In class society,fashion is identified as a sign of class position and social status,while in modern democratic society fashion’s political connotation and significance have greatly changed and is mainly displayed fr...In class society,fashion is identified as a sign of class position and social status,while in modern democratic society fashion’s political connotation and significance have greatly changed and is mainly displayed from the following three aspects:1)as a way of social protest from vulnerable social groups by being symbol of being an independent and free subject.However,the resistance or protest represented by fashion is no more than something ritual.2)as a way of identity and subjectivity construction,both individual and national;3)as embodiment of fashion leadership and a way of incorporation.Generally to say,fashion has played an important role in every aspect above.However,there is still a tension between them and we must manage carefully to keep a balance.展开更多
During 2010-2011, Myanmar started its political transition. The U Thein SeinAdministration has made obvious policy adjustments towards China after it replaced the Mili-tary government. However, such adjustments were l...During 2010-2011, Myanmar started its political transition. The U Thein SeinAdministration has made obvious policy adjustments towards China after it replaced the Mili-tary government. However, such adjustments were limited, as Myanmar hasn't totally lean tothe West, but keeping relatively closer political contact with China. Empirical analysis showsthat political institu6on and ideology are not the key reasons leading to such adjustments?China-Myanmar relations had undergone fluctuation, osdlla6on and stability during 2011-2016, the root causes of which are the legality of political power, national security based ongeopolitics and economic development demands of" Myanmar people. Moreover, those threefactors remain the primary considerations of the NLD Government when it handling relationswith China.展开更多
Great changes occurred to the Japanese power structure as DPJ had taken power. The new government in Japan is now headed by DPJ and its alliance–Social Democratic Party and People's New Party, substituting for LD...Great changes occurred to the Japanese power structure as DPJ had taken power. The new government in Japan is now headed by DPJ and its alliance–Social Democratic Party and People's New Party, substituting for LDP-Komeito coalition government, an alternation of two conservative parties, though not in a strict sense of the two-party alternation. The election intensified the conservative politics in general, though different from the hawk conservative force in the post-cold war period. The Japanese political currents see a trend of 'de-rightwardization'. This will help to improve Japan’s relations with its Asian neighbors. Yukio Hatoyama calls for building 'fraternity society' and fostering 'fraternity' spirit in diplomatic affairs. He is for the view of attaching equal importance to U.S. and Asia.展开更多
The goal of each policy should be to maintain the country's stability. This proposition becomes a keynote of thepolitical concept of the state. Machiavelli's work The Prince is not just a treatise on politics, but a...The goal of each policy should be to maintain the country's stability. This proposition becomes a keynote of thepolitical concept of the state. Machiavelli's work The Prince is not just a treatise on politics, but a text aiming tosubvert the traditional concept of political philosophy. Machiavelli devoted two main theses to political art. Thefirst one emphasizes that the ruler must work on the assumption that people are bad. Man is inherently evil.Whoever gives the republic its constitution and the law must consider all people evil in advance, and they must alsoreckon with the fact that the people will show their perverse nature whenever they get the chance.展开更多
Organizational power politics permeates all actions within an organization. Power is one person's ability to exert change on another person's way of life and actions. Using power is a valuable means to influence and...Organizational power politics permeates all actions within an organization. Power is one person's ability to exert change on another person's way of life and actions. Using power is a valuable means to influence and achieve intended desires and future action in others. Power is instrumental; it's a means to achieve goals other than the attainment of power itself. Power may also be expressed as one person's dependence on another. Power can, and sometimes is, a goal; its basic use is instrumental in the achievement of one's goals or aims. This paper is part of a descriptive analysis section from a study conducted on organizational power and leadership. The researcher gathered insights into the lived experiences of like-minded sample of respondents as they described organizational power politics and how they view and use power in their vanous leadership positions .展开更多
This paper focuses on some literary expressions of the role of faith in our engagement with things political from the pen of C. S. Lewis, whose writings are distinguished by a combination of intellectual force and ima...This paper focuses on some literary expressions of the role of faith in our engagement with things political from the pen of C. S. Lewis, whose writings are distinguished by a combination of intellectual force and imaginative flair. In an increasingly secular climate, he sought to bring God back into the equation, and it is not surprising to find some current issues addressed within his imaginative representations of a vibrant spiritual reality. His ideas and ideology are inextricably linked to his Christian faith. Several critical essays reflect his interest in both theology and political issues including: the ethical use of technology, civil liberties, ecology, pacifism, and animal rights. This material forms the layers of his science-fiction trilogy which includes themes of spiritual warfare, factions, faith, and a fairy tale ending. His theology was not confined to the disciplines of a particular school of thought and his approach to things political follows no party line. His critical essays and stories are concerned with the practicalities of life, but are never reduced to a merely social gospel; they always have a cosmic dimension.展开更多
The Tatmadaw remains the most regardless of other changes to powerful political entity in Myanmar, motivated to preserve four core interests the state and society--maintenance of complete institutional autonomy and in...The Tatmadaw remains the most regardless of other changes to powerful political entity in Myanmar, motivated to preserve four core interests the state and society--maintenance of complete institutional autonomy and independence; exclusive control over security portfolios; veto powers over constitutional change; and inhibiting prosecution for actions conducted during the Junta era. These interests are embedded within and supported by a praetorian ethos pillared upon a national security narrative justifying the military's ongoing political involvement while the democratic process continues to mature, including past the upcoming parliamentary elections this November. New institutions and practices, however, have opened the political realm in unprecedented ways. Within this increasingly shifting political landscape, it is uncertain the unity and coherence of the regime--the military and their retired brethren in charge of the executive and parliament to maintain power, especially due to the large manipulations of the electoral and democratic processes which would be required to ensure their rule. Military intervention cannot be ruled out, but the Tatmadaw is reluctant to overtly and aggressively regain control politically unless it feels its core interests will be irrevocably and immediately compromised by a new government. With their roles and responsibilities protected, the military may feel they can control, or at least marginalize, a parliament and/or government hostile to its interests. The 2015 elections will not, therefore, mark the end of the military's preponderant political influence but continue to erode their control over the pathways of political power and may bring about the first truly civilian-military government in the country's transition away from military rule; a significant milestone as those outside the old, yet still influential, military regime gain access to begrudgingly-ceded power.展开更多
Power,often seen as a tool for control,extends beyond individuals to encompass decisions and resources.Various groups hold varying degrees of power in society,employing tactics to gain and expand it.Politics is essent...Power,often seen as a tool for control,extends beyond individuals to encompass decisions and resources.Various groups hold varying degrees of power in society,employing tactics to gain and expand it.Politics is essentially the use of power to achieve goals,often stemming from conflicts between personal and organizational objectives.This occurs in situations marked by autocratic decision-making,unclear authority,resource scarcity,and uncertainty,when organizational politics contradict employees’interests,trust erodes,prioritizing individual concerns over collective goals.Constructive politics,however,empower and differentiate between ethical and unethical behavior.Gender,a socially constructed variable,is influenced by psychology and sociology literature,affecting power dynamics.This paper explores the interplay of power and politics in society,striving for a more equitable and progressive outcome while addressing their contribution to gender inequality.Globalization and economic restructuring impose changes,fostering discrimination and preferential treatment.We examine policy implementations in food,agriculture,health,and education,finding that despite significant changes,they often fail to benefit disadvantaged populations.展开更多
Machiavelli was a controversial political thinker. His ideas of morality and politics created a new chapter of western ideal and also created a great stir in history. His Prince presented all his ideas and hopes, all ...Machiavelli was a controversial political thinker. His ideas of morality and politics created a new chapter of western ideal and also created a great stir in history. His Prince presented all his ideas and hopes, all had its present meaning in modern time.展开更多
This paper develops a phenomenology of power in its various forms based on the account of the relationship between domination and freedom given by Niccol6 Machiavelli and ttienne de La Bo6tie. These authors are read i...This paper develops a phenomenology of power in its various forms based on the account of the relationship between domination and freedom given by Niccol6 Machiavelli and ttienne de La Bo6tie. These authors are read in such a way as to extract the contemporary meaning of power in relation to the concept of appearance. Both authors link domination to other forms of violent power (oppression, exploitation, and exclusion), and while they recognize the inevitable role of appearances in politics, they oppose the tendency of rulers to use appearances to maintain their power over the people. The sharing of intellectual power is then the most likely way for popular power, once it makes its appearance in society, to lead to transformations in governmental and economic power.展开更多
Due to the symbiotic relations between oil and the contemporary Middle East, a global energy transition is bound to affect the Middle East's international status and the power structure among its countries. The po...Due to the symbiotic relations between oil and the contemporary Middle East, a global energy transition is bound to affect the Middle East's international status and the power structure among its countries. The power gap between rich and poor countries will widen, and the “big politics of small states” in countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Qatar may become more prominent. As economic development has become the top priority of national strategies, many hot spots in the Middle East have cooled down as relations between rival countries have eased and there are even signs of multilateral economic cooperation. Meanwhile, there are signs of vicious economic competition among related countries. With the decline of the Middle East's global importance, the United States and Europe are moving further away while the interdependence between Asia and the Middle East is increasing. Reforms to tackle the energy transition in the Middle East are a race against time, difficult, and uncertain, but the signs so far are positive.展开更多
This paper will apply a politically oriented description-critique paradigm developed from the works of Whitehall and Grewell that offers a way to examine works of popular culture, particularly Mars-based science ficti...This paper will apply a politically oriented description-critique paradigm developed from the works of Whitehall and Grewell that offers a way to examine works of popular culture, particularly Mars-based science fiction films. Because of the unique nature of these films, primarily which they are set in a future and distant world, they allow us to explore the socio-political landscape in which they were created from a remove that does not exist in "real-world" based works. Specifically we will be examining the governing power (in any particular Mars-based science fiction film) that might be either wielded by business interests or governmental interests. Although it is possible to have both a strong government and a strong business in a society, in many Mars-based science fiction films, government and business seem to represent two sides of a continuum. The stronger the business power structure in the film, the weaker the governmental power structure, and vice-versa.展开更多
This paper explores how the body discourses constructed by patriarchal culture influence individual's body viewpoint and form teachers' body image in educational fields in gender perspectives of feminisms and the co...This paper explores how the body discourses constructed by patriarchal culture influence individual's body viewpoint and form teachers' body image in educational fields in gender perspectives of feminisms and the concepts of power and discourse from Foucanlt. At the same time I will also demonstrate that the body politics of women teachers in secondary education do not represent the stable and rigid hierarchy of traditional teacher-student relationship but shape the subjectivity which are deployed and suffused as a capillary action by the disciplines and power relations interwoven by gender, sexuality, class and age throughout the individual's cognition and behavior, thus produce self-monitoring in the meantime monitoring others for social function. Finally, I will argue that how the subjectivity under the social structure and cultural norms generates an individual's agency of resistance and subversion to existing gender structures through reflectivity in the cracks produced by the collision, fragmentation, consultation within different discourses, and then finds the temporary strategic and political positioning and identity.展开更多
Nowadays, the e-mail exchange has been prevailing all over the world. Nevertheless, studies on power exercised and enacted in e-mail communication within a corporation can hardly be found at home. The present study, b...Nowadays, the e-mail exchange has been prevailing all over the world. Nevertheless, studies on power exercised and enacted in e-mail communication within a corporation can hardly be found at home. The present study, based on the theoretical framework of power& solidarity and politeness systems (Scollon,R and Scollon, S.W. 2000), is made with an attempt to explore the power relations in e-mail exchange among staffof"upper-lower" ranks within multinational corporations in China. The study shows that, in modern multinational corporations, power is an underlying force. To mask and mystify power, we need to resort to a range of linguistic strategies such as the use of relative modality, inclusive pronoun "we/our", the selection of informal words and the preferred FN (first names) forms of addressing.展开更多
The decision of local people's congresses to discuss major issues is a basic right granted to local people's congresses by the Chinese Constitution and laws.However,in practice,the implementation of the power ...The decision of local people's congresses to discuss major issues is a basic right granted to local people's congresses by the Chinese Constitution and laws.However,in practice,the implementation of the power of deliberation of major issues by local people's congresses is worrying.By applying the theory of Chinese traditionalism and unity in the theory of law,the theory of"sovereignty in the people"in the social contract theory of Western natural law school,Austin's"legal command theory55 in Western positivist law and Hart's"recognition""Rules theory"to argue that the integrity of rights necessarily involves the dual factors of decision-making and execution.At the same time,the existence and operation of the law always reflects the development of the political system.The realistic political situation requires us to make more precise and meticulous refinement of the external form and specific technical links of the legal system,and to coordinate the rules to make up the legal theory and Conflicts and conflicts in legal practice help to reform social institutions.展开更多
“Emperor’s Edict”refers to the writing of emperor himself.In the context of serving as official document,it refers to the special writ issued by emperor for sake of administering national affairs.In the official do...“Emperor’s Edict”refers to the writing of emperor himself.In the context of serving as official document,it refers to the special writ issued by emperor for sake of administering national affairs.In the official document system of Song Dynasty,“Emperor’s Edict”had always been an attention of the scholars and officials at that time due to its unusual functions in terms of drafting,promulgation and power.The Southern Song Dynasty was generally conceived by academic circles as a period when the“Administration by Emperor’s Edict”was gradually phased out.We did observe,however,with“Emperor’s Edict”placed in historical panorama of the early years of Southern Song Dynasty,an ever-strengthened power and prowess of“Emperor’s Edict”as backlit by several historical incidents such as Emperor Gaozong’s controlling and manipulating by“Emperor’s Edict”of the national armies.It reflects the political truth of strengthened imperial power in the Southern Song Dynasty.Hence,we can have access to another facet of the politics of the Southern Song Dynasty.展开更多
Politeness is a useful strategy in keeping good relation with others.Pragmatic linguists have found principles of CP and PP in this field.Power is the cause of politeness.And there is a direct relation between power a...Politeness is a useful strategy in keeping good relation with others.Pragmatic linguists have found principles of CP and PP in this field.Power is the cause of politeness.And there is a direct relation between power and politeness.展开更多
Courtroom discourse is a typical institutional discourse, which reflects the complicated discourse purpose among the participants in courtroom, with several characteristics such as: asymmetry of power relation, comple...Courtroom discourse is a typical institutional discourse, which reflects the complicated discourse purpose among the participants in courtroom, with several characteristics such as: asymmetry of power relation, complex directions of communication and complex meaning of utterance. Although courtroom discourse is restricted by special procedures or rules, it is still under the control of the cooperative principle and politeness principle. In order to achieve goals, the participants are bound to obey or violate the cooperative principle and politeness principle. This paper is based on the pragmatic theory, switching trial audio into words, trying to find out the purposes why the participants are liable to flout cooperative principle and use politeness and impoliteness strategies, in order to further explore the discourse power in courtroom. This essay not only broaden the perspective of pragmatic research, but reveal the communicative goal in terms of power relation. It will conducive to grasp the interaction conversation, so as to guarantee the fairness of court trial.展开更多
文摘In class society,fashion is identified as a sign of class position and social status,while in modern democratic society fashion’s political connotation and significance have greatly changed and is mainly displayed from the following three aspects:1)as a way of social protest from vulnerable social groups by being symbol of being an independent and free subject.However,the resistance or protest represented by fashion is no more than something ritual.2)as a way of identity and subjectivity construction,both individual and national;3)as embodiment of fashion leadership and a way of incorporation.Generally to say,fashion has played an important role in every aspect above.However,there is still a tension between them and we must manage carefully to keep a balance.
文摘During 2010-2011, Myanmar started its political transition. The U Thein SeinAdministration has made obvious policy adjustments towards China after it replaced the Mili-tary government. However, such adjustments were limited, as Myanmar hasn't totally lean tothe West, but keeping relatively closer political contact with China. Empirical analysis showsthat political institu6on and ideology are not the key reasons leading to such adjustments?China-Myanmar relations had undergone fluctuation, osdlla6on and stability during 2011-2016, the root causes of which are the legality of political power, national security based ongeopolitics and economic development demands of" Myanmar people. Moreover, those threefactors remain the primary considerations of the NLD Government when it handling relationswith China.
文摘Great changes occurred to the Japanese power structure as DPJ had taken power. The new government in Japan is now headed by DPJ and its alliance–Social Democratic Party and People's New Party, substituting for LDP-Komeito coalition government, an alternation of two conservative parties, though not in a strict sense of the two-party alternation. The election intensified the conservative politics in general, though different from the hawk conservative force in the post-cold war period. The Japanese political currents see a trend of 'de-rightwardization'. This will help to improve Japan’s relations with its Asian neighbors. Yukio Hatoyama calls for building 'fraternity society' and fostering 'fraternity' spirit in diplomatic affairs. He is for the view of attaching equal importance to U.S. and Asia.
文摘The goal of each policy should be to maintain the country's stability. This proposition becomes a keynote of thepolitical concept of the state. Machiavelli's work The Prince is not just a treatise on politics, but a text aiming tosubvert the traditional concept of political philosophy. Machiavelli devoted two main theses to political art. Thefirst one emphasizes that the ruler must work on the assumption that people are bad. Man is inherently evil.Whoever gives the republic its constitution and the law must consider all people evil in advance, and they must alsoreckon with the fact that the people will show their perverse nature whenever they get the chance.
文摘Organizational power politics permeates all actions within an organization. Power is one person's ability to exert change on another person's way of life and actions. Using power is a valuable means to influence and achieve intended desires and future action in others. Power is instrumental; it's a means to achieve goals other than the attainment of power itself. Power may also be expressed as one person's dependence on another. Power can, and sometimes is, a goal; its basic use is instrumental in the achievement of one's goals or aims. This paper is part of a descriptive analysis section from a study conducted on organizational power and leadership. The researcher gathered insights into the lived experiences of like-minded sample of respondents as they described organizational power politics and how they view and use power in their vanous leadership positions .
文摘This paper focuses on some literary expressions of the role of faith in our engagement with things political from the pen of C. S. Lewis, whose writings are distinguished by a combination of intellectual force and imaginative flair. In an increasingly secular climate, he sought to bring God back into the equation, and it is not surprising to find some current issues addressed within his imaginative representations of a vibrant spiritual reality. His ideas and ideology are inextricably linked to his Christian faith. Several critical essays reflect his interest in both theology and political issues including: the ethical use of technology, civil liberties, ecology, pacifism, and animal rights. This material forms the layers of his science-fiction trilogy which includes themes of spiritual warfare, factions, faith, and a fairy tale ending. His theology was not confined to the disciplines of a particular school of thought and his approach to things political follows no party line. His critical essays and stories are concerned with the practicalities of life, but are never reduced to a merely social gospel; they always have a cosmic dimension.
文摘The Tatmadaw remains the most regardless of other changes to powerful political entity in Myanmar, motivated to preserve four core interests the state and society--maintenance of complete institutional autonomy and independence; exclusive control over security portfolios; veto powers over constitutional change; and inhibiting prosecution for actions conducted during the Junta era. These interests are embedded within and supported by a praetorian ethos pillared upon a national security narrative justifying the military's ongoing political involvement while the democratic process continues to mature, including past the upcoming parliamentary elections this November. New institutions and practices, however, have opened the political realm in unprecedented ways. Within this increasingly shifting political landscape, it is uncertain the unity and coherence of the regime--the military and their retired brethren in charge of the executive and parliament to maintain power, especially due to the large manipulations of the electoral and democratic processes which would be required to ensure their rule. Military intervention cannot be ruled out, but the Tatmadaw is reluctant to overtly and aggressively regain control politically unless it feels its core interests will be irrevocably and immediately compromised by a new government. With their roles and responsibilities protected, the military may feel they can control, or at least marginalize, a parliament and/or government hostile to its interests. The 2015 elections will not, therefore, mark the end of the military's preponderant political influence but continue to erode their control over the pathways of political power and may bring about the first truly civilian-military government in the country's transition away from military rule; a significant milestone as those outside the old, yet still influential, military regime gain access to begrudgingly-ceded power.
文摘Power,often seen as a tool for control,extends beyond individuals to encompass decisions and resources.Various groups hold varying degrees of power in society,employing tactics to gain and expand it.Politics is essentially the use of power to achieve goals,often stemming from conflicts between personal and organizational objectives.This occurs in situations marked by autocratic decision-making,unclear authority,resource scarcity,and uncertainty,when organizational politics contradict employees’interests,trust erodes,prioritizing individual concerns over collective goals.Constructive politics,however,empower and differentiate between ethical and unethical behavior.Gender,a socially constructed variable,is influenced by psychology and sociology literature,affecting power dynamics.This paper explores the interplay of power and politics in society,striving for a more equitable and progressive outcome while addressing their contribution to gender inequality.Globalization and economic restructuring impose changes,fostering discrimination and preferential treatment.We examine policy implementations in food,agriculture,health,and education,finding that despite significant changes,they often fail to benefit disadvantaged populations.
文摘Machiavelli was a controversial political thinker. His ideas of morality and politics created a new chapter of western ideal and also created a great stir in history. His Prince presented all his ideas and hopes, all had its present meaning in modern time.
文摘This paper develops a phenomenology of power in its various forms based on the account of the relationship between domination and freedom given by Niccol6 Machiavelli and ttienne de La Bo6tie. These authors are read in such a way as to extract the contemporary meaning of power in relation to the concept of appearance. Both authors link domination to other forms of violent power (oppression, exploitation, and exclusion), and while they recognize the inevitable role of appearances in politics, they oppose the tendency of rulers to use appearances to maintain their power over the people. The sharing of intellectual power is then the most likely way for popular power, once it makes its appearance in society, to lead to transformations in governmental and economic power.
文摘Due to the symbiotic relations between oil and the contemporary Middle East, a global energy transition is bound to affect the Middle East's international status and the power structure among its countries. The power gap between rich and poor countries will widen, and the “big politics of small states” in countries such as the United Arab Emirates and Qatar may become more prominent. As economic development has become the top priority of national strategies, many hot spots in the Middle East have cooled down as relations between rival countries have eased and there are even signs of multilateral economic cooperation. Meanwhile, there are signs of vicious economic competition among related countries. With the decline of the Middle East's global importance, the United States and Europe are moving further away while the interdependence between Asia and the Middle East is increasing. Reforms to tackle the energy transition in the Middle East are a race against time, difficult, and uncertain, but the signs so far are positive.
文摘This paper will apply a politically oriented description-critique paradigm developed from the works of Whitehall and Grewell that offers a way to examine works of popular culture, particularly Mars-based science fiction films. Because of the unique nature of these films, primarily which they are set in a future and distant world, they allow us to explore the socio-political landscape in which they were created from a remove that does not exist in "real-world" based works. Specifically we will be examining the governing power (in any particular Mars-based science fiction film) that might be either wielded by business interests or governmental interests. Although it is possible to have both a strong government and a strong business in a society, in many Mars-based science fiction films, government and business seem to represent two sides of a continuum. The stronger the business power structure in the film, the weaker the governmental power structure, and vice-versa.
文摘This paper explores how the body discourses constructed by patriarchal culture influence individual's body viewpoint and form teachers' body image in educational fields in gender perspectives of feminisms and the concepts of power and discourse from Foucanlt. At the same time I will also demonstrate that the body politics of women teachers in secondary education do not represent the stable and rigid hierarchy of traditional teacher-student relationship but shape the subjectivity which are deployed and suffused as a capillary action by the disciplines and power relations interwoven by gender, sexuality, class and age throughout the individual's cognition and behavior, thus produce self-monitoring in the meantime monitoring others for social function. Finally, I will argue that how the subjectivity under the social structure and cultural norms generates an individual's agency of resistance and subversion to existing gender structures through reflectivity in the cracks produced by the collision, fragmentation, consultation within different discourses, and then finds the temporary strategic and political positioning and identity.
文摘Nowadays, the e-mail exchange has been prevailing all over the world. Nevertheless, studies on power exercised and enacted in e-mail communication within a corporation can hardly be found at home. The present study, based on the theoretical framework of power& solidarity and politeness systems (Scollon,R and Scollon, S.W. 2000), is made with an attempt to explore the power relations in e-mail exchange among staffof"upper-lower" ranks within multinational corporations in China. The study shows that, in modern multinational corporations, power is an underlying force. To mask and mystify power, we need to resort to a range of linguistic strategies such as the use of relative modality, inclusive pronoun "we/our", the selection of informal words and the preferred FN (first names) forms of addressing.
文摘The decision of local people's congresses to discuss major issues is a basic right granted to local people's congresses by the Chinese Constitution and laws.However,in practice,the implementation of the power of deliberation of major issues by local people's congresses is worrying.By applying the theory of Chinese traditionalism and unity in the theory of law,the theory of"sovereignty in the people"in the social contract theory of Western natural law school,Austin's"legal command theory55 in Western positivist law and Hart's"recognition""Rules theory"to argue that the integrity of rights necessarily involves the dual factors of decision-making and execution.At the same time,the existence and operation of the law always reflects the development of the political system.The realistic political situation requires us to make more precise and meticulous refinement of the external form and specific technical links of the legal system,and to coordinate the rules to make up the legal theory and Conflicts and conflicts in legal practice help to reform social institutions.
文摘“Emperor’s Edict”refers to the writing of emperor himself.In the context of serving as official document,it refers to the special writ issued by emperor for sake of administering national affairs.In the official document system of Song Dynasty,“Emperor’s Edict”had always been an attention of the scholars and officials at that time due to its unusual functions in terms of drafting,promulgation and power.The Southern Song Dynasty was generally conceived by academic circles as a period when the“Administration by Emperor’s Edict”was gradually phased out.We did observe,however,with“Emperor’s Edict”placed in historical panorama of the early years of Southern Song Dynasty,an ever-strengthened power and prowess of“Emperor’s Edict”as backlit by several historical incidents such as Emperor Gaozong’s controlling and manipulating by“Emperor’s Edict”of the national armies.It reflects the political truth of strengthened imperial power in the Southern Song Dynasty.Hence,we can have access to another facet of the politics of the Southern Song Dynasty.
文摘Politeness is a useful strategy in keeping good relation with others.Pragmatic linguists have found principles of CP and PP in this field.Power is the cause of politeness.And there is a direct relation between power and politeness.
文摘Courtroom discourse is a typical institutional discourse, which reflects the complicated discourse purpose among the participants in courtroom, with several characteristics such as: asymmetry of power relation, complex directions of communication and complex meaning of utterance. Although courtroom discourse is restricted by special procedures or rules, it is still under the control of the cooperative principle and politeness principle. In order to achieve goals, the participants are bound to obey or violate the cooperative principle and politeness principle. This paper is based on the pragmatic theory, switching trial audio into words, trying to find out the purposes why the participants are liable to flout cooperative principle and use politeness and impoliteness strategies, in order to further explore the discourse power in courtroom. This essay not only broaden the perspective of pragmatic research, but reveal the communicative goal in terms of power relation. It will conducive to grasp the interaction conversation, so as to guarantee the fairness of court trial.