Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Arch Bridges in China

In the past 20 years, great progress has been achieved in China in the construction of concrete-filled steel tube （CFST） arch bridges and concrete arch bridges with a CFST skeleton. The span of these bridges has been increasing rapidly, which is rare in the history of bridge development. The large-scale construction of expressways and high-speed railways demands the development of long-span arch bridges, and advances in design and construction techniques have made it possible to construct such bridges. In the present study, the current status, development, and major innovative technologies of CFST arch bridges and concrete arch bridges with a CFST skeleton in China are elaborated. This paper covers the key con- struction technologies of CFST arch bridges, such as the design, manufacture, and installation of steel tube arch trusses, the preparation and pouring of in-tube concrete, and the construction of the world＇s longest CFST arch bridge-the First Hejiang Yangtze River Bridge. The main construction technologies of rein- forced concrete arch bridges are also presented, which include cable-stayed fastening-hanging cantilever assembly, adjusting the load by means of stay cables, surrounding the concrete for arch rib pouring, and so forth. In addition, the construction of two CFST skeleton concrete arch bridges-the Guangxi Yongning Yong River Bridge and the Yunnan-Guangxi Railway Nanpan River Bridge--is discussed. CFST arch bridges in China have already gained a world-leading position; with the continuous innovation of key technologies, China will become the new leader in promoting the development of arch bridges.

Approach for analyzing the ultimate strength of concrete filled steel tubular arch bridges with stiffening girder

A convenient approach is proposed for analyzing the ultimate load carrying capacity of concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) arch bridge with stiffening girders. A fiber model beam element is specially used to simulate the stiffening girder and CFST arch rib. The geometric nonlinearity, material nonlinearity, influence of the construction process and the contribution of prestressing reinforcement are all taken into consideration. The accuracy of this method is validated by comparing its results with experimental results. Finally, the ultimate strength of an abnormal CFST arch bridge with stiffening girders is investigated and the effect of construction method is discussed. It is concluded that the construction process has little effect on the ultimate strength of the bridge.

Seismic response of the long-span steel truss arch bridge with the thrust under multidimensional excitation

Purpose–Under different ground motion excitation modes,the spatial coupling effect of seismic response for the arch bridge with thrust,seismic weak parts and the internal force components of the control section of main arch ribs are analyzed.Design/methodology/approach–Taking a 490 m deck type railway steel truss arch bridge as the background,the dynamic calculation model of the whole bridge was established by SAP2000 software.The seismic response analyses under one-,two-and three-dimension(1D,2D and 3D)uniform ground motion excitations were carried out.Findings–For the steel truss arch bridge composed of multiple arch ribs,any single direction ground motion excitation will cause large axial force in the chord of arch rib.The axial force caused by transverse and vertical ground motion excitation in the chord of arch crown area is 1.4–3.6 times of the corresponding axial force under longitudinal seismic excitation.The in-plane bending moment caused by the lower chord at the vault is 4.2–5.5 times of the corresponding bending moment under the longitudinal seismic excitation.For the bottom chord of arch rib,the arch foot is the weak part of earthquake resistance,but for the upper chord of arch rib,the arch foot,arch crown and the intersection of column and upper chord can all be the potential earthquake-resistant weak parts.The normal stress of the bottom chord of the arch rib under multidimensional excitation is mainly caused by the axial force,but the normal stress of the upper chord of the arch rib is caused by the axial force,in-plane and out of plane bending moment.Originality/value–The research provides specific suggestions for ground motion excitation mode and also provides reference information for the earthquake-resistant weak part and seismic design of long-span deck type railway steel truss arch bridges.

In-Plane Creep Buckling of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular Arches

The creep-induced deformation of the arch rib of concrete-filled steel tubular （CFST） arches under a sustained load can increase the bending moment, which may lead to earlier stability failure called creep buckling. To investigate the influences of concrete creep on the buckling strength of arches, a theoretical analysis for the creep buckling of CFST circular arches under distributed radial load is performed. The simplified Arutyunyan-Maslov （AM） creep law is used to model the creep behavior of concrete core, and the creep integral operator is introduced. The analytical solutions of the time-dependent buckling strength under the sustained load are achieved and compared with the existing formula based on the age-adjusted effective modulus method （AEMM）. Then the solutions are used to determine the influences of the steel ratio and the first loading age on the creep buckling of CFST arches. The results show that the analytical solutions are of good accuracy and applicability. For CFST arches, the steel ratio and the first loading age have significant influences on creep buckling. An approximate log-linear relationship between the decreased degrees of the creep buckling strength and the first loading age is found. For the commonly used parameters, the maximum loss of the buckling strength induced bv concrete creen is close to 40%

Recent Construction Technology Innovations and Practices for Large-Span Arch Bridges in China

Arch bridges provide significant technical and economic benefits under suitable conditions.In particular,concrete-filled steel tubular(CFST)arch bridges and steel-reinforced concrete(SRC)arch bridges are two types of arch bridges that have gained great economic competitiveness and span growth potential due to advancements in construction technology,engineering materials,and construction equipment over the past 30 years.Under the leadership of the author,two record-breaking arch bridges—that is,the Pingnan Third Bridge(a CFST arch bridge),with a span of 560 m,and the Tian’e Longtan Bridge(an SRC arch bridge),with a span of 600 m—have been built in the past five years,embodying great technological breakthroughs in the construction of these two types of arch bridges.This paper takes these two arch bridges as examples to systematically summarize the latest technological innovations and practices in the construction of CFST arch bridges and SRC arch bridges in China.The technological innovations of CFST arch bridges include cable-stayed fastening-hanging cantilevered assembly methods,new in-tube concrete materials,in-tube concrete pouring techniques,a novel thrust abutment foundation for nonrocky terrain,and measures to reduce the quantity of temporary facilities.The technological innovations of SRC arch bridges involve arch skeleton stiffness selection,the development of encasing concrete materials,encasing concrete pouring,arch rib stress mitigation,and longitudinal reinforcement optimization.To conclude,future research focuses and development directions for these two types of arch bridges are proposed.

基于点云切片算法的铁路钢桁拱桥线形分析

铁路桥梁线形测量对于桥梁健康检测与确保铁路安全运营具有重要作用。为提高运营铁路钢桁拱桥线形测量效率,以某3跨钢桁拱桥为例,运用地面激光扫描(TLS)技术对桥梁杆件进行整体化扫描,从桥梁线形测量精度、扫描完整性、点云个数等3方面,分析出最佳的桥梁扫描测站数为10个。运用3DNDT点云配准算法将各测站一一配准,桥梁点云配准精度为2 mm,将桥梁点云投影至xoy平面,用半径滤波器进行噪声点的去除,得到完整“纯净”的桥梁点云模型。提出点云等距切片与点云平面切片算法提取桥梁线形,并将线形点云数据导出在AutoCAD中拾取坐标。将点云切片法提取的TLS测量值、全站仪法测量结果与原始成桥线形做比较分析,结果表明:在桥面线形分析中,两方法均在跨中处A5点测量出最大变形,分别为12.69 mm、10.29 mm,两方法的最大相互较差R为2.4 mm,相关系数优于99.93%;在拱轴线线形分析中,点云切片法与全站仪法在主桁上弦跨中B4点位测量的最大变形为6.2 mm、3.9 mm,在主桁下弦跨中B10点位测量的最大变形为5.9 mm、3.5 mm,两方法的最大互相较差R为3.2 mm,相关系数优于99.87%,验证了点云切片算法的有效性与TLS测量的高精度性。拱轴线横向线形未出现明显侧移,点云等距切片得到的19个吊杆垂直度保持良好,未发生扭转与偏移。该成果对于运营铁路钢桁拱桥的线形分析与点云处理方法可提供相应的思路和参考,具有重要的实用价值。

考虑高阶振型效应的大跨度钢桁拱桥瑞利阻尼参数取值研究

为了解高阶振型效应对大跨度钢桁拱桥地震反应的影响机制,以及在采用直接积分法时构建合适的瑞利阻尼矩阵,以某490 m跨径钢桁拱桥为背景,采用SAP 2000软件建立全桥弹性动力计算模型。针对主拱圈上(下)弦杆轴力、弯矩,研究振型参与质量最大的7阶(第1、4、8、11、13、23、49阶)振型反应与总反应的占比关系,并对构建瑞利阻尼矩阵的特征频率选取方法展开研究。结果表明:主拱圈上、下弦杆拱脚区域的轴力主要由1阶振型(第1阶)控制,由拱脚向拱顶过渡,逐渐转变为由2~4阶振型控制,高阶振型效应显著;同一阶振型对主拱圈上、下弦杆轴力贡献率及分布规律的影响不同;对于复杂钢桁拱桥,采用振动方向上振型参与质量较大的2阶振型特征频率构建瑞利阻尼矩阵可能因高估了高阶振型阻尼比,导致除拱脚区域以外的拱圈弦杆杆件轴力计算结果偏小,结构偏于不安全;采用直接积分法对复杂钢桁拱桥进行地震反应分析时,建议选取多阶控制振型构建相应的瑞利阻尼工况,并对其计算结果取包络用于抗震设计。

大跨公铁两用钢桁拱桥边跨施工关键技术

常泰长江大桥天星洲专用航道桥为(168+388+168)m大跨重载公铁两用钢桁拱桥。主梁采用2片主桁双层板桁组合结构,边跨钢梁施工采用架梁吊机悬臂散件拼装。为确保边跨钢梁架设轴线和竖曲线线形,按照最快形成稳定桁片结构原则拼装,上墩前悬臂拼装并形成三角桁片稳定结构后再实施抄垫;在钢梁架设过程中对钢梁标高进行调整,精确控制钢梁上墩标高;为确保边跨钢梁架设结构受力满足要求,通过有限元理论分析比选,确定临时墩最优脱空时机;采用“基于空间六点调位法”对边跨钢梁进行整体精确定位;主墩支座采用重力法灌浆;基于多点变形协调,通过优化杆件安装工艺,解决了超静定结构杆件带力安装难题。

中承连续飞燕式钢桁拱桥抗风性能研究

钢桁架拱桥具有构件轻、易于加工、承载力强和运输架设方便的优点,已在公路、铁路设计中得到广泛应用。为了研究大跨度连续中承式钢桁架拱桥抗风性能,指导该类桥梁建造,以长沙市暮坪湘江特大桥为背景,通过桥址风环境分析、结构动力特性仿真分析及风洞试验,获取桥梁结构的抗风性能并检验大桥的抗风稳定性。针对中跨拱肋、中跨主梁及边跨桁架,采用弹簧悬挂二元刚体节段模型,通过风洞试验研究,获取了-12°~+14°不同风攻角下静力风荷载三分力系数,为桥梁风荷载取值提供了依据。同时根据试验结果曲线,中跨主梁、边跨桁梁断面在成桥状态各种风攻角下升力系数斜率均为正,判定主梁及边跨桁架结构均不会发生驰振。结合节段模型弹性悬挂试验,获取主梁结构在成桥阶段及施工阶段最大双悬臂状态,风攻角-3°、0°、3°情况下的竖向位移及扭转角,并依据相似关系将试验风速及所得响应换算至实桥值,以检验主梁的颤振稳定性及涡激共振特性。结果表明,当换算实桥风速高达100 m/s,远高于其颤振检验风速时,主梁均未发生颤振现象,表明该桥在成桥状态下与施工过程中均具有足够的颤振稳定性。在成桥状态或者最大单/双悬臂状态下,桥面设计基准风速34.8 m/s的范围内,各种风攻角情况下均未观察到明显的涡激振动现象。

不均匀温度场下钢管混凝土拱桥管内混凝土脱空分析

为了解不均匀温度场作用下钢管混凝土拱桥管内混凝土脱空原因,依托高原山区某跨径430 m的钢管混凝土拱桥,进行强辐射、大温差联合作用下拱肋拱顶节段足尺模型试验,分析模型温度场分布,并对该不均匀温度场作用下管内混凝土脱空机理进行研究。结果表明:钢管混凝土拱桥水化阶段和运营阶段径向温度场可简化为多段式折线变化规律。14:00时刻,水化阶段温度沿竖直径向(从向阳侧至背阳侧)先减小后升高再减小,在距向阳侧界面D/8~3D/8处(D为钢管内径)存在一个大温差面,运营阶段温度沿竖直径向(从向阳侧至背阳侧)呈先减小后不变再增加的非对称分布规律,从钢管混凝土界面至距其D/8处温度变化大。混凝土水化阶段和运营阶段管内混凝土脱空机理为:在温度场作用下钢管混凝土界面最大纵向应力差分别高达82.6 MPa和61.95 MPa,最大界面径向拉应力分别为0.8 MPa和2.06 MPa,均超过钢管和混凝土间的粘结强度。

基于零位移与无应力状态控制的斜拉扣挂施工扣索力确定方法

大跨度拱桥常采用斜拉扣挂法开展拱肋施工,但在节段拼装过程中扣索索力和拱肋空间位形之间互相影响,索力优化计算以及扣索状态控制问题复杂。提出改进零位移法结合无应力状态控制法的复合扣索力计算方法:基于改进型零位移法快速得到满足成拱线形要求的扣索力大小,基于成拱索力采用无应力状态法反推各施工阶段扣索索力。该复合方法可避免传统零位移法扣索力不准和反复迭代计算的缺陷,施工中扣索可实现一次张拉,后续节段拼装中无需对扣索进行索力调整。以某跨径430 m大跨度钢管混凝土拱桥缆扣合一施工为工程应用背景,采用的零位移法结合无应力状态法对大跨度非对称式钢结构拱肋进行斜拉扣挂拼装的扣索力求解和施工模拟。分析拼装过程中扣索力变化规律,并对比验证实际线形与目标线形偏差,以及拱肋应力与设计应力之间偏差程度。结果表明,所提出的复合算法理论简单且索力求解计算便捷。所求的扣索力可有效保证拱肋拼装完成及松索后拱肋线形和受力均满足要求。

山区铁路不对称连续钢桁梁柔性拱桥主梁设计

研究目的:钢桁梁柔性拱桥普遍为对称结构,但对于山区铁路桥梁,需要考虑桥址地形、地质条件、建造条件及抗震性能等多种因素。本文以山区铁路某跨越V形深沟桥梁为研究背景,针对地形陡峭、施工空间狭小、施工难度大的特点,提出一种非对称钢桁梁柔性拱桥式方案,为山区铁路桥梁选型拓宽思路。研究结论:(1)采用(216+144)m不对称连续钢桁梁柔性拱桥方案,适用于桥址处的建设条件;(2)通过建立有限元模型,对本桥进行静力和动力计算分析,表明本桥结构刚度、杆件强度等各项力学性能均可满足规范的要求;(3)桥面系采用纵横梁桥面体系,纵梁上设置道砟槽板,减轻了桥面系自重,解决了桥面系后期维修和更换的难题;(4)本桥采用塔架扣索施工方案,解决了悬拼过程主桁架应力及变形过大的难题;(5)本桥形式新颖、结构合理、造型美观、节省材料,对山区地形桥梁设计具有借鉴意义。

铁路大跨度钢桁拱桥车-桥耦合振动研究

为研究铁路大跨度钢桁拱桥车-桥耦合系统的动力响应,以南宁三岸邕江特大桥为工程背景,开展桥梁动载试验,测试该桥的自振特性、动位移和加速度。采用有限元软件ABAQUS与多体动力学软件SIMPACK联合仿真建立车-桥耦合振动模型,研究桥梁和列车在不同速度和单双线行车作用下的动力响应。结果表明:随着速度的增大,列车和桥梁的动力响应均增大;双线行车下桥梁的竖向位移和加速度大于单线行车,横向位移和加速度受车辆偏载作用的影响,双线工况下的结果小于单线工况,不同工况下主跨跨中的最大竖向和横向位移分别为17.234 mm和3.762 mm,最大竖向和横向加速度分别为0.589 m/s^(2)和0.213 m/s^(2),均满足我国的规范要求;单双线行车对列车的动力响应无明显影响,不同工况下,列车的脱轨系数、轮轴横向力、轮重减载率、车体振动加速度、Sperling指数均满足规范限值;桥梁整体性能较好,有足够的横向和竖向刚度,桥上运行列车有良好的安全性和平稳性。

暮坪湘江特大桥拱梁同步施工技术及爬拱起重机设计

受现场条件制约,钢桁拱桥在架设过程中经常遇到在桥梁侧面90°取梁,若采用常规施工方案通常难以兼顾结构的施工安全性与经济性。以暮坪湘江特大桥为工程背景,从桥区现场条件、安装难易程度、架设施工工法、经济性、水文地质条件5个方面综合分析了3种钢梁架设方案可行性,提出采用爬拱全回转起重机进行钢桁拱桥架设的拱梁同步施工技术,并采用有限元分析软件对爬拱全回转起重机在各种不利工况下的安全性进行了评估。结果表明,采用爬拱全回转起重机架设的拱梁同步施工方案简便易行、成本低、安全性高,可确保大桥顺利施工。

尖扎黄河特大桥减隔震措施合理布设研究

尖扎黄河特大桥采用(141+366+141)m连续钢桁拱跨越黄河,其建设环境复杂,抗震设计根据两水准设防和两阶段设计的抗震原则,将设计地震作为功能性验算水准,将罕遇地震作为安全性验算标准,以实现“中震不坏、大震可修”的目标。本文探讨了不同抗震约束体系方案,经计算比选,采用横向双固定支座方案,能够降低水平地震作用。通过比较黏滞阻尼器和双曲面球型减隔震支座两种抗震措施方案,对墩台内力、滞回曲线进行分析计算,结果表明黏滞阻尼器耗能效果更好。通过在活动主墩设置可自动泄压速度锁定器,形成多墩协同抗震体系,牢牢结合抗震设防的性能要求,使得桥梁的抗震性能大幅提升,并有效减少了震后的修复工作,确保结构安全。

考虑双重非线性的大跨度钢桁梁拱桥稳定性能评估

为评估钢桁梁拱桥稳定性能,优化结构构造,以岐江河大桥为背景,建立考虑几何与材料非线性的钢桁梁拱桥弹塑性计算模型,考察矢跨比f/L、宽跨比W/L、初始线形偏差、钢材屈服强度对钢桁梁拱桥稳定性影响,探究横撑构造与数目、横梁与横撑抗弯刚度对结构稳定性的优化效果。分析结果表明:f/L介于0.20~0.25时,钢桁梁拱桥稳定性相对优越;保持桥梁跨度不变而增加宽度能提高结构稳定性,当W/L由1/8增加至1/4时,稳定系数提高1倍;初始线形偏差明显影响结构稳定性,当初始横向变形量控制在l/3 000~l/1 000时稳定系数下降5%,而当变形量>l/1 000时稳定系数下降18%;钢材屈服强度对结构稳定性影响较小,250~350MPa 5种强度下的稳定系数相差<7%;现有横撑中,双米撑稳定性最好,其次为米撑、X撑、双K撑、K撑;相同用钢量下,采用米撑构造比K撑构造性能更好;增加横撑数目或增加横梁、横撑抗弯刚度可提高钢桁梁拱桥稳定性。

大跨度双联连续钢管混凝土拱桥结构体系设计研究

为研究大跨度双联连续钢管混凝土拱桥的合理结构体系及中央拱座合理刚度,以主跨2×405 m渝湘复线双堡特大桥为背景,采用MIDAS Civil软件建立全桥有限元模型,分析考虑自重、汽车荷载和基础沉降作用下,拱桥刚接、铰接、半刚性连接约束体系和不同中央拱座刚度对桥梁力学性能的影响。结果表明:自重、汽车荷载和基础沉降作用下各结构体系力学性能均满足规范要求。双刚接方案拱肋变形对称,结构受力良好,且构造简单、施工方便。中央拱座刚度从0.8 EI(EI为原设计方案中央拱座截面刚度)增加至2.0 EI,自重产生的最大变形基本不变,最大拉应力减小了0.33%,最大压应力减小了0.47%,结构力学性能改善效果不明显。双堡特大桥结构体系推荐采用双刚性连接,中央拱座合理刚度取值为0.8 EI,全桥有限元计算结果表明,该结构体系的强度、刚度、稳定性均满足规范要求。

悬臂施工阶段大跨度拱桥抖振响应及抑振措施

为了探讨大跨度拱桥悬臂施工阶段的抖振位移响应及相应的抑振措施,以主跨400 m的中承式钢桁架拱桥为研究对象,首先建立了最大悬臂施工阶段拱桥结构的有限元模型,并基于谐波合成法模拟了三维空间脉动风场,然后采用时域分析方法计算了拱肋悬臂端和施工扣塔顶部的抖振位移响应,并利用风洞试验结果进行了对比验证,最后考察了不同抑振措施的减振效果。结果表明:在拱肋悬臂端设置竖向抗风缆能有效减小拱肋的竖向抖振位移响应;同时,设置倾角45°的扣塔抗风缆和拱肋抗风缆,可以使拱肋横桥向、竖向及扣塔横桥向、顺桥向抖振位移响应的减振率分别达到62.5%、84.8%、61.0%和62.7%。此外,采用空间交错方式和竖平面内交错方式“软连接”拱肋悬臂端,可以使拱肋横桥向、竖向及扣塔顺桥向抖振位移响应的减振率分别达到49.5%、95.7%和67.1%。以上结果证明大跨度拱桥悬臂施工期抖振减振效果与抗风措施的布设位置和方式密切相关,应合理选择适合的抗风措施。

几何初始缺陷与初应力对钢管混凝土拱桥的影响研究

为探讨拱圈拱轴线的几何初始缺陷和钢管初应力对拱桥结构内力与应力的影响,基于实际工程案例,建立了4个有限元模型,分为2组,一组包括2个模型,考虑了拱轴线的几何初始缺陷影响;另一组也包括2个模型,首先考虑拱轴线几何初始缺陷,然后在此基础上考虑初应力影响,进行拱桥内力和应力分析对比。结果表明:几何初始缺陷对拱圈轴力影响较小,增幅<1%,但对拱圈的弯矩和应力分布影响较明显,特别是在拱顶部分,在拱顶处弯矩减小高达91.31%,而拱脚处增加17.03%,拱脚和拱顶上缘的混凝土应力增加23.19%,下缘的混凝土应力减小51.95%;考虑初应力影响后,拱桥内力分布发生显著变化。拱脚处轴力增加65.5%,拱圈弯矩最大减小68.21%,拱圈截面上缘应力增加幅度高达113.7%。因此,实际施工阶段,必须充分考虑拱圈拱轴线几何初始缺陷影响,并根据实际施工顺序准确模拟初应力。

香溪长江大桥施工风险联合评估模型研究及应用

文中以香溪长江大桥主拱肋合龙利用施工风险模型构建为例,考虑先验数据与主拱肋合龙误差的因果关系,构建贝叶斯网络拓扑结构.以中心极限定理(CLT)方式,利用动态多源监控数据更新网络中父节点先验分布.有限元分析与BP神经网络结合,在合龙误差与系列影响参数之间建立对应关系,通过蒙特卡罗法确定了概率分布,实现了联合施工风险误差的定量预测.结果表明:香溪长江大桥的拱肋竖向误差风险概率具有传递性,拱肋合龙误差在75~125 mm的风险等级达到了IV级,因此施工过程中应该对锚索预应力、扣塔偏移、当地气温严密监控.施工风险联合预测模型的计算值与工程实际合龙控制误差趋势吻合.