Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete in Eurocode 2 and Polish Bridge Standards--Necessity for Implementation

Estimation of creep and shrinkage in concrete bridges is still approximate and uncertain. Over the years, Polish Codes for Concrete Structures partially adapted the CEB （Euro-International Concrete Committee）-FIP （International Federation for Prestressing） models used to predict creep and shrinkage of concrete. In the currently used Polish concrete bridge code, modified CEB-FIP 1970 recommendations are used. At the time the standard was implemented, it introduced simple methods for the evaluation of final creep coefficients and shrinkage strains. It was sufficient for simple bridge structures and concrete technology used at that times. As modern bridge structures have become increasingly complex with variable construction techniques and developing concrete technology, the implementation of Eurocode 2 is necessary as it gives more practical and accurate methods for the prediction of creep and shrinkage effects. A comparative analysis of the time-dependent deformation of concrete included in Eurocode 2 and in Polish Bridge Codes is pointing out that there is a necessity for more adequate criteria for the rapidly growing concrete bridge stock in Poland.

Comparison of Shrinkage, Creep and Elastic Shortening of VMA and Powder Type Self-Compacting Concrete and Normal Vibrated Concrete

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is flowing in nature and hence viscosity modified agent (VMA) or higher amount of binder is used for stability of mix. The mix proportion of SCC is also different from normal vibrated concrete (NC). This modifies the properties of concrete at fresh as well as at hardened state. Three mixes, one VMA type SCC, one powder type SCC and one NC, are considered with identical water to binder ratio. Properties at fresh state such as workability and segregation resistance and at hardened stage such as compressive strength, elastic modulus, shrinkage, creep and elastic shortening are determined and compared. Powder type SCC shows superior properties at fresh stage. Also compressive strength of powder type SCC is found better than that of VMA SCC and NC. Observations show more shrinkage, elastic shortening and creep for powder type SCC as compared with VMA SCC and NC.

Creep and Shrinkage Self-Compacting Concrete （SCC） Analytical Models

In the structures whose long-term behavior should be monitored and controlled, creep and shrinkage effects have to be included precisely in the analysis and design procedures. Creep and shrinkage, vary with the constituent and mixtures proportions, and depend on the curing conditions and work environment as well. Self-compacting concrete （SCC） contains combinations of various components, such as aggregate, cement, superplasticizer, water-reducing agent and other ingredients which affect the properties of the SCC including creep and shrinkage of the SCC. Hence, the realistic prediction creep and shrinkage strains of SCC are an important requirement of the design process of this type of concrete structures. In this study, three proposed creep models and four shrinkage models available in the literature are compared with the measured results of 52 mixtures for creep and 165 mixtures for shrinkage of SCC. The influence of various parameters, such as mixture design, cement content, filler content, aggregate content, and water cement ratio （w/c） on the creep and shrinkage of SCC are also compared and discussed.

Effects of Manufactured-sand on Dry Shrinkage and Crccp of High-strength Concrete

The influences of natural sand, manufactured-sand （MS） and stone-dust （SD） in the manufactured-sand on workability, compressive strength, elastic modulus, drying shrinkage and creep properties of high-strength concrete （HSC） were tested and compared. The results show that the reasonable content （7%-10.5%） of SD in MS will not deteriorate the workability of MS-HSC. It could even improve the workability. Moreover, the compressive strength increases gradually with the increasing SD content,and the MS- HSC with low SD content （smaller than 7%） has the elastic modulus which approaches that of the natural sand HSC, but the elastic modulus reduces when the SD content is high. The influence of the SD content on drying shrinkage performance of MS-HSC is closely related to the hydration age. The shrinkage rate of MS-HSC in the former 7 d age is higher than that of the natural sand HSC, but the difference of the shrinkage rate in the late age is not marked. Meanwhile the shrinkage rate reduces as the fly ash is added; the specific creep and creep coefficient of MS-HSC with 7% SD are close to those of the natural sand HSC.

Health monitoring and comparative analysis of time-dependent effect using different prediction models for self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder

The structural health status of Hunan Road Bridge during its two-year service period from April 2015 to April 2017 was studied based on monitored data.The Hunan Road Bridge is the widest concrete self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present.Its structural changes and safety were evaluated using the health monitoring data,which included deformations,detailed stresses,and vibration characteristics.The influences of the single and dual effects comprising the ambient temperature changes and concrete shrinkage and creep(S&C)were analyzed based on the measured data.The ANSYS beam finite element model was established and validated by the measured bridge completion state.The comparative analyses of the prediction results of long-term concrete S&C effects were conducted using CEB-FIP 90 and B3 prediction models.The age-adjusted effective modulus method was adopted to simulate the aging behavior of concrete.Prestress relaxation was considered in the stepwise calculation.The results show that the transverse deviations of the towers are noteworthy.The spatial effect of the extra-wide girder is significant,as the compressive stress variations at the girder were uneven along the transverse direction.General increase and decrease in the girder compressive stresses were caused by seasonal ambient warming and cooling,respectively.The temperature gradient effects in the main girder were significant.Comparisons with the measured data showed that more accurate prediction results were obtained with the B3 prediction model,which can consider the concrete material parameters,than with the CEB-FIP 90 model.Significant deflection of the midspan girder in the middle region will be caused by the deviations of the cable anchoring positions at the girder ends and tower tops toward the midspan due to concrete S&C.The increase in the compressive stresses at the top plate and decrease in the stresses at the bottom plate at the middle midspan will be significant.The pre-deviations of the towers toward the sidespan and pre-lift of the midspan girder can reduce the adverse influences of concrete S&C on the structural health of the self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder.

Long term behavior of self-compacting reinforced concrete beams

Tests were carried out on 8 self-compacting reinforced concrete(SCC) beams and 4 normal reinforced concrete beams. The effects of mode of consolidation,load level,reinforcing ratio and structural type on long term behavior of SCC were investigated. Under the same environmental conditions,the shrinkage-time curve of self-compacting concrete beam is very similar to that of normal concrete beam. For both self-compacting reinforced concrete beams and normal reinforced concrete beams,the rate of shrinkage at early stages is higher,the shrinkage strain at 2 months is about 60% of the maximum value at one year. The shrinkage strain of self-compacting reinforced concrete beam after one year is about 450×10-6. Creep deflection of self-compacting reinforced concrete beam decreases as the tensile reinforcing ratio increases. The deflection creep coefficient of self-compacting reinforced concrete beam after one and a half year is about 1.6,which is very close to that of normal reinforced concrete beams cast with vibration. Extra cautions considering shrinkage and creep behavior are not needed for the use of SCC in engineering practices.

Cracking Tendency of Restrained Concrete at Early Ages

A modified testing system characterized by full automation, steady operation and high accuracy of strain and stress measurements was developed to determine the cracking tendency of high strength concrete （HSC） in restrained condition at early ages. The shrinkage stress and the tensile creep behavior of HSC at early ages were investigated. The influence of W/C ratio and curing conditions on the early-age shrinkage stress and tensile creep was evaluated. It was found that the lower W/C ratio and drying curing condition resulted in higher shrinkage stress, stress induced tensile creep and greater cracking tendency.

Deformation Analysis Due to Early Loading of Concrete Buildings

The building industry has experienced in recent years a strong growth in demand in general and in the case of reinforced concrete buildings this increase has been more marked. This fact has also contributed to accelerate all stages of the production process of these constructions with more pronounced effects on the methodologies used in the constructive steps that influence directly the structural design of the building. Structures loaded at ever earlier ages, in which the strength and deformation properties of materials are not yet sufficiently mature. It is a variable that needs to be taken into account already in the design phase so that the concrete structure behaves within acceptable level of reliability taking into account design code recommendations for service life. To understand the importance of constructive effects and to assess its magnitude in the execution of reinforced concrete buildings, this paper presents result from nonlinear analyses using finite element method adopting an approach commonly referred as staged construction applied to a typical building found in the practice. The effects of creep and shrinkage were considered and the results obtained demonstrate that the strains due to constructive effects can, in certain cases, assume representative values which, if ignored, can lead to important pathologies in the building.

Influences of Shrinkage,Creep,and Temperature on the Load Distributions in Reinforced Concrete Buildings During Construction

Site measurements have shown that slab loads re-distribute, between the slabs during the concrete curing, while the external Ioadings and structural geometry remain the same. Some have assumed that this is caused by concrete shrinkage and creep, but there have been no studies on how these factors exactly influence the load distributions and to what degree these influences exist. This paper analyzes the influences of concrete shrinkage, creep, and temperature on the load re-distributions among slabs. Although these factors may all lead to load re-distribution, the results show that the influence of concrete shrinkage can be neglected. Simulations indicate that shrinkage only reduces slab loads by a maximum of 1.1%. Creep, however, may reduce the maximum slab load by from 3% to 16% for common construction schemes. More importantly, temperature variations between day and night can cause load fluctuation as large as 31.6%. This analysis can, therefore, assist site engineers to more accurately estimate slab loads for construction planning.

A comparative study of the mechanical properties, fracture behavior, creep, and shrinkage of chemically based self-consolidating concrete

This study presents the results of an experimental investigation that compares the mechanical properties, fracture behavior, creep, and shrinkage of a chemically-based self-consolidating concrete （SCC） mix with that of a corresponding conventional concrete （CC） mix. The CC and SCC mix designs followed conventional proportioning in terms of aggregate type and content, cement content, air content, water-cementitiuos materials （w/cm） ratio, and workability. Then, using only chemical admixtures, the authors converted the CC mix to an SCC mix with all of the necessary passing, filling, flowability, and stability requirements typically found in SCC. The high fluidity was achieved with a polycarboxylate-based high-range water-reducing admixture, while the enhanced stability was accomplished with an organic, polymer-based viscosity-modifying admixture. The comparison indicated that the SCC and CC mixes had virtually identical tensile splitting strengths, flexural strengths, creep, and shrinkage. However, the SCC mix showed higher compressive strengths and fracture energies than the corresponding CC mix.

寒冷地区海洋环境下高性能混凝土时变特性试验研究

依托河北唐山市内曹妃甸区纳潮河2#大桥,针对寒冷地区海洋环境下高性能混凝土(HPC)的时变特征演化规律,开展桥位同位同因素下HPC的时变性能试验研究,且把试件每个变量实际测量数值和规范标准预估值做比较,结果表明:寒冷地区海洋环境下的HPC的早期抗压强度提升速度明显高于规范预测值,抗压强度呈现早期发展迅速,后期缓慢的趋势;寒冷地区海洋环境下HPC弹性模量早期进展速度快,但初期进展相对落后于抗压强度发展趋势。采取抗压强度演算HPC的弹性模量显然小于实际测量值;寒冷地区海洋环境下HPC收缩应变同样在初期收敛速度很快,后期收敛速度趋缓,此外试件构件尺寸大小不但与收缩应变的最终数值有关,同时影响收缩应变随时间发展进程;针对寒冷地区海洋环境下HPC的收缩和徐变发展特性,基于试验结果,分别提出基于CEB-FIP—2010的收缩参数修正模型以及基于EN 1992-2—2005的徐变预测修正公式。

HSLWAC梁收缩和徐变预应力损失试验

对5根高强轻骨料混凝土梁、1根低强轻骨料混凝土梁和1根普通混凝土梁进行了持续1年的预应力损失试验,并进行了与普通混凝土对比的收缩和徐变材性试验.试验结果表明,相同强度的轻骨料混凝土的早期收缩小于普通混凝土,后期收缩大于普通混凝土;相同强度的轻骨料混凝土徐变系数小于普通混凝土;轻骨料混凝土梁的预应力损失比普通混凝土梁的预应力损失大.结合编制的混凝土结构时随性能分析程序,基于材料收缩徐变试验进行分析,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.采用多种规范方法对所做试验和文献的预应力损失进行了分析对比,建议了高强轻骨料混凝土梁预应力损失计算公式.

基于LHS的混凝土时效不确定性模拟研究

采用拉丁超立方抽样(LHS)对多种混凝土时效模式的不确定性进行了模拟研究.首先总结了已有的混凝土时效模式不确定性的研究,比较了常用的三种混凝土时效模式的不确定性.然后介绍了不确定性分析的LHS模拟方法.最后采用LHS模拟了给定条件的混凝土时效计算模式、混凝土材料和外部环境的不确定性,并对不同混凝土时效模式的模拟结果进行了比较.研究结果表明:在对混凝土结构的收缩不确定性预测时,采用B3模式较好;在对混凝土结构的徐变不确定性预测时,采用CEB-FIP90模式较好.

考虑剪力滞和剪切变形效应的UHPC箱梁长期挠度分析

为准确计算UHPC箱梁在长期荷载作用下的挠度,基于剪切变形规律的截面翘曲位移函数,运用能量变分法建立考虑剪力滞、剪切变形效应以及UHPC收缩徐变效应的UHPC箱梁挠度计算控制微分方程,推导均布荷载和集中荷载作用下UHPC简支箱梁挠度计算公式,并利用有限元模型计算结果对其正确性进行验证。通过数值算例分析不同效应、截面配筋以及材料特性对UHPC箱梁挠度计算的影响。结果表明:考虑剪切变形效应产生的挠度明显大于剪力滞效应;均布荷载和集中荷载作用下,仅考虑剪力滞和剪切效应后产生的简支梁跨中挠度相对于按初等梁理论计算的瞬时挠度分别增大了9.4%和10.9%,而同时考虑UHPC收缩徐变效应后分别增大了约1.5倍左右;截面配筋对箱梁挠度计算有一定的影响,两种荷载作用下,考虑配筋后计算得到的简支梁跨中瞬时和长期挠度分别是不考虑配筋时挠度的0.96倍和0.89倍;用UHPC材料代替普通混凝土材料可显著降低结构的短、长期挠度以及收缩徐变引起的挠度变化。提出的公式可为长期荷载作用下UHPC箱梁的挠度计算提供理论依据。

混合梁斜拉桥微膨胀UHPC灌注钢混结合段的时变效应

为明确微膨胀超高性能混凝土(Ultra-High-Performance Concrete,UHPC)灌注材料的收缩徐变对混合梁斜拉桥钢混结合段长期性能的影响,以湖北武穴长江公路大桥为工程背景,开展材性试验与结构反应实测。基于一种全桥杆系+局部空间网格的多尺度有限元建模方法,对不同灌注材料收缩徐变下钢混结合段的时变效应进行分析研究。研究结果表明:实桥所采用的微膨胀UHPC在测试龄期内膨胀应变呈现出先增后减且始终保持膨胀的趋势,在约5 d龄期时达到最大膨胀应变292.6με,至1 080 d时为83.8με;徐变系数在前50 d龄期内增长较快,至1 080 d时为1.63。灌注材料的收缩可在结合段内部产生显著的次应力,表现为内填混凝土的拉应力和钢格室的压应力;徐变则会导致混凝土应力松弛而使一部分恒载压应力向钢结构转移。运营20 a后,钢混结合段内填普通混凝土存在较高的开裂风险。未作收缩控制的普通UHPC虽亦出现拉应力,但未超过其抗拉强度,抗裂安全系数仍可达到1.5以上。而微膨胀UHPC处于受压状态,不存在开裂问题。微膨胀UHPC的应用,既可改善内填混凝土的抗裂性能,又有助于常规钢混结合段的结构优化,大幅减少材料用量和结构自重。

基于ANSYS的钢管混凝土拱桥收缩徐变分析

In this paper,a general finite-element software is used to calculate the creep and shrinkage of concrete in CFST arch bridge. The bridge’s spatial model is founded. The cross-section stress redistribution of the arch ribs is researched. The analysis results show that the creep and shrinkage has a great influence upon the structure forces and the stress of any controlled cross-section. The cross-stress redistribution is very obvious. The creep and shrinkage of concrete has little influence upon the structure axial force,but has a great influence upon the bending moment,The forces and the stress of the steel tube have been increased but those of the concrete have been reduced because of the creep and shrinkage. The bending moment of the top of the arch has increased obviously. Engineers should be careful about this phenomenon.

收缩徐变对钢-混凝土组合梁界面行为影响的有限元分析

为研究混凝土收缩徐变对长期荷载作用下钢-混组合梁界面剪力和相对滑移的影响,提出一个简单实用的有限元分析方法。在假定荷载-滑移为线性以及钢梁与混凝土层之间无掀起的前提下,基于混凝土收缩徐变分析的初应变法,建立部分剪力连接钢-混凝土组合梁长期性能分析的有限元模型,其中界面行为通过建立混凝土板与钢梁之间对应节点的主从关系及特殊单元予以模拟。对比集中荷载作用下简支梁的计算结果与已有文献,验证所提方法的有效性。在此基础上研究收缩徐变对钢-混组合梁界面剪力和相对滑移的影响。结果表明,收缩徐变共同作用使得简支钢-混组合梁的界面滑移随着时间有较大程度地增加,但单独的收缩效应反而使界面滑移减小,尽管变化量可忽略不计;同时,由于界面剪力与滑移的正相关性,收缩徐变效应也使得端部界面剪力随时间增大,呈现出前期增长很快而后期增长缓慢的特点。

钢筋混凝土连续板徐变收缩效应的解析方法

在钢筋混凝土梁板结构中,混凝土板的徐变和收缩会使次梁产生梁间荷载增量,导致次梁的梁间荷载发生变化.计算这种梁间荷载增量的关键在于求解出连续板的徐变收缩重分布支反力,因此,提出一种分析钢筋混凝土连续板内力及支反力时变规律的解析方法,分别导出徐变和收缩各自影响下钢筋混凝土连续单向板次内力和次反力的解析公式.根据导出的公式编写Matlab计算程序,对一个连续单向板算例进行分析.结果表明:混凝土徐变对梁间荷载的改变无贡献,而混凝土收缩将使板底次梁产生额外的梁间荷载,其大小与次反力相等,且与楼板配筋率有关.采用该方法可较方便地计算出连续板的徐变收缩次内力,预估收缩导致的梁间荷载增量,公式推导建立在清晰的力学基础之上,是对连续板梁结构长期力学效应计算的一种有效补充.

基于ANSYS的混凝土收缩徐变效应分析

综述了采用ANSYS进行混凝土徐变收缩分析的方法,以线形叠加原理为理论基础,提出了可以考虑施工过程的ANSYS混凝土徐变收缩的计算方法;以软件材料库中所提供金属蠕变的本构关系曲线分段拟合常应力作用下的混凝土徐变曲线,结合离散化模型的有限元模型处理方法,利用APDL进行二次开发,计算了某特大桥节段施工的收缩徐变效应,验证了方法的正确性。

深基坑混凝土支撑轴力监测与分析

为了研究桩撑支护的深基坑在开挖过程中混凝土支撑的轴力特性,本文以珠海地区深基坑为典型案例,分析了基坑开挖过程中支撑轴力监测值的时序特征,研究了计算值与监测值之间的关系。针对轴力现场监测值超过警戒值、基坑未开挖时轴力持续增加等情况,从荷载、温度、徐变和收缩4个方面进行了分析,揭示了基坑在开挖过程中支撑轴力的演化机制。研究表明:(1)随着基坑开挖深度的增加,支撑轴力均表现出增大的趋势;基坑开挖到底后,第1、2层支撑轴力现场监测值是理论计算值的1.67~3.52倍。(2)温度对轴力有明显的影响,达68 k N/℃;收缩及徐变的影响更大,约为轴力现场监测值的1/3。(3)根据拆撑前后的实测数据,切断支撑消除外荷载后,应力计仍能测到轴力,约为未切断前轴力的60%。本文研究结果可为深基坑支撑设计、施工和监测提供参考。