovascular disease(CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus,who have a risk of cardiovascular mortality two to four times that of people without diabetes.An individualised approach to cardiovascular risk estimation and management is needed.Over the past decades,many risk scores have been developed to predict CVD.However,few have been externally validated in a diabetic population and limited studies have examined the impact of applying a prediction model in clinical practice.Currently,guidelines are focused on testing for CVD in symptomatic patients.Atypical symptoms or silent ischemia are more common in the diabetic population,and with additional markers of vascular disease such as erectile dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy,these guidelines can be difficult to interpret.We propose an algorithm incorporating cardiovascular risk scores in combination with typical and atypical signs and symptoms to alert clinicians to consider further investigation with provocative testing.The modalities for investigation of CVD are discussed.

A Gene Score Test for Disease Association with Multiple Genes

The traditional method for creating a gene score to predict a given outcome is to use the most statistically significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from all SNPs which were tested. There are several disadvantages of this approach such as excluding SNPs that do not have strong single effects when tested on their own but do have strong joint effects when tested together with other SNPs. The interpretation of results from the traditional gene score may lack biological insight since the functional unit of interest is often the gene, not the single SNP. In this paper we present a new gene scoring method, which overcomes these problems as it generates a gene score for each gene, and the total gene score for all the genes available. First, we calculate a gene score for each gene and second, we test the association between this gene score and the outcome of interest (i.e. trait). Only the gene scores which are significantly associated with the outcome after multiple testing correction for the number of gene tests (not SNPs) are considered in the total gene score calculation. This method controls false positive results caused by multiple tests within genes and between genes separately, and has the advantage of identifying multi-locus genetic effects, compared with the Bonferroni correction, false discovery rate (FDR), and permutation tests for all SNPs. Another main feature of this method is that we select the SNPs, which have different effects within a gene by using adjustment in multiple regressions and then combine the information from the selected SNPs within a gene to create a gene score. A simulation study has been conducted to evaluate finite sample performance of the proposed method.

Computer-Aided Design of X-Ray Microtomographic Scanners

The article is to study the development of computer-aided design of X-ray microtomography—the device for investigating the structure and construction of three-dimensional images of organic and inorganic objects on the basis of shadow projections. This article provides basic information regarding CAD of X-ray microtomography and a scheme consisting of three levels. The article also shows basic relations of X-ray computed tomography, the generalized scheme of an X-ray microtomographic scanner. The methods of X-ray imaging of the spatial microstructure and morphometry of materials are described. The main characteristics of an X-ray microtomographic scanner, the X-ray source, X-ray optical elements and mechanical components of the positioning system are shown. The block scheme and software functional scheme for intelligent neural network system of analysis of the internal microstructure of objects are presented. The method of choice of design parameters of CAD of X-ray microtomography aims at improving the quality of design and reducing costs of it. It is supposed to reduce the design time and eliminate the growing number of engineers involved in development and construction of X-ray microtomographic scanners.

Multiple z-Score Based Method for Noninvasive Prenatal Test Using Cell-Free DNA in Maternal Plasma

Objective: To improve the detecting accuracy of chromosomal aneuploidy of fetus by non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using next generation sequencing data of pregnant women’s cell-free DNA. Methods: We proposed the multi-Z method which uses 21 z-scores for each autosomal chromosome to detect aneuploidy of the chromosome, while the conventional NIPT method uses only one z-score. To do this, mapped read numbers of a certain chromosome were normalized by those of the other 21 chromosomes. Average and standard deviation (SD), which are used for calculating z-score of each sample, were obtained with normalized values between all autosomal chromosomes of control samples. In this way, multiple z-scores can be calculated for 21 autosomal chromosomes except oneself. Results: Multi-Z method showed 100% sensitivity and specificity for 187 samples sequenced to 3 M reads while the conventional NIPT method showed 95.1% specificity. Similarly, for 216 samples sequenced to 1 M reads, Multi-Z method showed 100% sensitivity and 95.6% specificity and the conventional NIPT method showed a result of 75.1% specificity. Conclusion: Multi-Z method showed higher accuracy and robust results than the conventional method even at low coverage reads.

基于Dynaform的汽车后风窗罩板成形工艺参数优化研究

文中以某汽车后风窗罩板为研究对象,解决其成形过程中的破裂和回弹缺陷。首先,运用Dynaform软件构建了符合实际工况的仿真模型;然后,选择对成形质量影响较大的模具间隙、摩擦因数、压边力和冲压速度作为主要因素,设计了4因素4水平的正交试验方案,并进行了仿真分析;接着,以最大减薄率和回弹作为评价指标进行综合评分,并采用Minitab软件对综合评分进行均值分析,获得了影响成形质量的各因素的主次关系和最优冲压工艺参数组合:摩擦因数为0.085,冲压速度为5000 mm/s,压边力为65 kN,模具间隙为1.15 mm;最后,选用上述工艺参数进行仿真分析和生产验证,产品拉延区域未出现破裂的成形缺陷,左右两端的弧形位置未见明显回弹。

医学类本科生、硕士研究生医学统计学学习态度及其与考试成绩的关系

目的调查某医科大学医学类本科生、硕士研究生医学统计学学习态度现状,探索影响因素,分析其与考试成绩的关系,为提高医学统计学教学质量提供思路和依据。方法以内蒙古某医科大学2021年秋季学期开设医学统计学课程的本科生和硕士研究生为调查对象,调查并分析学生基本信息和医学统计学学习态度。结果多重线性回归分析显示,性别、学历与学生医学统计学学习态度无关;数学能力越强、学习时长越长,医学统计学学习态度越积极。相关性分析显示,学习时长与医学统计学考试成绩呈正相关关系。结论学生医学统计学学习态度不太积极,存在畏难情绪。数学能力、学习时长对医学统计学学习态度产生影响,学习积极性与考试成绩呈正相关关系;不同学历学生的学习时长均与考试成绩呈正相关关系。建议针对不同学历的学生开展针对性教学,在提高学习积极性的同时,利用多元化教学方式,不断进行统计学技能训练,加深学生对医学统计学知识的理解。

针刀松解联合Mulligan手法治疗中期膝骨关节炎临床观察

目的:观察针刀松解联合Mulligan手法治疗中度膝骨关节炎的临床效果。方法:选取2019年9月至2020年9月上海中医药大学附属龙华医院和上海中医药大学附属龙华医院金山分院门诊收治的KOA患者120例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法随机分为针刀组、手法组和联合组,每组40例。针刀组采用单纯针刀治疗,手法组采用Mulligan手法治疗,联合组采用针刀联合Mulligan手法治疗。分别观察2组患者治疗前、治疗后及随访24周骨关节炎指数、疼痛视觉模拟评分变化情况、5次坐立试验情况和2组患者临床疗效情况。结果:与针刀组、手法组比较,联合组在治疗后和随访24周,在疼痛视觉模拟评分、骨关节炎指数评分和5次坐立试验情况改善方面差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01),联合组临床疗效总有效率为97.50%,明显优于针刀组(92.10%)和手法组(75.00%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:针刀联合Mulligan手法治疗中度膝骨关节炎,在改善患者关节疼痛、僵硬和活动不利等症状在近期与远期疗效方面均效果显著,值得临床推广应用。

基于不同神经网络模型预测体测成绩

为更加准确地反应当前学生的身体素质情况,基于多个不同的神经网络模型构建体测成绩预测模型,为降低体测成绩中各项目数据之间的相关性,使用主成分分析法对数据集进行处理。使用BP神经网络结合脉冲神经网络构建一个预测模型,加强模型处理分析数据集的能力,提高预测的准确性。在长短期记忆神经网络中加入注意力机制构建另一个预测模型,使模型更加关注数据集中的关键信息。通过实验,预测模型输出的预测值与实际值的重合率高达90%以上,预测准确率整体在95%以上。

测试集有效性评价:问题、进展与挑战

测试用例集的缺陷检测有效性指测试集能够在多大程度上检测出软件中存在的缺陷.如何评价测试集的缺陷检测有效性是一个重要问题.覆盖率和变异得分是两个最重要和最广泛使用的测试集有效性度量.为量化测试集的缺陷检测能力,研究人员对测试集有效性评价进行了大量研究并且取得了较大的进展.与此同时,现有研究存在不一致的结论,该领域依然存在一些亟待解决的挑战.对多年来国内外学者在测试集有效性评价领域的研究成果进行系统性的梳理和总结.首先,阐述测试集有效性评价研究中的问题.然后,介绍并分析基于覆盖率和基于变异得分的测试集有效性的评价以及介绍测试集有效性评价在测试集优化中的应用.最后,指出测试集有效性评价研究中面临的挑战并给出建议的研究方向.

多基因疾病胚胎植入前遗传学检测的研究进展及挑战

胚胎植入前遗传学检测是辅助生殖过程中的重要环节,可以阻断单基因或染色体疾病的代际间遗传。其中,多基因疾病胚胎植入前遗传学检测(PGT-P)是该领域的最新进展之一。PGT-P在人工智能和遗传检测技术发展的基础上,通过检测遗传物质,计算多基因风险评分,再将其转化为发病概率,可以筛选得到多基因疾病发病概率相对较低的胚胎进行移植,以期降低子代未来患该疾病的可能,具有显著的临床和社会意义。目前,PGT-P在国内外都进行了阶段性的开展并取得了成功的临床实践。与此同时,PGT-P作为一项正在发展的技术仍存在结果不稳定、无法排除环境因素、种族差异影响等技术缺陷;在伦理角度,若不严加规范PGT-P的筛选指征则容易产生新的社会问题。本文主要综述了目前PGT-P的技术组成和最新进展,并对其未来的发展,尤其是如何建立完整且适用于我国人群的筛查模型提出了展望。

加权非线性随机系数模型异方差性的Score检验

在回归分析中 ,随机误差的方差齐性的假设往往有助于问题的解决 ,但方差齐性假设并不总是正确的。在线性和非线性回归中关于异方差的诊断问题已有许多讨论。在韦博成 (1995 )讨论的加权非线性回归模型的基础上 ,用随机系数的方法 ,讨论加权线性随机系数模型中的异方差检验问题 ,得到了方差齐性检验的Score统计量。

爱丁堡观察性步态评估量表在脑性瘫痪儿童中的信度与效度检验

目的:研究爱丁堡观察性步态评估量表(Edinburgh visual gait score,EVGS)的信度,并与三维步态分析进行比较,评价其有效性;同时分析EVGS各项内部以及与脑性瘫痪(cerebral palsy,CP)儿童粗大运动功能分级系统(gross motor function classification system,GMFCS)的相关性,为EVGS在临床应用提供客观依据。方法:从2019年至2021年所有在同济大学附属养志康复医院三维步态分析实验室进行三维步态分析的727例痉挛型CP儿童中随机抽取20例CP,分别由4名不同经验背景的评估者采用EVGS对20例CP的步行视频进行评估,并在间隔1个月后再次评估同一视频。采用同类相关系数分析(intragroup correlation coefficient,ICC)检验4名评估者的间信度,以及同一评估者的重测信度;采用Spearman等级相关系数检验EVGS总分及各项与三维步态分析数据和GMFCS之间的相关性。结果:评估者间第一次评估ICC值为0.947(P<0.001),第二次评估ICC值为0.952(P<0.001),两次评定结果均显示不同评估者对同一组视频采用EVGS的一致性结果较好。各评估者前后两次重测结果显示ICC系数均≥0.75(P<0.0010),表明间隔1个月,同一评估者前后两次评估结果具有较高一致性。相关性分析结果发现,EVGS与三维步态分析结果为中等相关,在校学生评估的总分与校标相关性最大。EVGS与GMFCS等级具有相关性。EVGS各项内相关性分析结果表明,足、骨盆及躯干控制的评估分项对EVGS评估整体步态的结果具有影响。结论:EVGS量表的评估者间信度以及同一评估者重测信度均具有较高可信性,未有丰富的临床经验背景下的评估者使用EVGS同样可以达到较高信效度。相关性分析结果表明,EVGS评估结果的准确性仍存在不足,EVGS评估结果与CP儿童运动功能障碍水平具有相关性,在设备有限情况下,EVGS可以作为步态分析的替补工具,是目前较为可靠的观察性步态评估量表之一。

具有线性趋势回归信度模型的随机效应及线性趋势的Score检验

讨论了具有线性趋势的回归信度模型的随机效应和线性趋势的Score检验问题.首先分别推导出模型中随机效应存在性和线性趋势显著性这2种检验的Score检验统计量,然后利用Monte-Carlo方法分别模拟了此2种检验统计量的功效.功效模拟结果显示,2种检验统计量都有很好的检验效果.最后利用所得到的检验方法对旅客意外身体伤害保险数据进行了实例分析,分析结果表明,该数据集的随机效应是存在的,线性趋势也是显著的.

零截尾广义Poisson回归模型及其Score检验(英文)

研究零截尾广义Poisson回归模型,给出了模型的参数估计方法,着重研究检验零截尾Poison回归、零截尾广义Poisson回归以及检验回归系数显著性的score检验统计量,并用一个数值实例来说明方法的有效性.最后通过一个仿真模拟例子来研究score检验统计量的检验功效.