Developing Sustainable High Strength Concrete Mixtures Using Local Materials and Recycled Concrete

This study presents the development of high strength concrete (HSC) that has been made more sustainable by using both local materials from central Texas and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), which has also been obtained locally. The developed mixtures were proportioned with local constituents to increase the sustainable impact of the material by reducing emissions due to shipping as well as to make HSC more affordable to a wider variety of applications. The specific constituents were: limestone, dolomite, manufactured sand (limestone), locally available Type I/II cement, silica fume, and recycled concrete aggregate, which was obtained from a local recycler which obtains their product from local demolition. Multiple variables were investigated, such as the aggregate type and size, concrete age (7, 14, and 28-days), the curing regimen, and the water-to-cement ratio (w/c) to optimize a HSC mixture that used local materials. This systematic development revealed that heat curing the specimens in a water bath at 50℃ (122oF) after demolding and then dry curing at 200℃ (392oF) two days before testing with a w/c of 0.28 at 28-days produced the highest compressive strengths. Once an optimum HSC mixture was identified a partial replacement of the coarse aggregate with RCA was completed at 10%, 20%, and 30%. The results showed a loss in compressive strength with an increase in RCA replacement percentages, with the highest strength being approximately 93.0 MPa (13,484 psi) at 28-days for the 10% RCA replacement. The lowest strength obtained from an RCA-HSC mixture was approximately 72.9 (MPa) (10,576 psi) at 7-days. The compressive strengths obtained from the HSC mixtures containing RCA developed in this study are comparable to HSC strengths presented in the literature. Developing this innovative material with local materials and RCA ultimately produces a novel sustainable construction material, reduces the costs, and produces mechanical performance similar to prepackaged, commercially, available construction building materials.

Analysis of Winter Concrete Construction in Water Conservation Project

The construction of water conservancy projects should commence during optimal atmospheric conditions and non-flood period to ensure completion before the flood season begin in summer.In most areas of Northern China,the temperature during winter remain at lower level,in which environmental factors play the most important role in the construction of water conservancy projects.In particular,low temperature directly affects the strength of concrete and delays its solidification,this highly affects the quality and progress of concrete construction.In order to overcome this barrier,better planning,for reasonable and effective construction techniques and targeted control measures should be adopted to reduce the adverse effects of low temperature to assure a strong and safe architecture.

Influence of Aggregate Grain Size on the Formulation of Sand Concrete in the Construction Industry in Congo

The main objective of this study is to contribute to the optimization of the formulation of sand concretes and its valorisation according to natural sands from different quarries or extraction sites. Physical characteristics of natural sands have been determined and improved by the addition of crushing sand, taking into account the too fine elements of the sand. Four types of sand were used (Congo River, Djiri, Mfilou, crushed sand). The concrete formulations proposed from improved sands (30% crushed sand and 70% natural sand) reveal an increase in mechanical strength. Thus, it appeared that this improvement of the natural fine sands by the crushing sand has brought a clear increase in the maneuverability of the concretes and the physico-mechanical characteristics of nearly 50%, although this crushing sand has a sand equivalent value of less than 70%. These results augur well for the durability of structures in the construction industry in Congo.

Partial Replacement of Cement by Solid Wastes as New Materials for Green Sustainable Construction Applications

The manufacturing of ordinary Portland cement is an energy-intensive process that results in pollution and CO2 emissions,among other issues.There is a need for an environmentally friendly green concrete substitute.Waste products from a variety of sectors can be recycled and used as a green concrete substitute.This decreases the environmental effects of concrete manufacturing as well as energy consumption.The use of solid waste materials for green building is extremely important now and in the future.Green concrete is also in its infancy in terms of manufacturing and application.Academics must intervene by encouraging business implementation.The aim of this review paper is to raise awareness about the importance of repurposing recycled materials and to highlight new technologies for producing green,sustainable concrete.

Development of high performance and high strength heavy concrete for radiation shielding structures

Heavy concrete currently used for construction contains special materials that are expensive and difficult to work with.This study replaced natural aggregate（stones） in concrete with round steel balls,which are inexpensive and easily obtainable.The diameters of the steel balls were 0.5 and 1 cm,and their density was 7.8 kg/m3.Dense packing mixture methods were used to produce heavy concrete with densities of 3500 and 5000 kg/m3.The various properties of this concrete were tested according to the standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials（ASTM）.The results indicated that the construction slump of the concrete could reach 260-280 mm and its slump flow could reach 610-710 mm.More important,its compressive strength could reach 8848 MPa.These results will significantly alter traditional construction methods that use heavy concrete and enhance innovative ideas for structural design.

Developing Sustainable Ultra High Strength Concrete Mixtures Using Spent Foundry Sand

This study presents the development of ultra high strength concrete(UHSC)that has been made more sustainable by using both local materials from central Texas and spent foundry sand(FS)from the metal casting industry,which has also been obtained locally.This study first describes various trial mixtures tested as well as the specimen preparation techniques investigated that led to the final UHSC-FS mixtures.The developed mixtures were proportioned with local constituents to increase the sustainable impact of the material by reducing emissions due to shipping as well as making UHSC more affordable to a wider variety of applications.The final mixture design constituents were:river sand,locally available type I/II cement,silica fume,and spent FS,which was obtained from a local steel casting company.Multiple variables were investigated,such as the aggregate type and size,concrete age(7,14,and 28-days),the curing regimen,and the water-to-cement ratio(w/cm)to optimize a UHSC mixture that used local materials and FS.This systematic development revealed that heat curing the specimens in a water bath at 50 oC(122 oF)after demolding and then dry curing at 200 oC(392 oF)two days before testing with a w/cm of 0.20 at 28-days produced the highest compressive strengths.Once an optimum UHSC mixture was identified a partial replacement of the fine aggregate with FS was completed at 10%,20%,and 30%.The results showed an increase of compressive strength performance at 10%replacement,followed by no change at 20%,and finally a slight decrease at 30%.Developing this innovative material with local materials and FS ultimately produces a novel sustainable construction material,reduces the costs,and produces mechanical performance similar to prepackaged,commercially,available construction building materials.

River Sand Characterization for Its Use in Concrete: A Revue

Despite the gradual professionalization of the construction sector as well as the abundance of sand mining sites offered by the North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo Region, ignorance of materials by local builders persists. This is the case of quarries extracting river sand used to make concrete and mortar. However, the dosages of the various constituents are most often chosen on the basis of experience without any prior characterization of this material. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the characterization of river sand for its use in concrete in DRC. The origin and global use of river sand in construction are presented in percentage terms to highlight the importance of river sand as a construction material. The physical properties of river sand, including particle size distribution, bulk density, absolute density, and cleanliness are discussed in detail. The paper examines the effect of variations in river sand properties on concrete behavior, including density and compressive strength. Overall, this paper emphasizes the need to properly characterize river sand before using it in construction to ensure durable, high-quality structures. This will avoid the problems that are observed in particular a bad behavior of the coating on the walls;cracks and crumbling of the beams, lintels, posts and even the ruin of the structures.

Semi-flowable self-consolidating concrete using industrial wastes for construction of rigid pavements in India:An overview

The construction of rigid pavements using conventionally vibrated concrete consumes a significant amount of energy as it requires rigorous vibrations.This also requires a high number of laborers and creates noise during construction.Thus,a new kind of concrete called semi-flowable self-consolidating concrete(SFSCC)for pavement construction using slip-form paving technology is reviewed in this article.The SFSCC requires no energy for compaction as it gets compacted under its self weight.It also renders shape stability in the fresh state which is critical to expedite the construction in slip form concreting.The review focuses on the need,evolution,and requirement of the ingredient materials,mix design,and methods for testing the properties of SFSCC.Further,the utilization of industrial wastes in the construction industry and the production of self-consolidating concrete are discussed.The literature on the effect of different materials on the properties of such concrete and field studies in this context are discussed.Lastly,its suitability as pavement construction material either in normal rural roads or in low-volume village roads is discussed in the Indian context.The review reveals that relatively less amount of study on SFSCC in general and as a pavement material in particular is available in the literature and pursuant to this,creates a wide scope of research.

A critical review of preparation design and workability measurement of concrete material for largescale 3D printing

In recent few years, significant improvement has been made in developing largescale 3D printers to accommodate the need of industrial-scale 3D printing. It is of great feasibility to construct structural components and buildings by means of 3D concrete printing. The major issues of this innovative technique focus on the preparation and optimization of concrete materials which possess favourable printable properties as well as the measurement and evaluation methods of their workability. This paper firstly introduces three largescale 3D printing systems that have been successfully applied in construction industry. It then summarizes the commonly used raw materials in concrete manufacturing. Critical factors that should be particularly controlled in material preparation are specified. Easy-extrusive, easy-flowing, well-buildable, proper setting time and low shrinkage are significant for concrete mixture to meet the critical requirements of a freeform construction process. Thereafter, measuring methods that can be employed to assess the fresh and hardened properties of concrete at early stages are suggested. Finally, a few of evaluation methods are presented which may offer certain assistance for optimizing material preparation. The objective of this work is to review current design methodologies and experimental measurement and evaluation methods for 3D printable concrete materials and promote its responsible use with largescale 3D printing technology.

Exploring the Synergy: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Steel and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Reinforced Slab Incorporating Alccofine and M-Sand

Introduction: This study investigates the Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Steel and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Reinforced Slab Incorporating Alccofine and M-sand. Objective: Specific objectives include evaluating the mechanical properties and structural behaviour of steel and GFRP-reinforced one-way slabs and comparing experimental and theoretical predictions. Methods: Four different mix proportions were arrived at, comprising both conventional concrete and Alccofine-based concrete. In each formulation, a combination of normal river sand and M-sand was utilized. Results: Concrete with Alccofine exhibits superior mechanical properties, while M-sand incorporation minimally affects strength but reduces reliance on natural sand. GFRP-reinforced slabs display distinct brittle behaviour with significant deflections post-cracking, contrasting steel-reinforced slabs’ gradual, ductile failure. Discrepancies between experimental data and design recommendations underscore the need for guideline refinement. Conclusion: Alccofine and M-sand enhance concrete properties, but reinforcement type significantly influences slab behaviour. GFRP-reinforced slabs, though exhibiting lower values than steel, offer advantages in harsh environments, warranting further optimization.

粉煤灰建材化增值利用:最新技术与未来展望

粉煤灰是燃煤电厂产生的大宗固体残余物,其产量巨大且逐年增加。大量的粉煤灰不加以处理,则会对生态环境造成危害,也是一种资源的浪费。粉煤灰建材化利用技术可提高资源利用效率、减低环境风险,符合大宗固废高效低碳资源化利用的需求,助力实现国家“双碳”战略目标。利用粉煤灰生产绿色建筑材料,通过优化生产工艺与开发高新技术,可提高其建材化利用效率,进而实现粉煤灰的规模化与高值化利用。总结了粉煤灰的生产概况与物理化学特性,在此基础上,系统地介绍了近年来我国主要粉煤灰建材化利用技术类型,包括用作水泥生产原料、混凝土掺合料、粉煤灰砖、人造骨料、玻璃陶瓷材料、耐火保温材料和新型智能建筑材料等。进一步重点阐述粉煤灰在建材领域资源化利用的研究现状,分析了现阶段不同技术的适用性,总结粉煤灰基绿色建材制备最新技术及未来研究面临的挑战,详细介绍了粉煤灰应用在建筑材料中的作用机理,针对粉煤灰在建材化利用中存在的问题提出思考。最后,对粉煤灰基绿色建材的研发和应用前景进行展望,提出粉煤灰“传统建材化工艺的大规模消纳”与“新型建材化技术的高值化利用”并行研究,理论研究与工程实践互为支撑,为粉煤灰建材化利用研究提供参考。

黏度改性材料对泵送混凝土性能的影响

通过引入新型滑管仪预测泵送压力,以表征黏度改性材料对混凝土施工性能的改善情况,并研究了黏度改性材料对C50泵送混凝土的力学性能、干燥收缩、耐久性能的影响。结果表明:掺入适量的黏度改性材料可以明显降低混凝土的泵送压力,改善施工性能,促进了后期强度发展,降低干燥收缩,同时提高抗氯离子渗透性能和抗冻性能;当黏度改性材料掺量为8%时,混凝土的综合性能最佳。

翼缘尺寸对地聚物混凝土T形梁抗剪性能的影响

为探究翼缘尺寸对地聚物混凝土T形梁抗剪性能的影响,对1根普通混凝土和4根不同翼缘尺寸的地聚物混凝土T形梁进行了集中荷载下的抗剪试验;试验获得了T形梁试件的承载力、挠度、钢筋应变、破坏模式及裂缝的开展等相关参数。研究结果表明:地聚物混凝土T形梁具有与普通混凝土T形梁相似的裂缝扩展、破坏模式及抗剪承载力,但其刚度和斜截面开裂荷载较低,跨中纵筋和箍筋的应变较大;将翼缘厚度与截面有效高度比值从0.24增大到0.48时,地聚物混凝土T形梁的刚度增大、跨中纵筋应变减小,抗剪承载力提高了12.7%,地聚物混凝土的归一化抗剪强度增大了25.3%;当翼缘宽度超过两倍腹板宽度时,继续增大能减小跨中纵筋应变,但地聚物混凝土T形梁的刚度、抗剪承载力及地聚物混凝土归一化抗剪强度不再增大。规范ACI 318—19和Eurocode 2的计算结果明显低估了地聚物混凝土T形梁的抗剪承载力,GB 50010—2010较接近试验值。为更好预测地聚物混凝土T形梁的计算抗剪承载力,建议在抗剪承载力计算公式中增加翼缘有效受剪面积所提供的剪力。

大体积防辐射混凝土冬季施工温差控制

以中国医学科学院肿瘤医院分院(廊坊院区)直线加速器室混凝土冬季施工为工程背景,对大体积防辐射混凝土冬季施工温差控制进行了研究。通过有限元数值模拟了混凝土温度场的分布规律,提出不同部位混凝土施工应采用不同的温差控制措施,并通过现场监测验证了温差控制措施的有效性。研究结果表明:环境温度和混凝土入模温度仅影响不同构件中混凝土的温度峰值和温升值,不会改变混凝土温度场的分布规律,即墙体、顶板和底板中混凝土的高、低温分布区域是一致的;混凝土浇筑时长影响入模温度,从而造成数值模拟结果与现场监测结果存在一定的差异,应对数值模拟结果进行修正。该研究采取的墙体双层模板、顶板蓄水养护、底板覆盖保温棉被的温差控制措施有效且稳定。

装配式混凝土建筑防水技术与措施

通过大量工程实践和文献调研,深入分析装配式建筑防水的重要性,系统梳理并划分装配式混凝土建筑的防水技术和措施。重点阐述3类常用的防水结构体系和5种构造防水措施,明确装配式混凝土建筑防水工程工作重点。装配式混凝土建筑防水措施分为结构防水、构造防水和材料防水3类,结构防水是基础,构造防水是关键,材料防水最直接。从这3方面入手,选用整体性好的结构体系、合适的防水构造、生产质量好的预制构件,并加强储存运输过程成品保护,强化预制构件安装精度和质量,关注拼缝防水处理和密封材料施工措施,注重技术联合和产品集成应用,以切实增强装配式建筑整体性和防水性能。

建筑工程建设中的大体积混凝土浇筑工艺

以某建筑工程为例,确定建筑大体积混凝土施工所需材料及配合比,阐述施工前的准备工作,详细介绍大体积混凝土相关施工工艺,对诸如大体积混凝土的浇筑、振捣、养护及温度监测等关键点予以重点讨论。通过科学理论指导施工过程,确保工程建筑整体大体积混凝土结构的建造质量,优化工程最终建筑成效。

大体积明挖隧道混凝土冬季施工保温技术研究

石家庄复兴大街白佛隧道为明挖隧道,共需浇筑混凝土15万m3。为解决冬季-15℃~0℃环境下大体积混凝土施工质量问题,采用理论分析结合现场测试的手段,对不同混凝土入模温度和各种保温措施进行对比分析,提出适用于白佛隧道冬季混凝土施工的保温技术。研究结果表明,当热水温度在40℃~60℃时,白佛隧道冬期C45混凝土出机温度在11.7℃~14.6℃之间,入模温度在7.4℃~9.7℃之间;对隧道底板、侧墙和顶板分别采用聚氨酯+电热毯+棉被、热风机和电热毯+聚氨酯+棉被方式进行保温处理后,混凝土内部与表面的温度均随着时间的延长呈先增大后减小的趋势,同时内部与表面混凝土温度均大于0℃、混凝土表面未出现裂缝。在第7 d时,隧道底板、侧墙和顶板的混凝土抗压强度分别为36.3,36.1,35.7 MPa。

水利工程混凝土冬季施工浇筑及养护技术研究

本文针对冬季施工混凝土浇筑出现实际高程与设计高程不一致,延长工程施工工期的问题,设计了水利工程混凝土冬季施工浇筑及养护技术。通过安装劲性骨架,悬臂浇筑混凝土,围绕劲性骨架进行浇筑施工,快速成型,避免混凝土浇筑出现冰冻现象。应用冬季相变养护材料及蓄热储能材料,及时对浇筑完成的混凝土进行控温补偿,从而保证冬季混凝土浇筑施工的有效性。通过实例验证,可为其他类似工程提供借鉴。

水电站大坝混凝土施工及裂缝防渗处理研究

在开展水电站大坝施工阶段,缺乏对混凝土工程的系统化研究,导致透水率难以达到施工要求,基于此,提出水电站大坝混凝土施工及裂缝防渗处理施工技术研究。将普通硅酸盐水泥P·O42.5作为主要材料,从性能角度出发,对大坝混凝土施工材料进行设计,采用多个单元墙段逐个施工的方式对大坝结构浇筑。对于大坝混凝土结构存在的裂缝问题,结合裂缝的具体状态设计了结构表面修补法和内部填充法两种防渗处理施工方式。从测试结果可以看出,施工大坝的透水率始终稳定在1.50 Lu以内,达到了施工管理要求。