Test and numerical investigations on static and dynamic characteristics of extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under vehicle loads

The present work is aimed at studying the mechanic properties of the extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under static and dynamic vehicle loads. Based on the field test using 12 heavy trucks and finite element simulations, the static deformations of different components, stress increments and distributions of the girder, as well as the vibration characteristics and damping ratio of the Hunan Road Bridge were analyzed, which is the widest self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present. The dynamic responses were calculated using the Newmark-β integration method assisted by the simulation models of bridge and vehicles, the influences on the dynamic impact coefficient(DIC) brought by the vehicle parameters, girder width, eccentricity travel and deck flatness were also researched. The spatial effect of the girder is obvious due to the extra width, which performs as the stress increments distribute unevenly along the transverse direction, and the girder deflections and stress increments of the upper plate change as a "V" and "M" shape respectively under the symmetrical vehicle loads affected by the shear lag effect, cross slope and local effect of the wheels, the maximum of stress increments are located in the junctions with the inner webs. The obvious girder torsional deformation and the apparent unevenness of the hanger forces between the two cable planes under the eccentric vehicle loads, together with the mode shapes such as the girder transverse bending and torsion which appear relatively earlier, all reflect the weakened torsional rigidity of the extra-wide girder. The transverse displacements of towers are more obvious than the longitudinal ones. As for the influences on the DIC, the static effect of the heavier vehicles plays a major role when pass through with a higher speed and the changes of vehicle suspension stiffness generate greater impacts than the suspension damp. The values of DIC in the vehicle-running side during the eccentric travel, affected by the restricts from the static effects of the eccentric moving trucks, are significantly smaller than the vehicle-free side, the increase in the road roughness is the most sensitive one among the above influential factors. The results could provide references for the design, static and dynamic response analysis of the similar extra-wide suspension bridges.

Health monitoring and comparative analysis of time-dependent effect using different prediction models for self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder

The structural health status of Hunan Road Bridge during its two-year service period from April 2015 to April 2017 was studied based on monitored data.The Hunan Road Bridge is the widest concrete self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present.Its structural changes and safety were evaluated using the health monitoring data,which included deformations,detailed stresses,and vibration characteristics.The influences of the single and dual effects comprising the ambient temperature changes and concrete shrinkage and creep(S&C)were analyzed based on the measured data.The ANSYS beam finite element model was established and validated by the measured bridge completion state.The comparative analyses of the prediction results of long-term concrete S&C effects were conducted using CEB-FIP 90 and B3 prediction models.The age-adjusted effective modulus method was adopted to simulate the aging behavior of concrete.Prestress relaxation was considered in the stepwise calculation.The results show that the transverse deviations of the towers are noteworthy.The spatial effect of the extra-wide girder is significant,as the compressive stress variations at the girder were uneven along the transverse direction.General increase and decrease in the girder compressive stresses were caused by seasonal ambient warming and cooling,respectively.The temperature gradient effects in the main girder were significant.Comparisons with the measured data showed that more accurate prediction results were obtained with the B3 prediction model,which can consider the concrete material parameters,than with the CEB-FIP 90 model.Significant deflection of the midspan girder in the middle region will be caused by the deviations of the cable anchoring positions at the girder ends and tower tops toward the midspan due to concrete S&C.The increase in the compressive stresses at the top plate and decrease in the stresses at the bottom plate at the middle midspan will be significant.The pre-deviations of the towers toward the sidespan and pre-lift of the midspan girder can reduce the adverse influences of concrete S&C on the structural health of the self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder.

Study of Vertical Seismic Response of Concrete Self-Anchored Suspension Bridges

Based on the variational prineiple of incomplete generalized potential energy with large deflection, the vertical nonlinear vibrational differential equation of self-anchored suspension bridge is presented by taking the effect of coupling of flexural and axial action into consideration. The linear vertical equation is obtained by omitting the nonlinear term, and the pseudo excitation method(PEM). Taking the self-anchored concrete suspension bridge over Lanqi Songhua river for an example, the expected peak responses of main beam, towers and cables are calculated. And the seismic spatial effects on vertical seismic response of self-anchored suspension bridges are discussed.

Spatial structural analysis of main saddle for single tower spatial cable self-anchored suspension bridge

Based on the engineering background of the Jiangxinzhou Bridge in Nanjing, issues related to the spatial main saddle of the self-anchored suspension bridge are studied. The refinement finite element model is established by the secondary development technology based on the platform of the general finite element program, and a reasonable load pattern is used in its spatial structural analysis, by which its path of force transference and stress distribution are obtained. Matched with the spatial main cable, the tangency point correction method is also discussed. The results show that the lateral wall stress of the saddle groove is higher than the stress within the wall due to the role of lateral forces in the finished bridge state; the horizontal volume force of the main cable can generate a gradient distributed vertical extrusion pressure on the saddle clamping device and the main saddle body; the geometric nonlinear effect of the self- anchored suspension bridge cable system in the construction process is significant, which can be reflected in the spatial tangent point position of the main cable with the main saddle changes a lot from free cable to finished cable.

Determination of reasonable finished state of self-anchored suspension bridges

A systematic and generic procedure for the determination of the reasonable finished state of self-anchored suspension bridges is proposed, the realization of which is mainly through adjustment of the hanger tensions. The initial hanger tensions are first obtained through an iterative analysis by combining the girder-tower-only finite element(FE) model with the analytical program for shape finding of the spatial cable system. These initial hanger tensions, together with the corresponding cable coordinates and internal forces, are then included into the FE model of the total bridge system, the nonlinear analysis of which involves the optimization technique. Calculations are repeated until the optimization algorithm converges to the most optimal hanger tensions(i.e. the desired reasonable finished bridge state). The "temperature rigid arm" is introduced to offset the unavoidable initial deformations of the girder and tower, which are due to the huge axial forces originated from the main cable. Moreover, by changing the stiffness coefficient K in the girder-tower-only FE model, the stiffness proportion of the main girder, the tower or the cable subsystem in the whole structural system could be adjusted according to the design intentions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined and demonstrated by one simple tutorial example and one self-anchored suspension bridge.

Numerical investigation of temperature gradient-induced thermal stress for steel–concrete composite bridge deck in suspension bridges

A3D finite element model(FEM)with realistic field measurements of temperature distributions is proposed to investigate the thermal stress variation in the steel–concrete composite bridge deck system.First,a brief literaturereview indicates that traditional thermal stress calculation in suspension bridges is based on the2D plane structure with simplified temperature profiles on bridges.Thus,a3D FEM is proposed for accurate stress analysis.The focus is on the incorporation of full field arbitrary temperature profile for the stress analysis.Following this,the effect of realistic temperature distribution on the structure is investigated in detail and an example using field measurements of Aizhai Bridge is integrated with the proposed3D FEM model.Parametric studies are used to illustrate the effect of different parameters on the thermal stress distribution in the bridge structure.Next,the discussion and comparison of the proposed methodology and simplified calculation method in the standard is given.The calculation difference and their potential impact on the structure are shown in detail.Finally,some conclusions and recommendations for future bridge analysis and design are given based on the proposed study.

Seismic Behavior Analysis of Steel Tower of Self-anchored Suspension Bridge

Self-anchored suspension bridge is composed of tower and its foundation, stiffened beam, main cable, sling, side pier and its foundation, auxiliary pier and its foundation. The performance and importance of the components of the bridge are different. The main tower of self-anchored suspension bridge is a very important component. Once the injury and damage occur under earthquake, it is not only difficult to inspect and repair, let alone replace. This paper calculates the seismic performance of self-anchored suspen-sion bridge steel tower based on the application of Wuhan Gutian Bridge steel tower.

Study on seismic response control of a single-tower self-anchored suspension bridge with elastic-plastic steel damper

Elastic-plastic steel damper(EPSD) is a new device controlling seismic responses.The mechanical principle of EPSD was presented and a comparison was conducted between the theoretical formulas and finite element(FE) simulation of damper units.The verified force-displacement hysteretic curve of the damper system was obtained with reference to tests.The Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Bridge(NJB) was subsequently taken as the case to investigate the seismic response control effect of EPSDs on single-tower self-anchored suspension bridges.A 3-dimensional FE model of the bridge was established in ANSYS and the dynamic and static analyses of the bridge were conducted,the control effect of EPSDs under different seismic waves was further investigated through nonlinear time-history analysis based on the validated model.Results showed that both the simplified theoretical and FE simulation methods can preferable reflect the mechanical performance of EPSD,and that seismic responses of NJB with EPSDs are better than those with elastic connection device or fluid viscous damper.However,the control effect of EPSDs is influenced by seismic wave characteristics.

Calculation method on shape finding of self-anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables

Based on the spatial model,a reliable and accurate calculation method on the shape finding of self anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables was studiedin this paper.On the principle that the shape of the main cables between hangers is catenary,the iteration method of calculating the shapes of the spatial main cables under the load of hanger forces was deduced.The reasonable position of the saddle was determined according to the shape and the theoretical joint point of the main cables.The shapes of the main cables at completed cable stage werecalculated based on the unchanging principle of the zero-stress lengths of the main cables.By using a numerical method combining with the finite element method,one self-anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables was analyzed.The zero-stress length of the main cables,the position of the saddle,and the pre-offsetting of the saddle of the self-anchored suspension bridge were given.The reasonable shapes of the main cables at bridge completion stage and completed cable stage were presented.The results show that the shape-finding calculation method is effective and reliable.

Comprehensive Optimal Control on Seismic Response of a Single-Tower Self-Anchored Suspension Bridge

Earthquake may cause severe damage to all kinds of bridge such as the falling down of the girder; therefore,effective measures should be employed to control the seismic displacement. In this paper,the method of comprehensive optimal control,com-bined with analytic hierarchy process,is employed to investigate the seismic response control of the Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Bridge,which is a single-tower self-anchored suspension bridge （SSSB）. Also,3-dimensional nonlinear seismic response analyses are con-ducted. Three types of practical connection measures for seismic response control of SSSB are investigated,and the optimal pa-rameters of the connection devices are achieved by this method. Results show that both the elastic connection devices and the damp-ers with rational parameters can reduce the seismic displacement of the bridge effectively,but the elastic connection devices will in-crease the seismic force of the tower. When all factors are consid-ered,the optimal measure is by using the elastic connection devices and the dampers together. These results can provide references for seismic response control of SSSBs.

开口断面钢-混结合梁悬索桥颤振特性及颤振形态研究

为准确评估开口断面双边箱钢-混结合梁悬索桥颤振性能和多模态参与效应,以典型的钢-混结合梁悬索桥——怀化洞庭溪沅水特大桥为背景,开展风洞模型试验及数值分析。制作加劲梁节段缩尺模型并进行风洞试验,测试原桥梁结构的颤振性能,分析调整阻尼比、采用气动措施及结构措施对结构颤振特性的影响,采用三维和二维两种颤振分析方法分析设置中央扣结构的颤振模态及多模态参与效应。结果表明:该钢-混结合梁悬索桥存在较明显的颤振起振点,且颤振是以扭转为主的弯扭耦合振动,同时其扭转和竖向振动存在较大的相位差(相差近180°);节段模型风洞试验与三维和二维颤振分析一致得到设置中央扣后,频率较高的正对称扭转模态先于反对称模态发生颤振,且三维与二维颤振分析结果相差不大。

大跨度钢-混结合梁悬索桥涡激振动控制指标体系研究

为保证已建桥梁发生涡激振动后桥梁结构的安全以及桥上行车和行人安全,提出综合考虑人员舒适性、结构受力和停车线形三方面的大跨度钢-混结合梁悬索桥涡激振动控制指标体系。该体系包含9项指标,分别为驾乘人员舒适度、驾乘人员晕动症、行人舒适度(狄克曼指标)、加劲梁强度、加劲梁应力、加劲梁挠度、桥面纵坡、竖曲线半径和停车视距。以武汉鹦鹉洲长江大桥为背景,分别计算了“限速”和“封桥”2个交通管制措施下9项指标对应的涡激振动振幅限值。在此基础上,将9项指标对应的涡激振动振幅限值的最小值作为涡激振动限值建议取值。结果表明:当该桥发生低阶竖弯涡激振动(VS1、VAS1)时,涡激振动的控制因素为加劲梁挠度指标;当大桥发生VAS2模态的竖弯涡激振动时,涡激振动由驾乘人员晕动症指标和行人舒适度指标共同控制;当大桥发生高阶竖弯涡激振动(VAS3、VAS4)时,涡激振动由行人舒适度指标控制。涡激振动控制指标体系及限值标准的计算框架可适用于不同桥型涡激振动限值的计算。

爆炸作用下超宽自锚式悬索桥动力响应研究

为研究超宽混凝土自锚式悬索桥在爆炸荷载作用下动力响应和毁伤特征,以某超宽混凝土自锚式悬索桥为工程背景,采用数值模拟文法,分析桥面近距爆炸作用下超宽箱梁顶面破口形态、底板竖向位移等动力响应。首先,利用Solidworks软件和Hypermesh软件建立整体桥梁的精细化有限元模型;其次,采用Ansys/LS-DYNA软件和*LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED(LBE)方法施加爆炸荷载,并结合文献中混凝土构件爆炸试验结果验证计算方法的可靠性;最后,参数化分析不同炸药当量和沿横纵桥向不同爆炸位置工况下桥梁的动力响应。结果表明:当TNT当量为300 kg时,爆心正下方混凝土单元应力达极限值发生失效,形成椭圆形贯穿破口。随着TNT药量的增大,爆心正下方底板中心处的竖向位移峰值不断增大,1 000 kg药量工况下爆炸50 ms后竖向位移达135.9 mm。随着至爆心的距离增大,底板竖向位移减小,且竖向位移的增大速度减缓。吊杆内力变化与相连的箱梁底板竖向位移具有相关性,箱梁底板竖向位移越大,吊杆内力变化达到第一峰的峰值越高。相同爆炸当量工况下,爆心处于横、纵桥向不同位置时,超宽箱梁动力响应和破口形态的区别主要由横隔梁、腹板的支撑和约束作用不同引起。研究结果可为混凝土自锚式悬索桥的抗爆防护与加固提供重要依据。

瓯江北口大桥南引桥顶升施工技术

桥梁顶升技术作为一种有效的桥梁纠偏手段被广泛应用于桥梁线形调整方面。基于瓯江北口大桥南引桥第1联实际工程情况分析了该桥梁工程顶升施工的重难点,并依此建立适宜的桥梁顶升施工方案。采用理论计算与现场实测相结合的方法对顶升过程中箱梁的位移与应力进行有效监控分析,结果显示,该施工方案较好地指导了顶升施工。南引桥第1联各部位箱梁的实测顶升高度与设计顶升高度偏差均<10%。顶升过程中S02,S03号墩支座处梁体上缘呈受拉趋势,且未超过混凝土受拉强度,符合理论变化趋势。支座截面处箱梁应力变化规律与顶升高度变化规律相吻合。

钢管混凝土吊杆拱桥检测评估及加固改造探讨

文中以贵州省普通国省干线公路桥梁定期检查服务QLDJ-01标段钢管混凝土吊杆拱桥为例,对该桥的检测评估及加固改造方案进行分析;针对病害情况,提出更换吊杆、增设加劲纵梁、主拱圈灌浆、拱座加固、混凝土构件缺陷修复等加固改造方案,以提高桥梁结构安全性。

洪塘大桥自锚式悬索桥设计要点

洪塘大桥位于福州西郊,跨越乌龙江,需原桥位拓宽改建,新建主桥采用自锚式悬索桥。基于施工期间保通车的民生要求,提出了三阶段横向拼接施工的设计方案,建成了国内第一座在改建工程中实现保通车目标的自锚式悬索桥。首次提出了主缆平弯锚固方案,改善了主缆锚固区的管养条件。采用有限元程序对桥梁运营及施工过程中的关键工序进行仿真分析,根据分析结果指导施工和施工控制,现场监测数据表明计算值与实测值相符。

双边箱钢-砼组合梁悬索桥气动抑振措施试验分析

钢-砼组合梁由于其良好的力学性能被广泛应用于大跨度桥梁建设中,但作为一种典型的钝体断面,其气动稳定性较差,对风的作用较敏感,易产生涡振现象。依托南镇大桥项目,以双边箱钢-砼组合梁悬索桥为分析背景,采用风洞试验与CFD数值模拟的方法,研究对比单一、组合气动措施,包括封闭栏杆、改变检修车轨道位置、增加导流板、稳定板等,对该主梁原始断面的气动抑振性能进行分析。风洞试验表明,原设计双边箱钢-砼组合梁断面易引发涡振且出现竖弯与扭转耦合双峰涡振。当采用“封闭中央护栏+内移检修车轨道位置”组合气动措施时,可显著降低主梁的涡振振幅,制振效果显著。CFD数值模拟结果表明,双边箱钢-砼组合梁断面的涡振产生与上游边主梁及下游边主梁的涡脱尺寸有关,气动措施打碎涡脱尺寸有利于抑振。

自锚式悬索桥钢混结合段受力性能试验研究

为保证混合梁在钢混结合段内力传递平顺,本文以海南省琼海市博鳌乐城先行区乐城大桥为依托工程,通过模型试验和精细化有限元分析研究了自锚式悬索桥钢混结合段的受力特性。根据应力等效原则设计制作部分截面1∶4缩尺试验模型,分级加载至1.7倍承载力工况得到试验模型的应力、变形、破坏模式并与有限元分析结果对比,建立全桥截面节段模型分析钢混结合段的传力机理。结果表明:承载力工况下,乐城大桥钢混结合段受力合理、结构安全;该钢混结合段受负弯矩影响大,潜在破坏模式为钢梁顶板与混凝土梁顶板在钢-混连接面的分离;预应力钢束是保证弯矩传递的重要措施,其余钢梁内力通过承压板与剪力钉逐步传递至混凝土。本文研究成果可为同类桥梁的设计优化和施工监控提供参考。

大跨钢桁结合梁悬索桥现浇桥面板拉应力优化研究

为改善大跨钢桁结合梁悬索桥现浇桥面板的拉应力,解决现浇桥面板在负弯矩区易开裂的问题,以四川卡哈洛金沙江大桥(主跨1030 m的钢桁结合梁悬索桥)为背景,对现浇桥面板拉应力优化进行研究。采用有限元软件BNLAS建立桥梁三维模型,通过施工阶段分析揭示现浇桥面板拉应力产生的机理,研究浇筑长度、桥面板浇筑顺序、工作面数量3个因素对浇筑后桥面板与钢桁梁应力的影响。结果表明:减小现浇桥面板浇筑长度可有效降低其浇筑后最大拉应力,但当浇筑长度较小时,继续减小浇筑长度对降低桥面板拉应力的效果会减弱;不同桥面板浇筑顺序对桥面板浇筑后的应力有较大影响,将工作面在主跨范围内均匀布置可以得到较优的应力;增加工作面数量可进一步降低桥面板的拉应力,降低浇筑过程中钢桁梁杆件最大应力,工作面数量从2个增加到4个,对降低现浇桥面板浇筑后最大拉应力效果较好。建议该桥现浇桥面板施工采用浇筑长度84 m、工作面数量4个、工作面沿主跨均匀布置的方案。

G3铜陵长江公铁大桥总体设计

G3铜陵长江公铁大桥工程全长11.877 km,包括公铁合建段、公路引桥及接线段两部分。公铁合建段通行6车道高速公路、2线普速铁路和2线预留城际铁路,公铁上、下分层布置。跨江主桥为主跨988 m的斜拉-悬索协作体系桥,主梁采用钢桁梁,桥塔采用钢筋混凝土门形塔+钻孔桩基础,南锚碇采用复合板桩嵌岩扩大基础,北锚碇采用复合式地下连续墙基础。公铁合建段引桥上层公路梁采用跨径32.7 m的混凝土连续箱梁,下层铁路梁采用相同跨度的混凝土简支箱梁。公路单建段引桥分幅布置,单幅桥面宽16.25 m,标准跨采用跨径30 m的预制混凝土连续小箱梁,部分跨线节点采用非标准跨变高现浇混凝土连续大箱梁。江北侧公路接线段设双喇叭互通立交,新建匝道收费站;江南侧公路接线段与服务区合并设置单喇叭互通立交,利用既有铜陵南收费站。