Evaluation Method and Mitigation Strategies for Shrinkage Cracking of Modern Concrete

The complex compositions and large shrinkage of concrete,as well as the strong constraints of the structures,often lead to prominent shrinkage cracking problems in modem concrete structures.This paper first introduces a multi-field(hydro-thermo-hygro-constraint)coupling model with the hydration degree of cementitious materials as the basic state parameter to estimate the shrinkage cracking risk of hardening concrete under coupling effects.Second,three new key technologies are illustrated:temperature rise inhibition,full-stage shrinkage compensation,and shrinkage reduction technologies.These technologies can efficiently reduce the thermal,autogenous,and drying shrinkages of concrete.There after,a design process based on the theoretical model and key technologies is proposed to control thecracking risk index below the threshold value.Finally,two engineering application examples are provided that demonstrate that concrete shrinkage cracking can be significantly mitigated by adopting the proposed methods and technologies.

Piezoelectric-based Crack Detection Techniques of Concrete Structures:Experimental Study

Feasibility of a wave propagation-based active crack detection technique for nondestructive evaluations （NDE） of concrete structures with surface bonded and embedded piezoelectric-ceramic （PZT） patches was studied. At first, the wave propagation mechanisms in concrete were analyzed. Then, an active sensing system with integrated actuators/sensors was constructed. One PZT patch was used as an actuator to generate high frequency waves, and the other PZT patches were used as sensors to detect the propagating wave. Scattered wave signals from the damage can be obtained by subtracting the baseline signal of the intact structure from the recorded signal of the damaged structure. In the experimental study, progressive cracked damage inflicted artificially on the plain concrete beam is assessed by using both lateral and thickness modes of the PZT patches. The results indicate that with the increasing number and severity of cracks, the magnitude of the sensor output decreases for the surface bonded PZT patches, and increases for the embedded PZT patches.

Introduction of a Japan Concrete Institute Guideline： Practical Guideline for Investigation, Repair and Strengthening of Cracked Concrete Structures

There are many cracked concrete structures worldwide. Although there have been numerous efforts to eliminate cracks, some cracks are very harmful and should be repaired as soon as possible. On the other hand, some cracks are almost harmless. So, a good guideline regarding how to deal with cracks in concrete structures is needed. In this guideline, the practical investigation, repair and strengthening method of cracked concrete structures is discussed. And the detecting subjects are cracks generated immediately after casting and during the service time. This guideline targets on the owners （including managers） of concrete structure and the engineers working for the maintenance of concrete structure. JCI （Japan Concrete Institute） published first version of ＂Practical Guideline for Investigation and Repair of Cracked Concrete Structures＂ in 1980, and then the fourth version titled ＂Practical Guideline for Investigation, Repair and Strengthening of Cracked Concrete Structures--2009＂ was published. This guideline is very practical when cracks are observed in existing concrete structures, in any other countries as well as in Japan. These three authors led the establishment of this guideline.

Introduction of a JCl Guideline： Practical Guideline for Investigation, Repair and Strengthening of Cracked Concrete Structures

There are many cracked concrete structures, although there have been numerous efforts to eliminate cracks. Some cracks are very harmful and should be repaired as soon as possible. On the other hand, the other cracks are almost harmless. So, a good guideline about how to deal with cracks in concrete structures had been needed. JCI （Japan Concrete Institute） published the first version of ＂Practical Guideline for Investigation and Repair of Cracked Concrete Structures＂ in 1980, the second version in 1987, the third version in 2003, and then the fourth version titled ＂Practical Guideline for Investigation, Repair and Strengthening of Cracked Concrete Structures-2009＂ was published. This Guideline is very practical, when cracks are observed in existed concrete structures, in any other countries as well as in Japan.

Analysis of Concrete Crack Treatment Technologies in Buildings

With the continuous development of civil engineering,concrete crack treatment technology has become an important research field.This paper proposes treatment techniques for different types of cracks,including the prevention and repair of surface cracks,the reinforcement and grouting of structural cracks,and the design and construction of controlled cracks through the analysis of the causes and classification of concrete cracks.The methods and suggestions proposed in this paper are practical and can improve the quality and safety of buildings.

Analysis on Construction Technology of Concrete Structure in Civil Engineering

The rapid development of science and technology puts forward higher requirements for new building construction,especially in civil engineering construction.The construction quality of construction engineering is the core management and the testing link.The Concrete structure is an important safety and quality guarantee in the project and is the top priority in the civil engineering.In civil engineering,the concrete structure has an important social impact on the continuous research and development,and application of construction technology.This paper,discuss the advantage and disadvantage of using concrete in building construction.

Abnormality diagnosis of cracks in the concrete dam based on dynamical structure mutation

A method of the fuzzy cross-correlation factor exponent in dynamics is researched and proposed to diagnose abnormality of cracks in the concrete dam. Moreover, the Logistic time series changing from period-doubling bifurcation to chaos is tested first using this method. Results indicate that it can distinguish inherent dynamics of time series and can detect mutations. Considering that cracks in the concrete dam constitute an open, dissipative and complex nonlinear dynamical system, a typical crack on the downstream face of a concrete gravity arch dam is analyzed with the proposed method. Two distinct mutations are discovered to indicate that the abnormality diagnosis of cracks in the concrete dam is achieved dynamically through this method. Furthermore, because it can be directly utilized in the measured crack opening displacement series to complete abnormality diagnosis, it has a good prospect for practical applications.

Achievements of Truss Models for Reinforced Concrete Structures

Achievements are presented for truss models of RC structures developed in previous years: 1. Two constitutive models, biaxial and triaxial, are based on regular trusses, with bars obeying nonlinear uniaxial σ-ε laws of material under simulation;both models have been compared with test results and show a dependence of Poisson ratio on curvature of σ-ε law. 2. A truss finite element has been used in the nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of plane RC frames;it has been compared with test results and describes, in a simple way, the formation of plastic hinges. 3. Thanks to the very simple geometry of a truss, the equilibrium equations can be easily written and the stiffness matrix can be easily updated, both with respect to the deformed truss, within each step of a static incremental loading or within each time step of a dynamic analysis, so that to take into account geometric nonlinearities. So the confinement of a RC column is interpreted as a structural stability effect of concrete. And a significant role of the transverse reinforcement is revealed, that of preventing, by its close spacing and sufficient amount, the buckling of inner longitudinal concrete struts, which would lead to a global instability of the RC column. 4. The proposed truss model is statically indeterminate, so it exhibits some features, which are not met by the “strut-and-tie” model.

Crack detection for wading-concrete structures using water irrigation and electric heating

Cracking in wading-concrete structures has a worse impact on structural safety compared with conventional concrete structures.The accurate and timely monitoring of crack development plays a significant role in the safety of wading-concrete engineering.The heat-transfer rate near a crack is related to the flow velocity of the fluid in the crack.Based on this,a novel crack-identification method for underwater concrete structures is presented.This method uses water irrigation to generate seepage at the interface of a crack;then,the heat-dissipation rate in the crack area will increase because of the convective heat-transfer effect near the crack.Crack information can be identified by monitoring the cooling law and leakage flow near cracks.The proposed mobile crack-monitoring system consists of a heating system,temperature-measurement system,and irrigation system.A series of tests was conducted on a reinforcedconcrete beam using this system.The crack-discrimination indexψwas defined,according to the subsection characteristics of the heat-source cooling curve.The effects of the crack width,leakage flow,and relative positions of the heat source and crack onψwere studied.The results showed that the distribution characteristics ofψalong the monitoring line could accurately locate the crack,but not quantify the crack width.However,the leakage flow is sensitive to the crack width and can be used to identify it.

The Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members Under Combined Torsion and Shear

- The behavior of the reinforced concrete members subjected to combined torsion and shear is studied in this paper. Based on the skew bending failure pattern observed in tests, and according to the gradual increase in strain on the concrete surface, a nonlinear full range analysis is performed for predicting the torque-twist relationship of members under combined torsion and shear for the ratio of torsion to shear is chosen bigger than 0.5 (T/ V b> 0.5). The test results are compared with the theoretical predictions.

Experimental study on strain and deformation monitoring of reinforced concrete structures using PPP-BOTDA

Pulse-prepump Brillouin optical time domain analysis (PPP-BOTDA) is a novel technique for distributed strain measurements, in which a pre-pump pulse is inputted in front of the measuring pump pulse to stimulate the phonon, so that higher spatial resolution and measurement precision can be obtained. Principle, methodologies and technical parameters of the PPP-BOTDA are presented and the influence of temperature on measurements is discussed. Applications are made in the bond test of steel rebars and the bending test of concrete girders. Test results show that the PPP-BOTDA can provide a precise description on the strain distribution of steel rebar and concrete, exhibiting the ability for crack detection. Moreover, structural deformation can be obtained indirectly by accumulating the distributed strains along the optical fiber, thus the deflection curves of the concrete girder during the loading process are obtained. Suggestions with regards to the application of the PPP-BOTDA in strain measurements and crack monitoring for civil infrastructures are given.

FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING OF COMPLEX 3D STATIC AND DYNAMIC CRACK PROPAGATION BY EMBEDDING COHESIVE ELEMENTS IN ABAQUS

This study proposes an algorithm of embedding cohesive elements in Abaqus and develops the computer code to model 3D complex cragk propagation in quasi-brittle materials in a relatively easy and efficient manner. The cohesive elements with softening traction-separation relations and damage initiation and evolution laws are embedded between solid elements in regions of interest in the initial mesh to model potential cracks. The initial mesh can consist of tetrahedrons, wedges, bricks or a mixture of these elements. Neither remeshing nor objective crack propagation criteria are needed. Four examples of concrete specimens, including a wedgesplitting test, a notched beam under torsion, a pull-out test of an anchored cylinder and a notched beam under impact, were modelled and analysed. The simulated crack propagation processes and load-displacement curves agreed well with test results or other numerical simulations for all the examples using initial meshes with reasonable densities. Making use of Abaqus＇s rich pre/post- processing functionalities and powerful standard/explicit solvers, the developed method offers a practical tool for engineering analysts to model complex 3D fracture problems.

城市轨道交通混凝土抗裂防渗技术研究与应用

抑制混凝土开裂渗漏是保障城市轨道交通地下结构建设质量的重点和难点。以城市轨道交通地下车站为例,分析了混凝土开裂的主要原因,介绍了施工期混凝土抗裂性评估与设计方法,提出了混凝土材料抗裂性能控制指标,以及保障指标实现的材料、施工控制措施,结合实际工程,介绍了成套技术应用效果,为类似工程抗裂防渗建设质量提升提供指导。

滑坡诱发农村山区砖混结构变形及演化规律研究

作为西南山区最为频发的地质灾害之一,滑坡对山区中大量存在的砖混房屋造成严重影响,尤其农村山区中受灾最为严重,给人民群众生产生活造成巨大安全隐患.研究滑坡引起的上部砖混结构变形特征,对科学指导房屋设计防护及灾后监测点布置具有重要现实意义.本文以酉阳高园子滑坡为例,通过现场调查和裂缝参数拟合研究了滑坡区砖混结构变形破坏特征.同时基于PFC3D,构建了有限体积-离散元(Finite Volume Method-Discrete Element Method,FVM-DEM)滑坡-房屋单向耦合模型,模拟并分析了在不同工况下滑坡动态发育过程,进一步揭示了房屋裂缝产生及演化过程.结果表明:相比于普通无柱砖混结构,底框结构抵抗滑坡诱发变形破坏的能力更强,并且处于前后缘段的房屋相对中段房屋更易出现损伤破坏;房屋的长宽比不宜过小,布置房屋长边走向平行斜坡走向有利于减少滑坡对房屋造成的破坏.本文总结了在滑坡作用下,上部砖混结构的变形特征和裂缝开展规律,可为农村山区砖混结构设计和布置提供参考.

PBL抗剪传力钢筋连接接头受拉力学性能试验

装配式混凝土构件间钢筋的连接是其适用性和经济性的关键环节,针对国内工程常用的灌浆套筒和约束浆锚钢筋连接技术存在施工难度大、效率低、质量不易检验等问题,本文提出了PBL-穿孔钢筋连接接头、PBL-穿孔钢管连接接头和PBL-U形钢筋连接接头3种钢筋连接接头,实现预制混凝土单元间钢筋应力的传递,具有施工简便、质量易保证、成本低等优势。对这3种钢筋接头进行了6组参数共18个钢筋接头试件的拉伸性能试验,研究了新型接头试件的破坏模式、承载力和变形能力等,得到各参数对新型接头拉伸强度的影响规律,并对不同接头的受拉力学性能进行对比分析。研究结果表明:3种钢筋连接接头能够实现钢筋应力的有效传递,验证了新型钢筋连接接头的可行性。

横向静载作用下轨道交通预应力混凝土U型梁裂缝开展研究

为探究轨道交通预应力混凝土U型梁结构在腹板横向受力情况下的裂缝开展状况,通过回顾总结其裂缝开展成因,并以实际工程中的某标准梁段为例,进行了横向静载破坏试验,分析了U型梁结构在横向受力下的应变、挠度变化规律以及裂缝发育和损伤状况。研究结果表明,在横向对称荷载作用下,随着加载级的增大,U型梁展现出良好的整体性能和横向抗裂性能;该梁的裂缝损伤首先出现在腹板和底板处,随后逐步扩展到底板与腹板的连接部位;在破坏加载级下,腹板与翼缘发生破坏性裂缝损伤和明显的外扩变形;在高于规范撞击力建议值2倍的横向静载作用范围内,试验梁能够保持弹性工作状态,验证了采用美国ACI规范中对于列车脱轨撞击力的建议值进行U型梁横向抗撞设计的合理性。该研究成果可为轨道交通预应力混凝土U型梁的力学性能研究和结构优化设计提供更多参考。

泄水建筑物抗冲磨混凝土降粘抗裂性能研究

为改善抗冲磨混凝土的施工性和抗裂性、延长泄水建筑物衬砌混凝土的使用寿命,选用了一种新型的抗裂降粘剂,并以掺硅灰、纤维、HF剂的混凝土为比较对象,对四种混凝土的工作性能、力学性能、抗冲磨性能及抗裂性进行对比试验。结果表明,掺加抗裂降粘剂可大幅降低抗冲磨混凝土的塑性粘度,改善混凝土施工性能;掺硅灰+抗裂降粘剂的混凝土抗压强度和抗拉强度整体上优于其余混凝土,且抗冲磨强度比HF混凝土提高40%;就抗开裂能力而言,硅灰+纤维混凝土>硅灰+抗裂降粘剂混凝土>HF混凝土。因此,抗裂降粘剂能有效降低抗冲磨混凝土的粘度、提升力学性能和抗冲磨强度,降低早期开裂风险。

细观尺度下表面波法检测混凝土表面裂缝深度研究

基于表面波截止频率检测混凝土表面裂缝深度是一种有效的无损检测方法。目前通常使用频率透射比法来识别截止频率,但该方法受混凝土细观结构影响较大,识别效果较差。为提高截止频率的识别精度,本文提出了多道信号相移频散分析法,开展了表面波检测均匀介质和混凝土细观模型表面裂缝深度的有限元模拟,通过对比研究频率透射比法和多道信号相移频散分析法的检测机理和识别效果,给出了截止频率的识别标准,最后分析了骨料、孔隙率和检测频率对多道信号相移频散分析法的影响。研究结果表明,多道信号相移频散分析法的识别效果较好,且不受细观结构和缝厚比的影响;骨料粒径、含量和弹性模量的变化基本不影响该方法对截止频率的有效识别;当表面波波长小于构件厚度且孔隙率不超过4%时,该方法仍具备较好的识别效果。本研究可为实际工程中混凝土表面裂缝深度的定量检测提供理论基础。

某220m钢筋混凝土烟囱可靠性鉴定与加固方案研究

某现浇钢筋混凝土单筒式锥形烟囱已出现明显的劣化现象,混凝土筒壁表面多处出现竖向裂缝或环向裂缝,钢筋外露并出现锈蚀现象。基于此,文章全面检测了该烟囱主体结构的现状,对现状结构的安全性进行验算复核,并根据验算评估结果提出相应的加固处理方案,对同类工程具有重要的参考价值。

先简支后桥面板连续体系桥面板抗裂性能研究

先简支后桥面板连续体系是一种新型钢混组合结构,在该体系的中支点处设置一定长度的钢梁-混凝土桥面板分离段,可以改善桥面板负弯矩区的受力状态。目前对于该体系桥面板负弯矩区这一薄弱环节的试验研究尚属空白。本研究首先根据实际一座先简支后桥面板连续的钢混组合梁桥,设计制作了两跨1/4比例的缩尺模型,并通过安装、拆除带套筒剪力钉对中支点处的分离段长度进行调节。然后通过在两跨桥面上模拟单轮重轴荷载进行逐点加载试验,研究了分离段长度对桥面板受力状态和抗裂性能的影响。最后对原桥的抗裂性能进行了分析。结果表明,中支点处设置分离段的先简支后桥面板连续体系可显著改善结构的抗裂性能。本研究有助于推广先简支后桥面板连续体系在钢混组合结构中的应用、推动桥梁结构预制装配技术的发展。