Adult reference values of the computerized diplopia test

AIM： To estimate the adult reference values for measured deviations by a computerized diplopia test and testify the validity.METHODS： Totally 391 participants were recruited and taken the computerized diplopia test. The plots and amplitude of deviations were recorded. The differences in different gender, age and visual acuity groups were analyzed respectively. Of 30 subjects were enrolled to testify the interobserver reliability. Another 46 subjects（including 26 normal subjects and 20 patients） were taken the test and theirs deviations were recorded to testify the validity of the reference value.RESULTS： The max horizontal and vertical deviations were 2.55° and 0.76° with normal corrected visual acuity while 3.88° and 1.46° for subjects with poor corrected vision. The differences between age groups was insignificant（Z =3.615, 4.758; P =0.461, 0.313 for horizontal and vertical respectively）. The max horizontal deviation of female was smaller than male（Z =-2.177; P =0.029）,but the difference in max vertical deviation was insignificant（Z =-1.296; P =0.195）. The mean difference between observers were both-0.1°, with 95% confidence limits（CI） of-1.4° and 1.6° in max horizontal deviations while-2.1° and 1.8° in max vertical deviation. The mean deviation of 26 normal subjects was 1.02° ±0.84° for horizontal and 0.47° ±0.30° for vertical which both within the range of reference values. The mean deviation of 20 patients was 13.51°±11.69° for horizontal and 8.34°±8.58°for vertical which both beyond the reference range.CONCLUSION： The max amplitude of horizontal and vertical deviation is pointed as the numerical parameters of computerized diplopia test. The reference values are different between normal corrected visual acuity and poor corrected vision. These values may useful for evaluating patients with diplopia in veriety conditions during clinical practice.

Changes in reaction time, coefficient of variance of reaction time, and autonomic nerve function in the mental fatigue state caused by long-term computerized Kraepelin test workload in healthy volunteers

Fatigue is a common sense caused by crushing labor, stressful social events and various illnesses. It is usually judged by their subjective symptoms, but it should be evaluated in an objective perspective. Here we show that the decrease of working efficiency and sympathetic hyperactivity are associated with mental fatigue state caused by prolonged mental workload. Recently we made a new mental fatigue model of healthy volunteers caused by long-term computerized Kraepelin test (CKT) workload. CKT is our new software for automatically checking the calculation capability, with which it is easy to determine the reaction time (RT), coefficient of variance of reaction time (CV), and accuracy of the answers (AC) during tasks. We put 24 healthy volunteers into the fatigue state by subjecting them to 120 minutes’ CKT workload, and then studied the changes in fatigue sensation, RT, CV, and AC before and after the CKT workload. The fatigue sensation, RT, and CV were clearly increased by the fatigue-inducing task and recovered during the resting period. We also studied the changes in autonomic nerve activity by using heart rate variability analysis. The low/high frequency component ratio (LF/HF) was signifi-cantly increased by the fatigue-inducing task and decreased by resting, suggesting that mental stress causes a relatively sympathetic nerve activity-dominant state. Therefore, our new fatigue model involving a long-term CKT workload is a good mental fatigue model to provide much information about the fatigue state simultane-ously, and the increase of RT, CV, and proportion of sympathetic activity (LF/HF) are associated with mental fatigue state. These might be useful objective biomarkers or evaluating a mental fatigue state.

The Differences of Interstitial Lung Diseases in High-Resolution Computerized Tomography and Pulmonary Function Test among Different Connective Tissue Diseases, and the Correlated Factors

Objective. To study the difference of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) in high-resolution computerized tomography and pulmonary function test among different connective tissue diseases (CTDs). Methods. 209 patients with different CTDs were recruited and underwent lung HRCT and PFT. Eerythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin (SF), anti-SSA, and so on were tested. Based on HRCT, a patient was classified into ILD group (CTD+ILD) or non-ILD group (CTD-ILD). HRCT, PFT, and laboratory markers were compared according to CTDs and CTD-associated ILDs. Results. The incidences of ILD were 79.6%, 82.0%, 89.7%, and 97.1% respectively for Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), primary Sjogren’s symptom (pSS), dermatomyositis/polymyositis (DM/PM), and systemic sclerosis (SSc) groups. RA and pSS patients exhibited more nodules, patching, ground-glass opacity, and cord shadow foci in HRCT, DM/PM and SSc patients exhibited more reticular opacity and honeycombing foci. RA and pSS patients exhibited more obstructive ventilatory disorder, small airway dysfunction and emphysema in PFT, and DM/PM and SSc patients exhibited more restrictive ventilatory disorder, mixed ventilatory disorder. ESR, CRP and SF were significantly higher in total CTD+ILD group than in total CTD-ILD group (P = 0.047, 0.006, 0.004, respectively), and higher in different CTD+ ILD groups than in comparable CTD-ILD groups (P = 0.049, 0.048, and 0.023, pSS+ILD, SSc+ILD and RA+ILD compared to pSS-ILD, SSc-ILD and RA-ILD, respectively for ESR, CRP, SF). The positive rate of anti-SSA was significantly higher in DM/PM+ILD group than in DM/PM-ILD group (P = 0.025). Conclusions. The manifestations and incidences of ILDs differ among different CTDs in HRCT and PFT, and inflammation and anti-SSA are positively correlated with ILDs in different CTDs, which provide important evidences for judging disease condition and prognosis.

Designing of A Computerized Cognitive Adaptive Testing Model

Therecouldbenoscienceasweknowitwithoutmeasurement.Testing,includingallformsoflanguagetestingandpsychometricsitself,isoneformofmeasurement.Alanguagetestmaybedefinedasaprocedureforelicitinglanguageperformanceandaprocedureforassessingthatperformance.How...

A computerized resolution visual acuity test in preschool and school age children

●AIM:To develop a novel approach called the Autoacuity Tester,and to evaluate its validity,especially the sensitivity and specificity for detecting amblyopia.●METHODS:Children aged from 3 to 12 y(n=552)were enrolled in the study.The validity of the Autoacuity Tester was evaluated by comparing it to the Tumbling E Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study(ETDRS)acuity chart for school age children,and Lea Symbols and Teller acuity card(TAC)for preschool children.The repeatability was assessed by coefficient of repeatability(COR).The sensitivity and specificity for detecting amblyopia were calculated.●RESULTS:The mean difference(95%limits of agreement)between the Autoacuity Tester and the ETDRS tests were-0.03(-0.24,0.19)logMAR for the school age group.In preschool children,the mean difference was 0.04(-0.14,0.21)logMAR between the Autoacuity Tester and the TAC and 0.00(-0.17,0.18)logMAR between the Autoacuity Tester and the Lea Symbols.For the school age group,the COR was 0.20 logMAR for the Autoacuity Tester and 0.18 logMAR for the ETDRS.For the preschool group,the COR was 0.13 logMAR for the Autoacuity Tester and 0.21 logMAR for TAC.The Autoacuity Tester(88%)is more sensitive than TAC(72%)in detecting amblyopia(P=0.04),while had similar specificity(92%vs 90%,P=0.20).●CONCLUSION:The Autoacuity Tester provides a reliable alternative for assessing visual acuity,and offers advantage of higher testability and repeatability for preschool children.

Testing Point of Care Portable Data Capture in a Hospital HIV Transmission Prevention Programme and Experience from Computerized Patient Management in a Sub-Saharan Clinic Setting

Clinicians involved in HIV/AIDS （Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome） prevention of mother to child transmission （PMTCT） programme and research activities can benefit from the advantages that computerized systems add to medical practice even in resource constrained sub-Saharan clinic settings. Their continued use of paper based systems presents clinical data management and patient care challenges. A portable point of care data capture electronic system and a computerized clinic patient management system （CCPMS） were implemented to remedy these challenges. PMTCT report compilation was easier with the portable data collection system whose data were found to be more complete and accurate with a 0.83% error rate compared to a 4.1% error rate in the paper registers. A resounding majority of clinicians preferred using the new CCPMS with many of the view that it improved drug inventory and general clinic management with a positive effect on patient care.

RompecPC: A computerized program to create and solve jigsaw puzzles

RompecPC is a computerized program designed to create and assemble jigsaw puzzles. The program automatically records the solver’s responses as the number of pieces positioned correctly, the number of correct and incorrect movements, the number of times that she/he attempts to move a piece to the same place (perseverations), and the latency and place to which each piece is moved or attempted to be moved. These features facilitate the implementation and evaluation of puzzles while also reducing human error. Therefore, RompePC is a useful tool for the neuropsychological assessment of visuospatial skills in both clinical and experimental research.

CD-CAT中基于SCAD惩罚和EM视角的在线标定方法开发——G-DINA模型

G-DINA(the generalizeddeterministic input,noisy and gate)模型限制条件少,应用范围广,满足大量心理与教育评估测验数据的要求。研究提出一种适用于G-DINA等模型的同时标定新题Q矩阵与项目参数的认知诊断计算机化自适应测验(CD-CAT)在线标定新方法SCADOCM,以期促进CD-CAT在实践中的推广与应用。本研究分别基于模拟题库以及真实题库进行研究,结果表明:相比传统的SIE方法,SCADOCM在各实验条件下均具有较为理想的标定精度与标定效率,应用前景较好;SIE方法不适用于饱和的G-DINA等模型,其各实验条件下的Q矩阵标定精度均较低。

面向序列诊断的强化计算机自适应测验方法

计算机自适应测验旨在根据学生历史表现为学生选择合适的题目,快速有效地测量学生的真实能力.然而在智能教育场景下,现有自适应测验策略仍存在目标复杂和知识稀疏等问题.为此,文中构建用于智能场景的可精准测评学生知识能力的面向序列诊断的强化计算机自适应测验方法,包括基于序列诊断的学生模拟器和学生画像模型,并针对真实场景中自适应测验的目标复杂性,设计薄弱点准确率、预测表现耦合、自适应测验时长、测验异常率和测验的难度结构这5个评价指标.进一步地,提出基于强化学习的计算机自适应测验选题策略,利用双通道自注意力学习及矛盾学习模块缓解知识稀疏的问题.真实数据上的实验表明,文中选题策略不仅可高效测量学生真实能力,还可优化学生的作答体验,同时选择的题目也具有一定的可解释性,从而为智能教育场景下的计算机自适应测验提供一个可行方案.

基于IRT的计算机化适应性测验的概念、类型及特征

近年来,适应测验实践的需要,计算机化适应性测验(CAT)呈现多类型、多方向的发展态势。本文在总结梳理国内外相关文献基础上,讨论了基于项目反应理论(IRT)的CAT概念内涵,指出CAT的关键特征是试题难度参数与被试能力参数建立在同一量尺上;并依据概念内涵,将目前CAT多样化测验形式归纳为三个大类,包括基于IRT的认知诊断计算机化适应性测验、计算机化多阶段适应性测验、计算机化分类测验。CAT测验的三大类型各有其测量技术特点与实践应用优势,均具有良好的发展前景。

结合作答时间的自适应测验组卷方法

随着信息技术发展和计算机化自适应测验应用的普及,作答时间数据作为测验过程信息越来越容易获得,在心理测量领域的应用越来越广泛。将作答时间及模型应用于自动化组卷,对提高测验效率、被试能力估计精度乃至教育公平都有非常重要的意义。本文通过对自适应测验中组卷方法及研究结果进行系统梳理,全面展示结合作答时间数据的组卷方法,探究该类组卷方法对测验总时间约束、测验效率、题库安全、被试作答时间差异等问题的解决方案。对结合作答时间数据的组卷方法进行拓展,以及将研究成果应用于我国的大规模测评项目,都是未来需要探索的重要研究方向。

非参数CD-CAT题库Q矩阵优化设计

开展非参数CD-CAT题库Q矩阵的优化设计,并将它用于指导题库题目编制或选择,且它无需模型参数估计,这对于促进非参数CD-CAT进入课堂评价至关重要.受p-优化的启发,该文提出比例法生成优化Q矩阵,同时将已有的参数化模型题库设计方法推广到非参数化题库Q矩阵的优化设计.模拟研究结果显示:比例法和推广的融合法都有较好表现,而且当题库量较少时比例法更有优势.

CAT分层类曝光控制策略研究新进展

计算机化自适应测验(computerized adaptive testing,CAT)可以根据每一名考生的不同作答进行自适应选题,提高了测验精度.但高精度也伴随着高曝光风险,分层类项目曝光控制策略作为项目曝光控制的方法之一,是近年来曝光控制研究领域的热点.同时,反应时(RT)的收集是CAT的一大优势,RT对于测验的实施具有重要价值.该文综合介绍了传统的分层策略,并结合RT的分层策略探讨当前分层策略应用于CAT项目曝光控制中存在的问题及其未来研究方向.

Three-dimensional finite element simulation and reconstruction of jointed rock models using CT scanning and photogrammetry

The geometry of joints has a significant influence on the mechanical properties of rocks.To simplify the curved joint shapes in rocks,the joint shape is usually treated as straight lines or planes in most laboratory experiments and numerical simulations.In this study,the computerized tomography (CT) scanning and photogrammetry were employed to obtain the internal and surface joint structures of a limestone sample,respectively.To describe the joint geometry,the edge detection algorithms and a three-dimensional (3D) matrix mapping method were applied to reconstruct CT-based and photogrammetry-based jointed rock models.For comparison tests,the numerical uniaxial compression tests were conducted on an intact rock sample and a sample with a joint simplified to a plane using the parallel computing method.The results indicate that the mechanical characteristics and failure process of jointed rocks are significantly affected by the geometry of joints.The presence of joints reduces the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS),elastic modulus,and released acoustic emission (AE) energy of rocks by 37%–67%,21%–24%,and 52%–90%,respectively.Compared to the simplified joint sample,the proposed photogrammetry-based numerical model makes the most of the limited geometry information of joints.The UCS,accumulative released AE energy,and elastic modulus of the photogrammetry-based sample were found to be very close to those of the CT-based sample.The UCS value of the simplified joint sample (i.e.38.5 MPa) is much lower than that of the CT-based sample (i.e.72.3 MPa).Additionally,the accumulative released AE energy observed in the simplified joint sample is 3.899 times lower than that observed in the CT-based sample.CT scanning provides a reliable means to visualize the joints in rocks,which can be used to verify the reliability of photogrammetry techniques.The application of the photogrammetry-based sample enables detailed analysis for estimating the mechanical properties of jointed rocks.

计算机自适应测验有效性检验的探索与优化

计算机自适应测验(Computerized Adaptive Testing,CAT)的有效性检验是评定测验生成过程以及解释测验结果是否恰当、合理的必要步骤,然而系统性探讨CAT有效性检验的研究相对较少。为弥补其不足,文章在剖析CAT有效性检验内涵的基础上,首先梳理了基于IRT的题库、模拟CAT与真实CAT有效性检验的基本内容。然后,文章针对题库中试题逐渐向多维度和多模态转变的特点,提出利用高阶因子模型与多质多法模型对多维度与多模态试题进行有效性检验的方法;同时建议从测验公平性的角度,检验CLT与CAT中个体人格特质对被试作答表现的影响是否具有跨组不变性,最终形成了一套符合时代发展的CAT有效性检验的完整流程,以期为CAT的持续改进及其在教育实践中的普及推广提供助力。

原状膨胀土剪切损伤演化的定量分析

根据原状膨胀土在非饱和三轴剪切试验过程中的CT扫描结果,定义了一个基于CT数据的原状膨胀土的结构损伤变量,建立了剪切过程中膨胀土的损伤演化方程。

临床记忆量表多媒体测查方法与手工操作结果的比较

目的 :对临床记忆量表多媒体测查与手工操作方法进行对照比较 ,确定两种方法的一致性。方法 :随机抽取被试 5 0名 ,先后接受两种测验方法的测查。结果 :两种测验方法在临床记忆量表五项分测验的原始分、量表分、年龄量表分及记忆商上无显著性差异。结论 :临床记忆量表多媒体测查方法与手工操作方法具有高度的一致性 。

认知诊断测验蓝图的设计

通常认为由属性和项目关联阵(即Q矩阵)的列对应的项目充任认知诊断测验中行为样本,其实这种做法不能有效防止理想反应模式的误判。如在测验之前便可确定欲测之属性及层级关系,找到可达阵,可证明可达阵的各个列对应的项目类在认知诊断测验中必不可少,否则在理想反应模式下就一定有一些被试会被误判。本文给出充分必要Q矩阵的概念,以区别Tatsuoka(1995,2009)讨论过的充分Q矩阵概念。充分必要Q矩阵才能有效指导测验的编制。

在线标定技术在计算机化自适应测验中的应用

计算机化自适应测验(Computerized Adaptive Testing,CAT)近年来得到迅猛发展,题目增补对CAT的题库建设与维护至关重要。新题标定作为题目增补过程中的技术难点,它的精度直接影响被试能力估计的准确性,目前在线标定技术经常用于标定新题。从在线标定设计和在线标定方法两个方面,对两类CATs(以项目反应理论为基础的传统CAT以及以认知诊断理论为基础的认知诊断CAT(Cognitive Diagnostic CAT,CD-CAT))中的在线标定相关研究进行述评。传统CAT领域有着较丰富的研究,而CD-CAT的在线标定研究则刚刚起步。未来研究应进一步探讨在线标定设计/方法之间的比较与结合,以及CD-CAT和多维CAT的在线标定研究。

引入曝光因子的计算机化自适应测验选题策略

在计算机化自适应测验(CAT)的研究中,制定既高效又安全的选题策略是一个追求目标。用极大项目信息量准则(MIC)选题使得测验效率高、能力估计准确,缺点是项目调用很不均匀,影响考试的安全;按a分层法通过控制试题曝光率以提高考试的安全性,但该方法可能会使测验效率略有下降,且该方法在各层内部无法实现对区分度的调整。本文针对上述两种选题策略的优缺点,对0-1评分下的CAT,通过引入曝光因子、分阶段自动调整区分度的影响以及提高选题准确性等手段,对MIC和a-STR进行改进,引入了两类新的选题策略。计算机模拟实验显示,新的选题方法效果比较理想。