A fiber Bragg grating based earth and water pressures transducer with three-dimensional fused deposition modeling for soil mass

A novel fiber Bragg grating(FBG)sensor with three-dimensional(3D)fused deposition modeling(FDM)approach is proposed for effective stress measurement in soil mass.The three-diaphragm structure design is developed to measure earth and water pressures simultaneously.The proposed transducer has advantages of small size,high sensitivity,low cost,immunity to electromagnetic interference and rapid prototyping.The working principle,design parameters,and manufacturing details are discussed.The proposed transducer was calibrated for earth and water pressures measurement by using weights and a specially designed pressure chamber,respectively.The calibration results showed that the wavelength of the transducer was proportional to the applied pressure.The sensitivity coefficients of the earth and water pressures were 12.633 nm/MPa and 6.282 nm/MPa,respectively.Repeated tests and error analysis demonstrated the excellent stability and accuracy of the earth and water pressure measurements.The performance of the proposed transducer was further verified by a model experimental test and numerical analysis,which indicated that the proposed transducer has great potential for practical applications.

Simulation study on combustion system of tankless gas water heater

This paper simulates the combustion system of a regular tankless gas water heater under different static pressure conditions.The simulation results are in accordance with the test results.It proves that the used physical and mathematical models are reasonable.The results show that the flame height and the excess air ratios depend on the system pressure drop but not on the absolute pressure at the combustion chamber.The pressure drop and the amount of combustion air have an inverse relationship with CO generation,and they also impact on the temperature and velocity fields.To reduce CO emission,a stronger fan is needed to provide extra pressure head to ensure that enough combustion air is introduced into the system.This study provides a useful research tool to develop products through computational fluid dynamic analysis and laboratory testing.

CANDU堆燃料管理程序的物理热工水力耦合和时均计算模型的改进

研制了非线性迭代半解析节块法的扩散程序和稳态单通道热工水力程序,并将二者联接形成了CANDU重水堆燃料管理软件包FMPHWR,实现了物理与热工水力的耦合。参考压水堆(PWR)的经验,提出了类似PWR的考虑局部参数变化的参数化截面方法。对原有的时均计算模型进行了修正,提出了考虑热工水力反馈的时均计算模型。通过数值计算表明:FMPHWR具有更高的计算精度。

FEM for Stability Analysis Against Overturning of Portal Water Injection Sheet Pile

Portal water injection sheet pile (PWISP), as a retaining wall, appeared in seashore engineering in 2000. Although there have been many systematic methods addressing the issue, there are very few focusing on the new structure because of the difficulties in defining the earth pressure between the two piles. A new method is proposed in this paper to obtain the earth pressure between the PWISPs. Stability analysis against overturning follows as a consequence. Using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software ANSYS, both the nonlinear characteristics of the soil and those of the contact elements are taken into account to obtain the earth pressure distribution on the contact surface. Based on the results of the FEA, Rankin’s theory and the slip plane theory, the formula of the earth pressure on the inner surfaces between the piles is given. Assuming the PWISP as the analysis object and the earth pressure as an outside force acting upon it, the equation of stability against overturning of the PWISP is presented. Finally, some parameters are discussed about the stability of the PWISP against overturning, such as the embedded depth of the front pile, the distance between the two rows of piles, the internal friction angle and the cohesion of the earth. The results show that the increase of the cohesion and the internal friction angle will decrease the distance and the embedded depth, and therefore enhance the stability against overturning. Specifically, when the distance is 1/3-2/3 of the maximal excavation depth, the two rows of piles give the best performance in stability.

Examination of Rainfall-Induced Landslide Failure Mechanisms via a Centrifuge Physical Simulation Test

Rainfall is one of the most important factors contributing to landslides, and gentle bedding incline, high-rainfall induced landslides are common throughout the world. Field observations and theoretical analyses have been used to assess slope instability caused by permeability variation. In this study, the influence of rainfall infiltration on gentle bedding incline slope behaviour was investigated using a centrifuge physical simulation test. The magnitude, pattern and development of pore water and earth pressure at the interface;the shear failure surface features;and the corresponding deformation and failure processes were considered. A model with interbedded sand and mud was created, and a centrifuge was used to simulate both natural and rainfall conditions. The weak intercalation was composed of single-material silty clay, and the landslide mass was composed of red-bed sandstone. A combination of photography, pore water pressure measurements and earth pressure measurements were used to examine the relationship between the pore water pressure, earth pressure and failure modes. When the slope experiences overall instability, the curves of the earth pressure and pore water pressure dramatically decrease. The results reveal that the failure shear surface largely depends on the differential creep caused by the properties of the rock mass and the rainfall infiltration.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Study on Water Flow in a Hollow Helical Pipe

Although curved pipes are used in a wide range of applications, flow in curved pipes is relatively less well known than that in straight ducts. This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics study of isothermal laminar single-phase flow of water in a hollow helical pipe at various Reynolds numbers. The ranging of Reynolds numbers of fluid was from 703.2 to 1687.7. The three dimensional governing equations for mass and momentum have been solved. It was found that with increasing Reynolds number and creation of centrifugal forces, a high velocity and pressure region occurs between two tubes, at the outer side of the hollow helical pipe walls. Friction factor decreases as the tendency for turbulence increases.

Experimental and CFD Simulations of Pressure Loss through Perforated Plates

This paper presents the experimental pressure loss of water flow through perforated plates with geometry similar to the ones of the bottom end piece of a Pressurized Water Reactors （PWR） fuel element. Geometric features like the number, pattern and diameter of holes were evaluated as well as different inlet chamfers. The recovering pressure profile downstream of the plates was also measured. The experimental results were compared with numerical modeling performed with the commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） code CFX 11.0. The analysis of the results shows that the standard k-e turbulence model presents the best compromise between computing time and accuracy for the calculation of the total pressure loss through the perforated plates tested.

喷水推进器进水流道格栅流固耦合特性研究

为了研究格栅部件对喷水推进船舶效率的影响,本文拟采用流固耦合的数值计算方法系统地对格栅表面受力及其强度特性进行计算,结合有限元方法和流固耦合理论,以STARCCM+和ABAQUS软件为工具,根据目前已知的格栅剖面设计方法,对目前格栅的剖面形式进行改进,形成新型对称剖面形式的格栅。基于上述计算流体力学与流固耦合计算方法对其进行周围流场、结构静力强度、结构动力强度进行计算与分析。结果表明:对称形式的格栅剖面对于降低格栅的变形与应力水平有一定的帮助,采用新型对称形式的剖面结构使格栅总体变形模式发生了变化,但是最大变形位置与最大应力出现在格栅的位置未发生明显变化,新型对称剖面形式格栅具有比较好的静强度与动强度特性,各栅条均匀承受流体载荷。

考虑推进过程的土压平衡盾构渗流场解析解及喷涌判别

考虑推进过程中盾构正面附加推力产生的超孔隙水压力,用解析的方法分析了盾构喷涌问题。将土舱渗流场划分成两个区域,利用叠加原理和分离变量法得到土舱水头显式级数解,将螺旋输送机内流场视为一维渗流,通过土舱与螺旋输送机交界面的连续条件确定盾构渗流场解析解。通过数值模拟结果验证了解的正确性,并进行了参数分析。参数分析表明:正常掘进状态下的盾构推力波动频率与渣土固结系数比值近似为0.1~10 m^(-2),可对应于渗透系数10^(-3)~10^(-5)cm/s,当比值大于20 m^(-2),可以忽略超孔隙水压力的影响,比值小于0.01 m^(-2)时,水压力分布近似稳态渗流状态,但比值在1 m^(-2)附近时,超孔隙水压力将存在显著的影响。结合已有的喷涌研究,给出了典型盾构在不同推力波动频率与土体固结系数比值下的临界渗透系数。通过对盾构喷涌实例进行对比,证明了解析解的喷涌判别是有效的。

静钻根植桩施工环境效应现场试验研究

静钻根植桩采用先钻孔注浆后植桩的施工技术,可以解决传统预制桩施工过程引起的挤土效应问题。然而,静钻根植桩施工过程中钻孔和注浆过程会对周围土体产生一定扰动,目前没有相关研究。文章通过一组现场试验对静钻根植桩施工过程中的钻孔、注浆搅拌和植桩阶段对周围土体的扰动规律进行研究。静钻根植桩施工前在钻孔周围土体中埋设土压力传感器,孔隙水压力传感器和测斜管,分别测试静钻根植桩施工过程中周围土体中水平土压力,超静孔隙水压力和深层土体水平位移的变化规律。研究结果表明:静钻根植桩施工过程会对周围土体造成一定扰动,而施工完成后周围土体中的水平土压力、超静孔隙水压力和深层土体水平位移迅速恢复;当水平距离达到4D(D为钻孔直径)时,静钻根植桩施工过程基本不会对土体产生影响;试验结果可以为静钻根植桩在地铁周围等施工位移控制敏感区域的应用提供理论依据。

富水砂层土压平衡盾构渣土改良技术研究

富水砂层土体具有流塑性差、渗透性强的特点,土压平衡盾构施工时易造成排土困难和喷涌事故。针对西安地铁10号线穿越富水砂层的土压平衡盾构工程,采用膨润土泥浆和泡沫剂改良盾构渣土,提出了改良渣土流塑性的评价方法,基于其流塑性和渗透性确定最佳改良方案,为工程提供借鉴和参考。结果表明:(1)当改良渣土塌落后无开裂或坍塌、塌落形状为梨形、塌落度为180~210 mm、塌落渣土与地面接触角θ为0°~90°时,流塑性合适,此时改良渣土的渗透系数于90 min内稳定在10-5cm/s,满足工程要求;(2)最佳改良方案为:渣土、膨润土、水三者质量比保持在200∶1∶40~200∶1.5∶44之间,泡沫剂溶液体积比浓度为2%,泡沫注入比为6%。

内外水力交互下浅埋带压盾构隧道水土压力计算模型

针对浅埋有压盾构隧道内外水力交互渗流下引起的松动水土压力变化,基于修正镜像法获得了考虑内水压的地层渗流场分布与水力梯度。随后基于考虑松动区内部应力分布的修正Terzaghi公式给出了考虑隧道内水压下的松动区任意位置的水土压力解,并与数值模拟结果进行了对比验证。主要结论如下:采用圆弧拱和抛物线拱的主应力轨迹线能够有效描述隧顶松动区应力分布情况;当地层渗透系数与衬砌渗透系数比值小于1000时,内压水头大小对水土压力的影响显著;内压水头的增加将减小松动区有效应力,引起上覆土体卸载,同时引起隧顶松动区总应力增大,表明该范围内孔隙水压的增长对水土压力的变化占据主导作用;5参数正交分析结果的线性回归分析结果表明隧道埋深和半径对土压力有显著的正向影响,土体摩擦角和黏聚力均表现为负向影响。在相对低渗透地层条件下,内压水头对隧顶有效应力和总应力分别表现为显著的负向和正向影响。

超大直径土压平衡盾构穿越高水压砂性地层土体改良技术研究

超大直径土压平衡盾构全断面穿越砂性地层时,会面临盾构推力及扭矩增大、土仓压力及螺旋机压力不稳、螺旋机喷涌导致开挖面失稳等风险,需要对开挖面土体进行改良。选取泡沫剂作为土体改良材料,通过试验揭示了泡沫剂不同发泡浓度、发泡率与泡沫寿命的关系,并且测定了改良后土体的物理及力学特性,建立了基于发泡材料的改良土体控制方法,形成了高风险开挖面土体改良技术,有效降低了高水压砂性地层盾构穿越施工风险,为同类型施工提供了技术参考。

不同降雨强度下离子型稀土矿边坡渗流特性与临界滑移面变化分析

以离子型稀土矿边坡为研究对象,研究了不同降雨强度条件下降雨、停雨阶段离子型稀土矿边坡孔隙水压力变化情况,并利用有限元Morgenstern-Price法研究了各时间段临界滑移面的变化。结果表明,降雨强度是影响离子型稀土矿浅层边坡孔隙水压力的显著因素;雨水在离子型稀土矿边坡中的传递具有滞后性,是停雨阶段造成离子型稀土矿边坡不稳定隐患的内在原因;降雨强度越大,进入289滑移面的时间越快,安全系数变化的“加速度”波峰越高,影响时间越长。首次提出降雨条件下离子型稀土矿边坡发展可能历经的4个阶段为:较为安全阶段、内部剧烈变化阶段、极易滑坡阶段及相对安全阶段。

地铁盾构洞内盾尾刷更换技术研究

土压平衡盾构穿越承压水、透水地层时,盾尾刷会出现严重磨损,止水效果变差,对盾构隧道的掘进质量、安全等造成严重影响。因此,盾尾刷的快速更换对施工安全和工程质量至关重要。徐州地铁6号线一期工程市紫区间右线掘进过程中,通过洞内更换盾尾刷技术进行研究,提出土压平衡盾构机掘进期间进行安全、高效的洞内盾尾刷更换技术措施。结果表明,洞内快速更换盾尾刷安全快速可行。

盾构施工对周围土体应力扰动研究综述

随着地下隧道工程的增加,盾构掘进会改变隧道周围土体的应力状态,可能导致变形或沉降。探讨盾构掘进对隧道周围土体应力的影响对未来研究有很大的参考价值。文中总结现有成果,分类分析隧道周围水土压力变化、应力变化的影响因素及围压计算方法。研究表明盾构掘进引起的土压力和孔隙水压力变化具有相似规律,隧道周围应力变化受内外多因素影响,围压计算方法大多基于经验。缺乏全过程施工现场数据和大型模型试验,施工方法及地表荷载、地下水位等外部因素对土体应力的影响尚需深入研究,围压计算方法体系亟待完善。

复合黏土心墙材料在土石坝中的应用分析

本文结合东阿水库大坝,对具有垂直心墙和两种不同材料纯黏土和混合黏土的土坝进行了一系列数值分析,并结合大坝施工期间心墙内的固结条件完全不排水和部分排水条件两种类型进行了分析。分析结果表明:对于完全不排水,当岩芯由纯黏土组成时,施工期间岩芯内产生的超孔隙水压力相对较高。对于部分排水,两种类型岩心中的超孔隙水压力值取决于施工和固结速率,如果岩芯排水受阻,则由纯黏土组成的岩芯中的沉降相对较高。当允许固结岩芯时,由纯黏土和混合黏土组成的岩芯沉降差异不大。由纯黏土材料组成的岩心的水平位移值高于由混合黏土组成的岩心的相应值,应进行进一步推广及应用。

基于压力传递特性的富水砂层土压平衡盾构渣土改良试验研究

[目的]富水砂层由于渗透性强、含水率高等特点,在盾构掘进过程中易因渣土改良不善而导致螺旋输送机出现喷涌以及刀盘结泥饼等事故,从而影响盾构施工效率,因此需对富水砂层土压平衡盾构渣土改良试验进行研究。[方法]依托南昌地铁4号线七里站—民园路西站区间典型富水砂层工况,开展室内渣土改良试验。采用自制盾构土舱模型装置对不同改良渣土进行土舱模型试验,基于渣土压力传递特性建立不同改良渣土的坍落度、渗透系数及土压传递系数K_(0)之间的相关关系,研究不同K_(0)下的渣土改良效果。[结果及结论]单独采用泡沫对渣土改良时,渣土的K_(0)与坍落度呈正相关,而与渣土的渗透系数呈负相关,而当渣土的坍落度超过200 mm时,K_(0)会逐步减小。为达到富水砂层土压平衡盾构中理想的渣土改良要求,改良剂配合比建议为:泡沫注入率为25%,或添加的膨润土泥浆注入率为10%。室内试验和土舱模型试验表明:K_(0)越大,渣土改良效果越好;实际工程中单独采用泡沫进行渣土改良后改良渣土的理想的K_(0)为0.60~0.65;而泡沫与膨润土泥浆相结合对渣土改良时,改良渣土理想的K_(0)约为0.85。

基于单片机的恒压供水系统设计

设计一款恒压供水系统,该系统以单片机AT89C51为核心,包括电机驱动、压力传感器、模数转换等模块。系统能够实时监测水压,当水压实测值低于设定值时增加电机转速,当实测值高于设定值时降低电机转速,以此确保恒压供水。

富水地层土压平衡盾构施工方法及管理措施

隧道开挖是隧道施工中常见的作业之一,其施工方法对隧道施工具有重要影响。在实际作业环节中,一些地区的地质较为特殊,含有较多的水分,一定程度上影响隧道施工的落实。土压平衡盾构施工方法作为专业的施工方式,通过先进的盾构机实现掘进作业,规避富水地层对施工产生的影响。本文从富水地层入手,探讨富水地层土压平衡盾构施工方法,分析其施工难点。在此基础上,对该施工方法进行详细分析,保证施工作业的落实。