In this paper,the durability of cement mortar prepared with a recycled-concrete fine powder(RFP)was examined;including the analysis of a variety of aspects,such as the carbonization,sulfate attack and chloride ion ero...In this paper,the durability of cement mortar prepared with a recycled-concrete fine powder(RFP)was examined;including the analysis of a variety of aspects,such as the carbonization,sulfate attack and chloride ion erosion resistance.The results indicate that the influence of RFP on these three aspects is different.The carbonization depth after 30 days and the chloride diffusion coefficient of mortar containing 10%RFP decreased by 13.3%and 28.19%.With a further increase in the RFP content,interconnected pores formed between the RFP particles,leading to an acceleration of the penetration rate of CO_(2)and Cl^(−).When the RFP content was less than 50%,the corrosion resistance coefficient of the compressive strength of the mortar was 0.84-1.05 after 90 days of sulfate attack.But the expansion and cracking of the mortar was effectively alleviated due to decrease of the gypsum production.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)analysis has confirmed that 10%RFP contributes to the formation of a dense microstructure in the cement mortar.展开更多
Green and sustainable concrete has attracted significant attention from the construction industry and researchers since it was proposed.The ceramic waste materials are often directly buried in the ground or placed in ...Green and sustainable concrete has attracted significant attention from the construction industry and researchers since it was proposed.The ceramic waste materials are often directly buried in the ground or placed in an open dump,and the accumulation of ceramic waste contributes to environmental pollution,which makes the recycling of ceramic waste quite urgent.Owing to the pozzolanic activity,excellent mechanical properties and durability,industrial ceramic waste is considered as a suitable substitute for cement or natural aggregates to fabricate renewable concrete.In this paper,the pozzolanic activity of ceramic waste and the workability,mechanical performance,and durability of ceramic concrete are discussed.In addition,the most recent research results pertaining to ceramic concrete are reviewed.Ground ceramic powder improves the workability,compressive strength,resistance to chloride penetration,and carbonation resistance of concrete to a certain extent.Concrete containing ceramic as the aggregate has a lower mechanical performance than ordinary concrete.However,the resistance to chloride penetration,freeze-thaw resistance,and high-temperature resistance of ceramic concrete are remarkable.Ceramic concrete is environmentally friendly,requires fewer energy resources to manufacture than ordinary concrete,and has excellent engineering properties.However,further research is required for future engineering applications.展开更多
Environmental problems caused by waste tires are becoming increasingly prominent.There is an urgent need to find a green way to dispose of waste tires,and scholars have made considerable efforts in this regard.In the ...Environmental problems caused by waste tires are becoming increasingly prominent.There is an urgent need to find a green way to dispose of waste tires,and scholars have made considerable efforts in this regard.In the construction industry,rubber extracted from waste tires can be added to concrete to alleviate environmental problems to a certain extent.As a new building material,rubber concrete has superior properties compared to ordinary concrete and has been widely used in many fields.Numerous studies have been conducted worldwide to investigate the effect of waste tire rubber on the performance of concrete.It has been reported that the addition of waste tire rubber has a significant influence on the performance of concrete.Workability influences the hardened performance of rubber concrete,especially the durability.Based on the current research results,the workability and durability of concrete manufactured with waste tire rubber,including water absorption and permeability,carbonation resistance,chloride ion permeability resistance,and freeze-thaw resistance,are summarized in this paper.It is concluded that the addition of waste tires has a negative effect on the workability of concrete.In terms of durability,concrete exhibits better chloride ion penetration resistance and frost resistance,with a higher water absorption rate,and lower anti-permeability and carbonation resistance owing to the addition of waste tire rubber.展开更多
This research was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the incorporation of calcite precipitation bacteria,sporosarcina pasteurii using calcium lactate as nutrient source and the properties of calcined cla...This research was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the incorporation of calcite precipitation bacteria,sporosarcina pasteurii using calcium lactate as nutrient source and the properties of calcined clay and limestone powder blended self-compacting concrete.Ten mixes were designed and designated S0 to S9 with S0 the control(without bacteria and nutrient)and S1 to S9 at varying bacteria and calcium lactate concentrations and the effect of the bacteria cell density and calcium lactate concentration on the compressive strength,sorptivity and tensile strength with age were evaluated using experimental program and statistical packages(ANOVA and post hoc tests).The result of both the experimental program and statistical evaluation shows that the incorporation of sporosarcina pasteurii and calcium lactate as nutrients had a positive impact on the properties of the ternary blended self-compacting concrete.展开更多
Up to now,how to control the durability of concrete structures is still a pending research topic in civil engineering.Owing to the fact that concrete durability can be affected by many non-mechanical factors,it is ver...Up to now,how to control the durability of concrete structures is still a pending research topic in civil engineering.Owing to the fact that concrete durability can be affected by many non-mechanical factors,it is very difficult to research durability only based on mechanics. However,the phenomenon of failure caused by non-mechanical factors is similar to that caused by loads.As frost durability reflects the comprehensive durability of concrete in a certain sense, the specific failure process is analyzed and a damage model is introduced,which can describe the durability degradation process of concrete in the whole freeze-thawing cycle.展开更多
Freeze-thaw durabilities of three types of concretesnormal portland cement concrete (OPC), high strength concrete (HSC) and steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete (SFRHSC) were systemically investigated u...Freeze-thaw durabilities of three types of concretesnormal portland cement concrete (OPC), high strength concrete (HSC) and steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete (SFRHSC) were systemically investigated under the attacks of chemical solution, and combination of external flexural stress and chemical solution. Four kinds of bitterns from salt lakes in Sinkiang, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and Tibet provinces of China were used as chemical attack solutions. The relative dynamic modulus (RDM) was used as an index for evaluating the damage degree during the course of chemical attack and stress corrosion. The experimental results show that the freeze-thaw durability of concrete is visibly reduced in the present of the flexural stress, i e, stress accelerates the damage process. In order to quantify the stress accelerated effect, a stress accelerating coefficient was proposed. The stress accelerating coefficient is closely related with the types of bitterns and the numbers of freeze-thaw cycles is. The more numbers of freeze-thaw cycles is, the greater the stress accelerating coefficient for various concretes will be. In addition, there also exists a critical ratio of external stress to the maximum flexural stress. If the stress ratio exceeds the critical one, the freeze-thaw durability of various concretes will be greatly decreased compared to the responding concretes without applied stress. The critical stress ratio of OPC, HSC and SFRHSC is 0.30, 0.40 and 0.40, respectively, indicating that HSC and SFRHSC have advantages over OPC and are suitable to use in the bittern erosion regions.展开更多
In this study, a work-of-fracture method using a three-point bend beam (3PBB) specimen, which is commonly used to determine the fracture energy of concrete, was adapted to evaluate the mode-I fracture and durability...In this study, a work-of-fracture method using a three-point bend beam (3PBB) specimen, which is commonly used to determine the fracture energy of concrete, was adapted to evaluate the mode-I fracture and durability of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite-concrete bonded interfaces. Interface fracture properties were evaluated with established data reduction procedures. The proposed test method is primarily for use in evaluating the effects of freeze-thaw (F-T) and wet-dry (W-D) cycles that are the accelerated aging protocols on the mode-I fracture of carbon FRP-concrete bonded interfaces. The results of the mode-I fracture tests of F-T and W-D cycle-conditioned specimens show that both the critical load and fracture energy decrease as the number of cycles increases, and their degradation pattern has a nearly linear relationship with the number of cycles. However, compared with the effect of the F-T cycles, the critical load and fracture energy degrade at a slower rate with W-D cycles, which suggests that F-T cyclic conditioning causes more deterioration of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-concrete bonded interface. After 50 and 100 conditioning cycles, scaling of concrete was observed in all the specimens subjected to F-T cycles, but not in those subjected to W-D cycles. The examination of interface fracture surfaces along the bonded interfaces with varying numbers of F-T and W-D conditioning cycles shows that (1) cohesive failure of CFRP composites is not observed in all fractured surfaces; (2) for the control specimens that have not been exposed to any conditioning cycles, the majority of interface failure is a result of cohesive fracture of concrete (peeling of concrete from the concrete substrate), which means that the cracks mostly propagate within the concrete; and (3) as the number of F-T or W-D conditioning cycles increases, adhesive failure along the interface begins to emerge and gradually increases. It is thus concluded that the fracture properties (i.e., the critical load and fracture energy) of the bonded interface are controlled primarily by the concrete cohesive fracture before conditioning and by the adhesive interface fracture after many cycles of F-T or W-D conditioning. As demonstrated in this study, a test method using 3PBB specimens combined with a fictitious crack model and experimental conditioning protocols for durability can be used as an effective qualification method to test new hybrid material interface bonds and to evaluate durability-related effects on the interfaces.展开更多
Durability of traditional reactive powder concrete (RPC) with rich cement and high volume of fly-ash reactive powder concrete (FRPC) were studied. The X-diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measure...Durability of traditional reactive powder concrete (RPC) with rich cement and high volume of fly-ash reactive powder concrete (FRPC) were studied. The X-diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurement was imployed to analyze the microstructure. The results show that both types of RPC have higher compressive strength, less volume shrinkage ratio and better carbonation-, chloride-, freezing-resistances than the conventional concrete. The results of X-diffraction indicate that they basically have C-S-H as the main composition without Ca(OH)2 crystal and ettringite. SEM results show that hydration products of FRPC is mainly Ⅲ-C-S-H which is piled up closely like densely arranged stone body and it has very compacted structure, in addition, Ca/Si ratio of C-S-H gel is lower than 1.5.展开更多
According to the Fick's second law of diffusion, six analytical solutions of chloride profile in concrete were studied and discussed with regard to different boundary and initial conditions. In those analytical solut...According to the Fick's second law of diffusion, six analytical solutions of chloride profile in concrete were studied and discussed with regard to different boundary and initial conditions. In those analytical solutions, the most prevailing error-function solution which is based on semi-infinite assumption is the simple one, but may under-estimate the chloride content in concrete and over-rate the life time prediction of concrete structures. The experimental results show that compared with other solutions, the chloride content in concrete predicted by error-function model is the minimum, and the calculation difference produced by different analytical models should not be ignored. The influence of models on chloride content prediction is more than other environment and material coefficients in some time. In order to get a more realistic prediction model, modification to error-function model is suggested based on analysis and calculation examples concerning the boundary and edge effect.展开更多
A high strength self-compacting pervious concrete(SCPC) with top-bottom interconnected pores was prepared in this paper. The frost-resisting durability of such SCPC in different deicing salt concentrations(0%, 3%, 5%,...A high strength self-compacting pervious concrete(SCPC) with top-bottom interconnected pores was prepared in this paper. The frost-resisting durability of such SCPC in different deicing salt concentrations(0%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) was investigated. The mass-loss rate, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, flexural strength and hydraulic conductivity of SCPC after 300 freeze-thaw cycles were measured to evaluate the frost-resisting durability. In addition, the microstructures of SCPC near the top-bottom interconnected pores after 300 freeze-thaw cycles were observed by SEM. The results show that the high strength SCPC possesses much better frost-resisting durability than traditional pervious concrete(TPC) after 300 freeze-thaw cycles, which can be used in heavy loading roads. The most serious freeze-thaw damage emerges in the SCPC immersed in the 3% of Na Cl solution, while there is no obvious damage in 20% of Na Cl solution. Furthermore, it can be deduced that the high strength SCPC can be used for 100 years in a cold environment.展开更多
Concrete durability has become a hot research field in civil engineering. Concrete structures suffer salt-erosion damage to different degrees in the semi-arid region of North China. The environmental condition is one ...Concrete durability has become a hot research field in civil engineering. Concrete structures suffer salt-erosion damage to different degrees in the semi-arid region of North China. The environmental condition is one of the important factors affecting the durability of concrete constructions. To realize fully the interaction between various environmental factors, this paper researched concrete durability in the salt environment under combined actions(immersing, freeze–thaw cycles, and wet–dry cycles). According to the laboratory test data, the concrete-durability degradation law under coupling-effect factors was investigated. The results show that concrete's compressive strength decreases with the increase of salt concentration and immersion time. No matter what the environmental conditions were, the compressive strength-loss ratio increased with the test time. The compressive strength-test results indicate that sodium sulfate has the strongest corrosive effect on concrete durability, followed by calcium chloride, with sodium chloride having the weakest corrosion. Compared with the other two environmental factors, the wet–dry cycle is the key factor affecting concrete durability. Therefore, in engineering practice, the influence of environment conditions on the strength and durability of concrete should be taken into full consideration, especially in the wet–dry environment with salt conditions.展开更多
Several different experiments,including freezing-thawing,freezing-thawing+drying-wetting,and drying-wetting,in salt solution and in water respectively,were designed to determine the durability of concrete.The durabili...Several different experiments,including freezing-thawing,freezing-thawing+drying-wetting,and drying-wetting,in salt solution and in water respectively,were designed to determine the durability of concrete.The durability damage features of concrete in the above experiments were studied.It is demonstrated that the damage extent of concrete under freezing-thawing and freezing-thawing+drying-wetting in salt solution is larger than that in water.Thus,freezing-thawing and freezing-thawing+drying-wetting in salt solution are stricter and more effective methods to evaluate the durability of concrete in salt-existing environment in cold regions.The damage extent of concrete under freezing-thawing+drying-wetting shows an ultra-superposition effect.The order of concrete durability deterioration degree in these experiments is determined.It shows that effects of multi-damage factors are greater than those of single-damage factor.展开更多
Concrete has traditionally been regarded as a durable material requiring little or no maintenance. However, over the past several decades, a number of durability related problems have emerged and stimulated research i...Concrete has traditionally been regarded as a durable material requiring little or no maintenance. However, over the past several decades, a number of durability related problems have emerged and stimulated research into the factors relating to concrete durability globally. The challenge now facing practicing engineers is how to design and build structures that not only satisfy the specified structural requirements, but also achieve the performance levels required from a durability standpoint. Research works on concrete structural durability have been widely reported in the literature over the last several decades. In this paper, reviews of four stages of research work on durability, i e, environments, materials, components, and structures, were presented. Afterwards, the key scientific issues in this field were also pointed out.展开更多
The characteristics of surface appearances,mass loss,relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and strength loss of different recycled aggregate concretes(RAC) exposed to freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed.It was found tha...The characteristics of surface appearances,mass loss,relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and strength loss of different recycled aggregate concretes(RAC) exposed to freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed.It was found that the freeze-thaw resistance of RAC could be determined by the recycled aggregate compositions and admixtures.Both the saturation degree and the air void structure were the key factors influencing the freeze-thaw damage on concrete.Some major proposed freeze-thaw deterioration mechanisms were utilized to interpret the freeze-thaw damage on recycled aggregate concrete.Meanwhile,some potential measures to enhance the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete were summarized and discussed.展开更多
The effect of fly ash and early strength agent on resistance of concrete to the cyclic sulfate environment was studied.Concrete specimens made with ordinary portland cement or ordinary portland cement incorporating fl...The effect of fly ash and early strength agent on resistance of concrete to the cyclic sulfate environment was studied.Concrete specimens made with ordinary portland cement or ordinary portland cement incorporating fly ash with the replacement of 10% or 20%,or 1% early strength agent and fly ash with the replacement of 20%,were made and subjected to 250 cycles of exposure to the cyclic sulfate environment.Concrete properties including loss of mass,chloride ion diffusion coefficient,compressive strength and flexural strength were measured.Microstructure and chemical component of samples were determined by means of X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy.The experimental results indicated that effect of fly ash on the cyclic sulfate resistance of concretes was mostly dependent on the amount of fly ash.Early strength agent improved performances of concrete with 20% fly ash exposed to cyclic sulfate environment.展开更多
Through the fast freeze-thaw cycle test,accelerated carbonation test,and natural carbonation test,the durability performance of lining concrete under combined action of freeze-thaw cycle and carbonation were studied.T...Through the fast freeze-thaw cycle test,accelerated carbonation test,and natural carbonation test,the durability performance of lining concrete under combined action of freeze-thaw cycle and carbonation were studied.The experimental results indicate that freeze-thaw cycle apparently accelerates the process of concrete carbonation and carbonation deteriorates the freeze resistance of concrete.Under the combined action of freeze-thaw cycle and carbonation,the durability of lining concrete decreases.The carbonation depth of lining concrete at tunnel openings under freeze-thaw cycles and tunnel condition was predicted.For the high performance concrete with proposed mix ratio,the lining concrete tends to be unsafe because predicted carbonation depth exceeds the thickness of reinforced concrete protective coating.Adopting other measurements simultaneously to improve the durability of lining concrete at the tunnel openings is essential.展开更多
The properties and mechanism of concrete under water leakage corrosion were studied in terms of the dissolution of calcium oxide and silicon oxide from concrete and the variation of pH value of permeate water.The expe...The properties and mechanism of concrete under water leakage corrosion were studied in terms of the dissolution of calcium oxide and silicon oxide from concrete and the variation of pH value of permeate water.The experimental results show that the amount of calcium oxide and silicon oxide dissolved from per cubic meter of concrete gradually decrease with penetration time and ultimately stabilize at a certain value.The pH value of permeate water descend along with penetration time.The durability of concrete under leakage corrosion was analyzed by a formula fitted on the dissolved amount of calcium oxide.展开更多
Based on the damage mechanics, the concrete damage grade of relative stable environment in measurable spatial is constructed in this paper, and the concrete damage evolving model and corresponding failure rule is cons...Based on the damage mechanics, the concrete damage grade of relative stable environment in measurable spatial is constructed in this paper, and the concrete damage evolving model and corresponding failure rule is constructed based on the damage grade fore-defined. Therefore, the concrete health status and the residual life-span can be assessed according to the mea,sured damage grade. It is propitious to drive the development of concrete durability assessment and life-span forecast. Its feasibility of concrete damage process description and health assessment is validated with the exampie in this paper, in which the damage state is described with the ultrasound velocity attenuation, and the freeze-thaw process is regarded as the concrete durability degradation influeneing factor to reflect the concrete durability degradation process.展开更多
This paper is a meta-analysis of recent domestic and foreign research on freezing-thawing effects on concrete durability. The main theories on the mechanisms of freeze-thaw damage to concrete are introduced: the hydr...This paper is a meta-analysis of recent domestic and foreign research on freezing-thawing effects on concrete durability. The main theories on the mechanisms of freeze-thaw damage to concrete are introduced: the hydrostatic pressure theory, the osmotic pressure theory, the critical water saturation degree theory, the dual mechanism theory, and the micro-ice-crystal lens model theory. The influence laws of freezing-thawing on the mechanical properties of concrete are summarized, and countermeasures to improve concrete durability in freezing-thawing circumstances are presented. This work provides valuable references for future engineering constructions in cold regions.展开更多
According to the results of accelerated tests of acidification corrosion depth and compressive strength of concretes subjected to sulfuric acid environments,the acidification depth laws of concretes were predicted bas...According to the results of accelerated tests of acidification corrosion depth and compressive strength of concretes subjected to sulfuric acid environments,the acidification depth laws of concretes were predicted based on the grey system theory.Thus,the remaining compressive strength was calculated when the acidification depth reached the protection layer thickness of concrete structures,which indicates that the limit state of durability failure can be defined based on strength degradation,and the calculation process was illustrated by an example.The calculated results show that the remaining compressive strength values in the durability failure limit state for the concrete structures exposed to p H=2 and 3 sulfuric acid water environments and wet-dry cyclic sulfuric acid environment with p H=2 are 74%,72%,and 80% of initialstrength,respectively.The method provides references for the durability evaluation of concrete structure design under the acidic environments.展开更多
基金This work is supported by the Zhuhai Science and Technology Project(ZH22036203200015PWC)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science(2022ZB20).
文摘In this paper,the durability of cement mortar prepared with a recycled-concrete fine powder(RFP)was examined;including the analysis of a variety of aspects,such as the carbonization,sulfate attack and chloride ion erosion resistance.The results indicate that the influence of RFP on these three aspects is different.The carbonization depth after 30 days and the chloride diffusion coefficient of mortar containing 10%RFP decreased by 13.3%and 28.19%.With a further increase in the RFP content,interconnected pores formed between the RFP particles,leading to an acceleration of the penetration rate of CO_(2)and Cl^(−).When the RFP content was less than 50%,the corrosion resistance coefficient of the compressive strength of the mortar was 0.84-1.05 after 90 days of sulfate attack.But the expansion and cracking of the mortar was effectively alleviated due to decrease of the gypsum production.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)analysis has confirmed that 10%RFP contributes to the formation of a dense microstructure in the cement mortar.
基金support received from Natural Science Foundation of Henan(Grant No.212300410018)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U2040224)+1 种基金Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)in University of Henan Province of China(Grant No.20IRTSTHN009)the Research and Develop Project of China Construction Seventh Engineering Division Co.,Ltd.(Grant No.CSCEC7b-2021-Z-11).
文摘Green and sustainable concrete has attracted significant attention from the construction industry and researchers since it was proposed.The ceramic waste materials are often directly buried in the ground or placed in an open dump,and the accumulation of ceramic waste contributes to environmental pollution,which makes the recycling of ceramic waste quite urgent.Owing to the pozzolanic activity,excellent mechanical properties and durability,industrial ceramic waste is considered as a suitable substitute for cement or natural aggregates to fabricate renewable concrete.In this paper,the pozzolanic activity of ceramic waste and the workability,mechanical performance,and durability of ceramic concrete are discussed.In addition,the most recent research results pertaining to ceramic concrete are reviewed.Ground ceramic powder improves the workability,compressive strength,resistance to chloride penetration,and carbonation resistance of concrete to a certain extent.Concrete containing ceramic as the aggregate has a lower mechanical performance than ordinary concrete.However,the resistance to chloride penetration,freeze-thaw resistance,and high-temperature resistance of ceramic concrete are remarkable.Ceramic concrete is environmentally friendly,requires fewer energy resources to manufacture than ordinary concrete,and has excellent engineering properties.However,further research is required for future engineering applications.
基金supported by the financial support received from Program for Innovative Research Team(in Science and Technology)in University of Henan Province of China(Grant No.20IRTSTHN009)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2040224,52179145)Natural Science Foundation of Henan(Grant Nos.212300410018,222300420081).
文摘Environmental problems caused by waste tires are becoming increasingly prominent.There is an urgent need to find a green way to dispose of waste tires,and scholars have made considerable efforts in this regard.In the construction industry,rubber extracted from waste tires can be added to concrete to alleviate environmental problems to a certain extent.As a new building material,rubber concrete has superior properties compared to ordinary concrete and has been widely used in many fields.Numerous studies have been conducted worldwide to investigate the effect of waste tire rubber on the performance of concrete.It has been reported that the addition of waste tire rubber has a significant influence on the performance of concrete.Workability influences the hardened performance of rubber concrete,especially the durability.Based on the current research results,the workability and durability of concrete manufactured with waste tire rubber,including water absorption and permeability,carbonation resistance,chloride ion permeability resistance,and freeze-thaw resistance,are summarized in this paper.It is concluded that the addition of waste tires has a negative effect on the workability of concrete.In terms of durability,concrete exhibits better chloride ion penetration resistance and frost resistance,with a higher water absorption rate,and lower anti-permeability and carbonation resistance owing to the addition of waste tire rubber.
文摘This research was carried out to evaluate the relationship between the incorporation of calcite precipitation bacteria,sporosarcina pasteurii using calcium lactate as nutrient source and the properties of calcined clay and limestone powder blended self-compacting concrete.Ten mixes were designed and designated S0 to S9 with S0 the control(without bacteria and nutrient)and S1 to S9 at varying bacteria and calcium lactate concentrations and the effect of the bacteria cell density and calcium lactate concentration on the compressive strength,sorptivity and tensile strength with age were evaluated using experimental program and statistical packages(ANOVA and post hoc tests).The result of both the experimental program and statistical evaluation shows that the incorporation of sporosarcina pasteurii and calcium lactate as nutrients had a positive impact on the properties of the ternary blended self-compacting concrete.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50278039).
文摘Up to now,how to control the durability of concrete structures is still a pending research topic in civil engineering.Owing to the fact that concrete durability can be affected by many non-mechanical factors,it is very difficult to research durability only based on mechanics. However,the phenomenon of failure caused by non-mechanical factors is similar to that caused by loads.As frost durability reflects the comprehensive durability of concrete in a certain sense, the specific failure process is analyzed and a damage model is introduced,which can describe the durability degradation process of concrete in the whole freeze-thawing cycle.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No. 59938170and 50178044)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No. BK2005216)
文摘Freeze-thaw durabilities of three types of concretesnormal portland cement concrete (OPC), high strength concrete (HSC) and steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete (SFRHSC) were systemically investigated under the attacks of chemical solution, and combination of external flexural stress and chemical solution. Four kinds of bitterns from salt lakes in Sinkiang, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and Tibet provinces of China were used as chemical attack solutions. The relative dynamic modulus (RDM) was used as an index for evaluating the damage degree during the course of chemical attack and stress corrosion. The experimental results show that the freeze-thaw durability of concrete is visibly reduced in the present of the flexural stress, i e, stress accelerates the damage process. In order to quantify the stress accelerated effect, a stress accelerating coefficient was proposed. The stress accelerating coefficient is closely related with the types of bitterns and the numbers of freeze-thaw cycles is. The more numbers of freeze-thaw cycles is, the greater the stress accelerating coefficient for various concretes will be. In addition, there also exists a critical ratio of external stress to the maximum flexural stress. If the stress ratio exceeds the critical one, the freeze-thaw durability of various concretes will be greatly decreased compared to the responding concretes without applied stress. The critical stress ratio of OPC, HSC and SFRHSC is 0.30, 0.40 and 0.40, respectively, indicating that HSC and SFRHSC have advantages over OPC and are suitable to use in the bittern erosion regions.
基金partially supported by the National Science Foundation(Grant No.CMS-0002829)
文摘In this study, a work-of-fracture method using a three-point bend beam (3PBB) specimen, which is commonly used to determine the fracture energy of concrete, was adapted to evaluate the mode-I fracture and durability of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite-concrete bonded interfaces. Interface fracture properties were evaluated with established data reduction procedures. The proposed test method is primarily for use in evaluating the effects of freeze-thaw (F-T) and wet-dry (W-D) cycles that are the accelerated aging protocols on the mode-I fracture of carbon FRP-concrete bonded interfaces. The results of the mode-I fracture tests of F-T and W-D cycle-conditioned specimens show that both the critical load and fracture energy decrease as the number of cycles increases, and their degradation pattern has a nearly linear relationship with the number of cycles. However, compared with the effect of the F-T cycles, the critical load and fracture energy degrade at a slower rate with W-D cycles, which suggests that F-T cyclic conditioning causes more deterioration of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP)-concrete bonded interface. After 50 and 100 conditioning cycles, scaling of concrete was observed in all the specimens subjected to F-T cycles, but not in those subjected to W-D cycles. The examination of interface fracture surfaces along the bonded interfaces with varying numbers of F-T and W-D conditioning cycles shows that (1) cohesive failure of CFRP composites is not observed in all fractured surfaces; (2) for the control specimens that have not been exposed to any conditioning cycles, the majority of interface failure is a result of cohesive fracture of concrete (peeling of concrete from the concrete substrate), which means that the cracks mostly propagate within the concrete; and (3) as the number of F-T or W-D conditioning cycles increases, adhesive failure along the interface begins to emerge and gradually increases. It is thus concluded that the fracture properties (i.e., the critical load and fracture energy) of the bonded interface are controlled primarily by the concrete cohesive fracture before conditioning and by the adhesive interface fracture after many cycles of F-T or W-D conditioning. As demonstrated in this study, a test method using 3PBB specimens combined with a fictitious crack model and experimental conditioning protocols for durability can be used as an effective qualification method to test new hybrid material interface bonds and to evaluate durability-related effects on the interfaces.
文摘Durability of traditional reactive powder concrete (RPC) with rich cement and high volume of fly-ash reactive powder concrete (FRPC) were studied. The X-diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurement was imployed to analyze the microstructure. The results show that both types of RPC have higher compressive strength, less volume shrinkage ratio and better carbonation-, chloride-, freezing-resistances than the conventional concrete. The results of X-diffraction indicate that they basically have C-S-H as the main composition without Ca(OH)2 crystal and ettringite. SEM results show that hydration products of FRPC is mainly Ⅲ-C-S-H which is piled up closely like densely arranged stone body and it has very compacted structure, in addition, Ca/Si ratio of C-S-H gel is lower than 1.5.
基金Funded by the National Key Technology R&D Program(No.2011BAG07B04)
文摘According to the Fick's second law of diffusion, six analytical solutions of chloride profile in concrete were studied and discussed with regard to different boundary and initial conditions. In those analytical solutions, the most prevailing error-function solution which is based on semi-infinite assumption is the simple one, but may under-estimate the chloride content in concrete and over-rate the life time prediction of concrete structures. The experimental results show that compared with other solutions, the chloride content in concrete predicted by error-function model is the minimum, and the calculation difference produced by different analytical models should not be ignored. The influence of models on chloride content prediction is more than other environment and material coefficients in some time. In order to get a more realistic prediction model, modification to error-function model is suggested based on analysis and calculation examples concerning the boundary and edge effect.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51878081).
文摘A high strength self-compacting pervious concrete(SCPC) with top-bottom interconnected pores was prepared in this paper. The frost-resisting durability of such SCPC in different deicing salt concentrations(0%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) was investigated. The mass-loss rate, relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, flexural strength and hydraulic conductivity of SCPC after 300 freeze-thaw cycles were measured to evaluate the frost-resisting durability. In addition, the microstructures of SCPC near the top-bottom interconnected pores after 300 freeze-thaw cycles were observed by SEM. The results show that the high strength SCPC possesses much better frost-resisting durability than traditional pervious concrete(TPC) after 300 freeze-thaw cycles, which can be used in heavy loading roads. The most serious freeze-thaw damage emerges in the SCPC immersed in the 3% of Na Cl solution, while there is no obvious damage in 20% of Na Cl solution. Furthermore, it can be deduced that the high strength SCPC can be used for 100 years in a cold environment.
基金supported by the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDYSSW-DQC015)the funding of the State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering (No. SKLFSE-ZT-17)
文摘Concrete durability has become a hot research field in civil engineering. Concrete structures suffer salt-erosion damage to different degrees in the semi-arid region of North China. The environmental condition is one of the important factors affecting the durability of concrete constructions. To realize fully the interaction between various environmental factors, this paper researched concrete durability in the salt environment under combined actions(immersing, freeze–thaw cycles, and wet–dry cycles). According to the laboratory test data, the concrete-durability degradation law under coupling-effect factors was investigated. The results show that concrete's compressive strength decreases with the increase of salt concentration and immersion time. No matter what the environmental conditions were, the compressive strength-loss ratio increased with the test time. The compressive strength-test results indicate that sodium sulfate has the strongest corrosive effect on concrete durability, followed by calcium chloride, with sodium chloride having the weakest corrosion. Compared with the other two environmental factors, the wet–dry cycle is the key factor affecting concrete durability. Therefore, in engineering practice, the influence of environment conditions on the strength and durability of concrete should be taken into full consideration, especially in the wet–dry environment with salt conditions.
文摘Several different experiments,including freezing-thawing,freezing-thawing+drying-wetting,and drying-wetting,in salt solution and in water respectively,were designed to determine the durability of concrete.The durability damage features of concrete in the above experiments were studied.It is demonstrated that the damage extent of concrete under freezing-thawing and freezing-thawing+drying-wetting in salt solution is larger than that in water.Thus,freezing-thawing and freezing-thawing+drying-wetting in salt solution are stricter and more effective methods to evaluate the durability of concrete in salt-existing environment in cold regions.The damage extent of concrete under freezing-thawing+drying-wetting shows an ultra-superposition effect.The order of concrete durability deterioration degree in these experiments is determined.It shows that effects of multi-damage factors are greater than those of single-damage factor.
基金Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50538070)
文摘Concrete has traditionally been regarded as a durable material requiring little or no maintenance. However, over the past several decades, a number of durability related problems have emerged and stimulated research into the factors relating to concrete durability globally. The challenge now facing practicing engineers is how to design and build structures that not only satisfy the specified structural requirements, but also achieve the performance levels required from a durability standpoint. Research works on concrete structural durability have been widely reported in the literature over the last several decades. In this paper, reviews of four stages of research work on durability, i e, environments, materials, components, and structures, were presented. Afterwards, the key scientific issues in this field were also pointed out.
基金Funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China during the“13th Five-Year Plan”(No.2018 YFD1101001)。
文摘The characteristics of surface appearances,mass loss,relative dynamic modulus of elasticity and strength loss of different recycled aggregate concretes(RAC) exposed to freeze-thaw cycles were analyzed.It was found that the freeze-thaw resistance of RAC could be determined by the recycled aggregate compositions and admixtures.Both the saturation degree and the air void structure were the key factors influencing the freeze-thaw damage on concrete.Some major proposed freeze-thaw deterioration mechanisms were utilized to interpret the freeze-thaw damage on recycled aggregate concrete.Meanwhile,some potential measures to enhance the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete were summarized and discussed.
基金Funded by the Western Communication Construction Science and Technology Item (No. 200631822302-08)
文摘The effect of fly ash and early strength agent on resistance of concrete to the cyclic sulfate environment was studied.Concrete specimens made with ordinary portland cement or ordinary portland cement incorporating fly ash with the replacement of 10% or 20%,or 1% early strength agent and fly ash with the replacement of 20%,were made and subjected to 250 cycles of exposure to the cyclic sulfate environment.Concrete properties including loss of mass,chloride ion diffusion coefficient,compressive strength and flexural strength were measured.Microstructure and chemical component of samples were determined by means of X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy.The experimental results indicated that effect of fly ash on the cyclic sulfate resistance of concretes was mostly dependent on the amount of fly ash.Early strength agent improved performances of concrete with 20% fly ash exposed to cyclic sulfate environment.
基金Funded by the National Key Basic Research and Development Plans-973 Plans(2009CB623203)the Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(50739001)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50878109)the Specialized Construct Fund for Taishan Scholars
文摘Through the fast freeze-thaw cycle test,accelerated carbonation test,and natural carbonation test,the durability performance of lining concrete under combined action of freeze-thaw cycle and carbonation were studied.The experimental results indicate that freeze-thaw cycle apparently accelerates the process of concrete carbonation and carbonation deteriorates the freeze resistance of concrete.Under the combined action of freeze-thaw cycle and carbonation,the durability of lining concrete decreases.The carbonation depth of lining concrete at tunnel openings under freeze-thaw cycles and tunnel condition was predicted.For the high performance concrete with proposed mix ratio,the lining concrete tends to be unsafe because predicted carbonation depth exceeds the thickness of reinforced concrete protective coating.Adopting other measurements simultaneously to improve the durability of lining concrete at the tunnel openings is essential.
基金Funded by National Key Technologies R&D Program of China(No.96-220-01-03-03, 96-221-02-04-02)
文摘The properties and mechanism of concrete under water leakage corrosion were studied in terms of the dissolution of calcium oxide and silicon oxide from concrete and the variation of pH value of permeate water.The experimental results show that the amount of calcium oxide and silicon oxide dissolved from per cubic meter of concrete gradually decrease with penetration time and ultimately stabilize at a certain value.The pH value of permeate water descend along with penetration time.The durability of concrete under leakage corrosion was analyzed by a formula fitted on the dissolved amount of calcium oxide.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foun-dation of China(50278039) the Natural Science Foundation of HubeiProvience of China (2004ABA062) Chenguang Program ofWuhan City(20055003059-29)
文摘Based on the damage mechanics, the concrete damage grade of relative stable environment in measurable spatial is constructed in this paper, and the concrete damage evolving model and corresponding failure rule is constructed based on the damage grade fore-defined. Therefore, the concrete health status and the residual life-span can be assessed according to the mea,sured damage grade. It is propitious to drive the development of concrete durability assessment and life-span forecast. Its feasibility of concrete damage process description and health assessment is validated with the exampie in this paper, in which the damage state is described with the ultrasound velocity attenuation, and the freeze-thaw process is regarded as the concrete durability degradation influeneing factor to reflect the concrete durability degradation process.
基金supported by the National Key Technology Support Program (No. 2014BAG05B05)the Basic Scientific Research Business from Institute of Earthquake Science, CEA (No. 2014IESLZ01)
文摘This paper is a meta-analysis of recent domestic and foreign research on freezing-thawing effects on concrete durability. The main theories on the mechanisms of freeze-thaw damage to concrete are introduced: the hydrostatic pressure theory, the osmotic pressure theory, the critical water saturation degree theory, the dual mechanism theory, and the micro-ice-crystal lens model theory. The influence laws of freezing-thawing on the mechanical properties of concrete are summarized, and countermeasures to improve concrete durability in freezing-thawing circumstances are presented. This work provides valuable references for future engineering constructions in cold regions.
基金Funded by the Nnational Natural Science Foundation of China(51372185)
文摘According to the results of accelerated tests of acidification corrosion depth and compressive strength of concretes subjected to sulfuric acid environments,the acidification depth laws of concretes were predicted based on the grey system theory.Thus,the remaining compressive strength was calculated when the acidification depth reached the protection layer thickness of concrete structures,which indicates that the limit state of durability failure can be defined based on strength degradation,and the calculation process was illustrated by an example.The calculated results show that the remaining compressive strength values in the durability failure limit state for the concrete structures exposed to p H=2 and 3 sulfuric acid water environments and wet-dry cyclic sulfuric acid environment with p H=2 are 74%,72%,and 80% of initialstrength,respectively.The method provides references for the durability evaluation of concrete structure design under the acidic environments.