Using strain energy-based prediction of effective elastic properties in topology optimization of material microstructures

An alternative strain energy method is proposed for the prediction of effective elastic properties of orthotropic materials in this paper. The method is implemented in the topology optimization procedure to design cellular solids. A comparative study is made between the strain energy method and the well-known homogenization method. Numerical results show that both methods agree well in the numerical prediction and sensitivity analysis of effective elastic tensor when homogeneous boundary conditions are properly specified. Two dimensional and three dimensional microstructures are optimized for maximum stiffness designs by combining the proposed method with the dual optimization algorithm of convex programming. Satisfactory results are obtained for a variety of design cases.

Isolation, Purification, and Identification of a Novel HX-Producing Strain and Optimization of Its Fermentation Medium

Hexanoic acid (HX) is a crucial flavor compound and precursor of ethyl caproate (EA), which determines the quality of Chinese Luzhou-flavor liquor (CLFL). The isolation, purification, identification, and optimization of fermentation conditions of HX-producing bacteria are essential for industrial CLFL production. In this study, one strain of HX-producing bacterium was isolated from six candidate bacterial strains and identified as Clostridium sartagoneforme. Then, the growth characteristics and HX production of C. sartagoneforme were investigated. Sodium acetate medium was identified as the optimal fermentation medium from four candidate media. C. sartagoneforme yielded 800.85 ± 12.87 mg/100mL HX in sodium acetate medium. Then, to further optimize the formula of the fermentation medium, the carbon and nitrogen sources and inorganic salt component of the fermentation medium were investigated using HX yields as an optimization index. Optimization was performed with a single-factor experiment and the Taguchi design method. The single-factor experiment showed that the highest HX outputs were obtained when the sodium acetate medium contained 2.5 g/L yeast extract, 1.8 g/L KCl, 20 g/L sodium acetate, 15 mL/L ethanol, and 1.5 g/L glucose. In the orthogonal experiment designed using the Taguchi design method, HX yields reached 2018.29 ± 46.37 mg/100mL in sodium acetate medium that contained 3.5 g/L yeast extract, 1.8 g/L KCl, 25 g/L sodium acetate, and 15 mL/L ethanol.

Topology Optimal Design of Material Microstructures Using Strain Energy-based Method

Sensitivity analysis and topology optimization of microstructures using strain energy-based method is presented. Compared with homogenization method, the strain energy-based method has advantages of higher computing efficiency and simplified programming. Both the dual convex programming method and perimeter constraint scheme are used to optimize the 2D and 3D microstructures. Numerical results indicate that the strain energy-based method has the same effectiveness as that of homogenization method for orthotropic materials.

THE LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION OF STIFFENERS FOR PLATE-SHELL STRUCTURES

The plate-shell structures with stiffeners are widely used in a broad range of engineering structures. This study presents the layout optimization of stiffeners. The minimum weight of stiffeners is taken as the objective function with the global stiffness constraint. In the layout optimization, the stiffeners should be placed at the locations with high strain energy/or stress. Conversely, elements of stiffeners with a small strain energy/or stress are considered to be used inefficiently and can be removed. Thus, to identify the element efficiency so that most inefficiently used elements of stiffeners can be removed, the element sensitivity of the strain energy of stiffeners is introduced, and a search criterion for locations of stiffeners is presented. The layout optimization approach is given for determining which elements of the stiffeners need to be kept or removed. In each iterative design, a high efficiency reanalysis approach is used to reduce the computational effort. The present approach is implemented for the layout optimization of stiffeners for a bunker loaded by the hydrostatic pressure. The numerical results show that the present approach is effective for dealing with layout optimization of stiffeners for plate-shell structures.

Multi-Material and Multiscale Topology Design Optimization of Thermoelastic Lattice Structures

This study establishes amultiscale andmulti-material topology optimization model for thermoelastic lattice structures(TLSs)consideringmechanical and thermal loading based on the ExtendedMultiscale Finite ElementMethod(EMsFEM).The corresponding multi-material and multiscale mathematical formulation have been established with minimizing strain energy and structural mass as the objective function and constraint,respectively.The Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization(SIMP)interpolation scheme has been adopted to realize micro-scale multi-material selection of truss microstructure.The modified volume preserving Heaviside function(VPHF)is utilized to obtain a clear 0/1 material of truss microstructure.Compared with the classic topology optimization of single-material TLSs,multi-material topology optimization can get a better structural design of the TLS.The effects of temperatures,size factor,and mass fraction on optimization results have been presented and discussed in the numerical examples.

Thermoelastic Structural Topology Optimization Based on Moving Morphable Components Framework

This study investigates structural topology optimization of thermoelastic structures considering two kinds of objectives ofminimumstructural compliance and elastic strain energy with a specified available volume constraint.To explicitly express the configuration evolution in the structural topology optimization under combination of mechanical and thermal load conditions,the moving morphable components(MMC)framework is adopted.Based on the characteristics of the MMC framework,the number of design variables can be reduced substantially.Corresponding optimization formulation in the MMC topology optimization framework and numerical solution procedures are developed for several numerical examples.Different optimization results are obtained with structural compliance and elastic strain energy as objectives,respectively,for thermoelastic problems.The effectiveness of the proposed optimization formulation is validated by the numerical examples.It is revealed that for the optimization design of the thermoelastic structural strength,the objective function with the minimum structural strain energy can achieve a better performance than that from structural compliance design.

Fitting function representation for strain fields and its application to the optimizing process

A fitted function method to describe the strain fields during forging was discussed to optimize the homogeneous distribution of strain in the axial forging zones during successive stretching. The results are verified by experiment and numerical simulation, and the devia-tions between experiment and simulation are less than 24%. Therefore, the fitted function method can be applied to optimize the stretching process for large forgings. The optimal value of feed determined by the analytic method ensures that the degree of inhomogeneity in strain in the axial ingot zone is less than 6%. This work provides a mathematic model to optimize technological parameters in stretch forging of large ingots.

Topology Optimization in Damping Structure Based on ESO

The damping material optimal placement for the structure with damping layer is studied based on evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) to maximize modal loss factors. A mathematical model is constructed with the objective function defined as the maximum of modal loss factors of the structure and design constraints function defined as volume fraction of damping material. The optimal placement is found. Several examples are presented for verification. The results demonstrate that the method based on ESO is effective in solving the topology optimization of the structure with unconstrained damping layer and constrained damping layer. This optimization method suits for free and constrained damping structures.

苹果酵素混菌发酵工艺优化

该研究以费比恩塞伯林德纳氏酵母(Cyberlindnera fabianii)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、戊糖乳植物杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus pentosus)、肠膜明串珠菌(Leuconostoc mesenteroides)为发酵菌种制备苹果酵素,研究不同菌种组合发酵对苹果酵素可溶性固形物、pH、总酸、还原力、超氧化歧化酶(SOD)活性和感官评分的影响,并采用单因素和响应面试验对苹果酵素酵母菌发酵阶段和乳酸菌发酵阶段的工艺进行优化。结果表明,多菌种发酵苹果酵素酵母菌发酵阶段最佳工艺条件为费比恩塞伯林德纳氏酵母∶酿酒酵母1∶0.2,接种量3.3%,发酵温度23℃,初始pH4.7,乳酸菌发酵阶段最佳工艺条件为戊糖乳植物杆菌∶肠膜明串珠菌1∶1,接种量5.2%,发酵温度33℃,初始pH 5.1,在此优化条件下,多菌种发酵苹果酵素的感官评分为9.82,SOD活性为55.83 U/m L、总酸含量为4.96 g/L、还原力为6.83、可溶性固形物含量3.14°Bx、p H为2.96。该研究为苹果酵素产品工业化产生提供了理论依据。

基于改进BESO法连续体结构拓扑优化研究

拓扑优化与传统尺寸优化和形状优化相比,提供了更广泛的设计灵活性,其应用越来越广泛。伴随着结构拓扑优化的发展,其优化方法也在不断进步,因此,其方法的研究凸显出重要的理论及工程应用价值。由于双向渐进结构优化方法(bi-directional evolutionary structural optimization,BESO)有很强的通用性,理论和程序实现简单,优化效率高,能够得到一系列黑/白分布的拓扑构型,正日益广泛地应用于工程实际当中。但双向渐进结构优化方法和其改进的方法在对于解决应力约束下的拓扑优化问题上一直都存在着不可忽视的问题。针对连续体结构,采用ABAQUS软件和改进双向渐进结构优化方法相结合来实现结构的拓扑优化,从而能够解决应力约束拓扑优化问题,进而证明其优越性以及应用在工程实例的可行性,详细描述BESO方法及其在工程领域中的应用,分析双向渐进结构优化方法成功的根本原因,以及相较于其他拓扑优化方法的优点,然后基于约束条件优化问题,提出约束条件与拓扑变量的关系。以结构应变能最小化为目标,利用拉格朗日方法推导出以应力约束作为约束条件,对C形夹、工字钢梁结构进行拓扑优化,验证了改进双向渐进结构优化法的有效性,提高了材料利用率,从而验证了改进双向渐进结构优化法在实际工程中的可行性。

一株除臭固氮菌的筛选、鉴定及发酵条件优化

为提高食品加工原料质量、降低环境污染,从自然界分离筛选出一株能有效减少鸡粪臭味及氮素流失的菌株JFN-1。通过形态学特征、生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析鉴定,JFN-1为假肠杆菌(Empedobacter falseni)。通过液态发酵得出:JFN-1菌株在硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶作用下,可以提高硝态氮、减少铵态氮含量以及减少氮类物质分解为氨气,从而减少氮素损失。通过单因素和正交优化试验,得到JFN-1菌株增殖培养基组成为可溶性淀粉8 g/L、牛肉膏20 g/L、硫酸镁4 g/L、氯化钠5 g/L,30℃培养20 h发酵液OD600可达到3.14,相比未优化培养基提高12.91倍,总氮含量提高2.14倍。通过固态发酵条件优化,得到JFN-1菌株固定氮素含量最多的固态发酵基质为菌糠15 g、麸皮15 g、豆粕1 g、糠醛渣2 g、硫酸铵0.165 g,在此条件下,总氮量提高196.42%。

高速动车组横梁应变场光纤测量与反演研究

针对高速动车组车底底架横梁的应变场反演问题,基于模态叠加法和传感器优化配置理论,提出一种根据部分测点的实测单向应变反演结构空间应变场的方法。以结构的应变模态为输入,以模态坐标独立性为目标,基于信息熵理论建立了传感器优化配置的数学模型,再根据模态坐标和振型采用正则化方法反演结构应变场。仿真计算结果表明,无噪声干扰下,反演的精度较高,最大均方误差为9.87×10~(-12),并且正则化方法可以有效抑制噪声对结果的影响。搭建了基于光纤光栅传感系统的测试试验台,基于实测应变数据和模态结果反演应变场,结果表明,反演后的应变幅值相对误差带为1.21%~10.79%,反演数据和实测数据的均方误差带为0.80~3.69。该方法能够准确识别结构的模态坐标,为获取高速列车关键结构的应变场分布提供参考。

淡豆豉的多菌种协同发酵工艺优化

目的优化淡豆豉多菌种(环状芽孢杆菌、黑曲霉、少根根霉)协同发酵工艺,为淡豆豉发酵工艺改进和创新提供参考。方法以发酵时间、发酵温度、混合菌种比例、接种量为考察因素,以总黄酮、大豆苷元、黄豆黄素、染料木素的含量为考察指标,通过单因素考查对淡豆豉多菌种协同发酵工艺进行优化。结果淡豆豉多菌种协同发酵最佳工艺条件为:发酵温度30℃,发酵时间8 d,接种量5%,混合菌种接种比例为环状芽孢杆菌∶黑曲霉∶少根根霉=1∶2∶1。结论淡豆豉多菌种协同发酵工艺可避免杂菌干扰、利于工艺标准化,可为淡豆豉工艺改进和创新以及为中药多菌种协同发酵工艺研究提供参考。

工业机器人小臂拓扑优化设计

小臂是工业机器人重要的承力部件,以某50 kg负载工业机器人小臂作为研究对象,面向增材制造进行结构优化设计。通过拓扑优化和模型重构,优化材料布局,改善小臂结构构型。经有限元分析,优化后小臂的应变、应力及固有频率等结构性能均有不同程度的改善,同时小臂的质量减轻了22.12%,实现了结构的轻量化,降低了运行能耗和成本,提高了寿命,有助于绿色制造。该拓扑优化方法具有推广价值,可以为连续结构体优化设计和改进提供参考经验,助力数字化设计和智能制造的实现。

多耦合力作用下塑料检查井井座结构优化设计

研究了大型塑料检查井流槽式汇合三通井座在回填土下曳力、垂直土压力、井座侧向土压力等永久载荷和车辆荷载多耦合力作用下的应力应变,仿真结果显示在多耦合力作用下,井座支管处应力应变较大,存在失效的风险。为了提高大型塑料检查井流槽式汇合三通井座的刚强度,提出了环向加强筋、纵向加强筋和网格加强筋三种加强筋方案,并对比分析了在不同加强筋配置时井座的刚强度情况,结果表明:网格加强筋和环向加强筋对井座的刚强度提高效果明显,为流槽式汇合三通井座的结构优化设计提供了参考。

酿酒酵母和异常汉逊酵母混合发酵黄酒工艺研究

以酿酒酵母和异常汉逊酵母为黄酒发酵菌种,分别考察2种酵母对18°Bx糖化液的发酵特性,结果表明酿酒酵母产酒精(9.9%vol)能力强于异常汉逊酵母(6.8%vol),异常汉逊酵母产挥发酯(2.41 g/L)显著高于酿酒酵母(0.53 g/L)。比较混菌发酵途径,顺序混合发酵酒精度(8.1%vol)略低于同时混合发酵酒精度(8.7%vol),挥发酯含量(1.59 g/L)显著高于同时混合发酵(0.56 g/L)(P<0.05),结合发酵过程理化指标和感官评价结果,选择顺序混合发酵途径较为合适。通过单因素和Box-Benhnken中心组合试验设计,选择主发酵温度、pH值、酵母接种量3个因素对顺序混合发酵黄酒产品的挥发酯含量进行响应面优化,结果显示:顺序混合发酵黄酒的最佳参数为:发酵温度31.5℃,接种量1.0×10~7个/mL,pH 4.2。验证试验表明,在此条件下顺序混合发酵黄酒的挥发酯含量为(1.66±0.028)g/L,与预测值1.70 g/L相差不大,比酿酒酵母单独发酵提高213%。本研究为非酿酒酵母在黄酒发酵上的应用奠定了基础。

芽孢杆菌蛋白酶在食品工业中的应用研究进展

芽孢杆菌蛋白酶是一种重要的微生物源蛋白酶,其种类多样、活性显著、研究较为深入,已被广泛应用于食品行业。本文综述了产蛋白酶芽孢杆菌的筛选、高产蛋白酶菌株的选育与工程菌株的构建、蛋白酶发酵条件的优化,分别以植物蛋白和动物蛋白为作用对象介绍了芽孢杆菌蛋白酶在食品行业中的应用情况,并对将来的研究方向和发展趋势进行了展望,旨在为芽孢杆菌蛋白酶的深入研究和应用提供参考。

APPLICATION OF HYBRID AERO-ENGINE MODEL FOR INTEGRATED FLIGHT/PROPULSION OPTIMAL CONTROL

The real-time capability of integrated flight/propulsion optimal control （IFPOC） is studied. An appli- cation is proposed for IFPOC by combining the onboard hybrid aero-engine model with sequential quadratic pro- gramming （SQP）. Firstly, a steady-state hybrid aero-engine model is designed in the whole flight envelope with a dramatic enhancement of real-time capability. Secondly, the aero-engine performance seeking control including the maximum thrust mode and the minimum fuel-consumption mode is performed by SQP. Finally, digital simu- lations for cruise and accelerating flight are carried out. Results show that the proposed method improves real- time capability considerably with satisfactory effectiveness of optimization.

产叶酸菌株的筛选及产量的优化

本研究分别从母乳、婴儿粪便、乳制品和酸肉中筛选叶酸生产菌株,并通过培养基优化、代谢途径研究等方法提高叶酸的产量。结果表明,在39株产叶酸菌株中得到4株高产菌株,分别为鼠李糖乳杆菌B2-14(39.56 ng/mL)、双歧杆菌D020(32.56 ng/mL)、罗伊氏乳杆菌B1-28(60.72 ng/mL)、格式乳杆菌F020(61.22 ng/mL)。通过优化培养基条件,叶酸产量可提高50%~70%。在经过条件优化的牛乳培养基中培养,叶酸产量可提高6~10倍。其中,菌株B1-28在牛乳培养基培养后产量达910 ng/mL。分析产叶酸路径的一些指标及相关代谢基因,探究叶酸合成途径指标的变化及其机理,从而研制出有利于人群叶酸摄入的乳制品。

1株具有蛋白降解能力的雪茄优势菌株鉴定与培养条件优化

【目的】探明雪茄烟发酵所需优势菌株的最佳培养基配方和最优培养条件,为雪茄烟叶人工接种发酵提供菌种来源和菌株规模制备提供科学依据。【方法】从雪茄烟叶中分离出1株具有蛋白降解能力的优势菌株GL2,通过16S rDNA序列比对和生理生化特性进行鉴定,并通过单因素试验和正交试验优化培养基配方和培养条件。【结果】菌株GL2为沙福芽孢杆菌(Bacillus safensis),最佳培养基配方为牛肉膏10 g/L、酵母提取物35 g/L、MgSO_(4)0.25 g/L;最适培养条件为接种量2%(v/v)、装液量30 m L/250m L、种龄16 h。菌株GL2在最佳培养基配方和最适培养条件下培养24 h后,生物量达1.153×10^(10)CFU/m L,是优化前的4400倍。【结论】优化后培养基成分和培养条件能促进沙福芽孢杆菌(Bacillus safensis)菌株GL2的生长,有利于该菌株大规模制备与应用。