Numerical analysis of heat transfer enhancement on steam condensation in the presence of air outside the tube

In loss-of-coolant accidents,a passive containment heat removal system protects the integrity of the containment by condensing steam.As a large amount of air exists in the containment,the steam condensation heat transfer can be significantly reduced.Based on previous research,traditional methods for enhancing pure steam condensation may not be applicable to steam–air condensation.In the present study,new methods of enhancing condensation heat transfer were adopted and several potentially enhanced heat transfer tubes,including corrugated tubes,spiral fin tubes,and ring fin tubes were designed.STAR-CCM+was used to determine the effect of enhanced heat transfer tubes on the steam condensation heat transfer.According to the calculations,the gas pressure ranged from 0.2 to 1.6 MPa,and air mass fraction ranged from 0.1 to 0.9.The effective perturbation of the high-concentration air layer was identified as the key factor for enhancing steam–air condensation heat transfer.Further,the designed corrugated tube performed well at atmospheric pressure,with a maximum enhancement of 27.4%,and performed poorly at high pressures.In the design of spiral fin tubes,special attention should be paid to the locations that may accumulate high-concentration air.Nonetheless,the ring-fin tubes generally displayed good performance under all conditions of interest,with a maximum enhancement of 24.2%.

Ammonia corrosion analysis of copper tubes and experimental research on non-copper improvement for heat exchanger in power plant

Ammonia corrosion in copper tube will affect the safety of boiler running in power plant. Therefore, no copper in heating system has become a technical orientation in heat exchanger reconstruction, This paper analyzes the condition and mechanism of ammonia corrosion occurring in copper tube used in coal-fired power plants. Using a general steam condensation testing equipment only for horizontal single tube, with water vapor and water as working fluid, on two types of steel tube with 2-side enhancement heat transfer, namely, a spirally fluted tube and a ratchet tube with internal spiral groove （RISG tube） which was developed recently, a set of experimental tests are conducted to investigate the characteristics of heat transfer and hydromeehanics. In order to compare easily, both one copper smooth tube and one steel smooth tube are also used in the experiment. The experimental results, which get from single horizontal tube, show that the overall heat transfer coefficient of steel spirally fluted tube are improved by 10%o to 17%, and that of the steel RISG tube（22%-28%） is better than steel spirally fluted tube, its flow resistance coefficient is only increased by 22% to 66% when compared with smooth tube. Based on a lot of experimental data, the steel spirally fluted tube and the steel RISG tube were applied in a low pressure preheater and an oil-cooler of some or other power plant respectively. The field testing results showed that their heat transfer coefficient with each types of enhancement heat transfer tubes were improved by 2.5% and 21%-45% comparing with copper smooth tube heat exchangers. Both basic and field experiment indicates that the steel tube with 2-side enhancement heat transfer is an ideal choice for heat exchanger reconstruction in no copper issue in power plants.

Heat Transfer Enhancement and Vortex Flow Structure in the Spirally Fluted Tubes

The turbulence kinetic energy and heat transfer performance of air in spirally fluted tube were numerically studied at a constant wall temperature with Reynolds number(Re)between 5000 and 45000.Furthermore,the flow dynamics and heat transfer performance of spirally fluted tubes with five different geometric parameters as well as the effects of separation vortex and swirling wake flow on heat transfer and flow resistance were analyzed.According to the results,heat transfer is enhanced mainly because the fluid hit the windward side of the flute,thus generating a strong turbulence kinetic energy to further reconstruct the boundary layer.The second reason is that the formation of the recirculation zone between the flutes disturbs the boundary layer caused by the flow separation.With the increase of flute depth ratio(L_(d)/D),the separation vortex will become stronger and larger on the leeward side of flute.The separation vortex will break the boundary layer and improve the heat transfer capacity which is accompanied with the increase of fluid resistance.As the flute pitch length ratio(L_(p)/D)decreases,the spiral flow is strengthened,and meanwhile more wake flow is generated.The spiral flow causes little impact on enhancing heat transfer but inhibits the development of the separation vortex and fluid pulsation;in addition,the fluid resistance is reduced at the same time.The maximum value of the average Nusselt number appears when Re=5000,L_(d)/D=0.25 and L_(p)/D=1.00,which is 2.53 times the value of smooth tube.In view of the whole range of Reynolds number,the thermal performance enhancement factor indicates that L_(d)/D=0.15 and L_(p)/D=1.00 are the optimal geometric design parameters.

Experiment of Flow Regime Map and Local Condensing Heat Transfer Coefficients Inside Three Dimensional Inner Microfin Tubes

This paper developed a new type of three dimensional inner microfin tube. The experimental results of the flow patterns for the horizontal condensation inside these tubes are reported in the paper. The flow patterns for the horizontal condensation inside the new made tubes are divided into annular flow, stratified flow and intermittent flow within the test conditions. The experiments of the local heat transfer coefficients for the different flow patterns have been systematically carried out. The experiments of the local heat transfer coefficients changing with the vapor dryness fraction have also been carried out. As compared with the heat transfer coefficients of the two dimensional inner microfin tubes, those of the three dimensional inner microfin tubes increase 47-127% for the annular flow region, 38-183% for the stratified flow and 15-75% for the intermittent flow, respectively. The enhancement factor of the local heat transfer coefficients is from 1.8-6.9 for the vapor dryness fraction from 0.05 to 1.

Study on heat transfer enhancement of discontinuous short wave finned flat tube

The typical configuration adopted by air-cooled condenser(ACC) in coal-fired power generating unit is the wave finned flat tube. The development of boundary layer between wave fins along long axis of flat tube can suppress the air-side heat transfer enhancement to a great extent. It has been proved that the serrated fins can enhance heat transfer obviously by breaking the development of boundary layer periodically. In the present study,the discontinuous short wave fin was introduced to the flat tube to enhance the air-side heat transfer of ACC. Two different types of arrangements,i.e. staggered and in-line for discontinuous short wave fins on the flat tube,were designed. By numerical simulation,the heat transfer and flow performances of short wave fins were studied under different arrangements(in-line,staggered) ,and the influences on heat transfer and flow characteristics of rows of short wave fin and interrupted distance between discontinuous short wave fins were revealed numerically. The results indicated that,compared with the original continuous wave fin,the discontinuous short wave fin effectively improved the air-side heat transfer of flat tube under the air flow velocities in the practical application of engineering. Moreover,the increment of pressure loss of air-side flow was restricted for the discontinuous short wave fins because of the reduction of contact areas between the air flow and fin surface.

螺旋扭曲扁管传热流阻性能及工艺计算方法研究

螺旋扭曲扁管是一种非标换热管,成熟的热交换器计算商业软件,如HTRI、Aspen EDR等目前均尚未提供对应的计算模型,现有计算方法存在不统一、偏差大等问题。以螺旋扭曲扁管为对象,通过数值模拟计算、实验测试对其进行传热及流阻性能研究,综合利用HTRI传热计算软件,建立了一套螺旋扁管传热及流阻性能的通用化计算方法。进行了通用化计算结果、数值模拟分析数据、实验测试数据的对比,验证了通用计算方法的准确性,对螺旋扭曲扁管的工艺设计具有指导意义。

加装螺旋导流板的双层铜管换热器传热性能分析

为提高螺旋铜管(SCT)换热器的综合传热性能,通过在换热器内加装螺旋形导流板,采用双向流固耦合计算方法,分析了不同入口流速和导流板安装位置下对换热器内部双层SCT的振动和传热性能的影响。数值结果表明:双层SCT换热器外层SCT的振动强度明显高于内层;无振动时内层SCT的传热系数高于外层,有振动时外层SCT的传热系数高于内层;随着入口流速增加,内外层SCT的振幅均增大,传热系数提高;导流板的安装位置会直接影响SCT的振动和传热特性,且在SCT呈现最大振动强度和最佳传热性能时的安装位置并不相同;对比振动强化传热参数Q PEC和综合传热性能因子R JF发现,双层SCT换热器的Q PEC和R JF均高于单层,两螺旋导流板分别安装在换热器的左、下位置时,Q PEC最大,安装在换热器的左、上位置时,R JF最大且比安装在左、下位置时最高增大了7.99%。该研究可为高性能SCT换热器的设计提供理论和数据支撑。

水平微肋管内R513A冷凝换热特性研究

采用实验方法研究了R513A在光管和不同齿密度微肋管内的冷凝换热性能,并通过对比冷凝换热系数实验值与关联式的预测值,探究了现有关联式对R513A的适用性,实验在冷凝温度33、35、38℃,质量流速50~150 kg/(m^(2)·s)的工况范围内进行。实验结果表明:冷凝换热系数随质量流速的增大而增大,在低质量流速区域,微肋管的冷凝换热系数增长幅度更大;随着齿密度的增加,管内换热面积增大,但管内表面张力作用增强,相应的流动阻力增强,强化传热作用被削弱;与R134a相比,微肋管对R513A的强化传热效果更优;对于光管,Bashar关联式的预测效果最佳,Cavallini关联式与Dobson关联式在低质量流速区域的预测误差偏大;对于微肋管,Yu关联式的预测效果最理想,Cavallini关联式与Kedzierski关联式均低估了管内冷凝换热特性。以Kedzierski关联式为基础,拟合了新的修正关联式,修正关联式的预测值与实验值的一致性较好,其平均绝对误差与标准差分别为7.8%、8.5%。

换热器内逆向折流板对螺旋管传热性能的影响

为了提高换热器的综合传热能力,以逆向折流板螺旋管(RBST)换热器为研究对象,通过改变折流板与螺旋管的安装方式,获得了更高综合传热性能的RBST换热器;采用双向流-固耦合的计算方法,研究了不同流速和不同结构方案下流体诱导螺旋管振动对RBST换热器综合传热性能的影响,并探讨了螺旋管振动的有效性。结果表明:当RBST换热器内的折流板与螺旋管采用间隙安装时,螺旋管的振幅随入口速度的增加而增加,但其振动频率始终保持不变;螺旋管振动能够增强RBST换热器的综合传热性能,但是强化传热评价指标最高仅为1.0303,效果并不显著,且振动强化传热效果会随着入口速度的增加而削弱;当RBST换热器内的折流板与螺旋管采用无缝安装时,换热器综合性能评价指标最高为1.018,这既延长了螺旋管的使用寿命,又提升了换热器的综合传热性能。

R134a及其混合物管外凝结换热特性的试验研究

针对制冷剂R134a及其与R125的混合物,在光管及强化管外的凝结换热特性进行了试验研究。研究表明:R134a在光管外凝结换热系数的变化与Nusselt理论解相吻合;与光管相比,强化管外凝结换热系数更高,当热流密度为25 kW/m^(2)时,R134a的强化倍率为15.27,而R134a/R125在R125占比分别为6%、12%、18%下的强化倍率分别是7.45、5.74、5.38,R417A的强化倍率为6.69。对于光管,含R125的R134a混合物凝结换热系数随热流密度的增大而减小;对于强化管,则随热流密度的增大而增大。

螺旋管内超临界CO_(2)对流换热特性数值研究

本文模拟了超临界CO_(2)在竖直螺旋管内对流换热过程,研究了质量流速、压力、热流密度等参数对其传热系数的影响,并对比了超临界CO_(2)在螺旋管与直管对流换热性能。结果表明,提高质量流速、降低热流密度能够有效提高换热系数。相比于圆管,螺旋管能够有效提高超临界CO_(2)对流换热系数,最高平均增幅为11.2%。

超临界甲烷新型螺旋槽管的设计及传热强化

提出以超临界甲烷为工质,利用螺旋槽管来达到强化换热目的.研究发现,与螺旋光管对比,对螺旋槽管的槽头数和螺旋角角度进行合理设计后,二次流强度得以增强,换热性能得到提高.

工质和管材及管径对强化管内冷凝传热影响研究

为评估制冷工质和管材及管径对强化管的冷凝传热影响规律,采用实验方法对R410a和R22在内螺纹管内的冷凝传热进行了测试。所采用的管外径包括7 mm和9.52 mm,管材料包括铝和铜。制冷剂的冷凝温度为47℃,质量流速为200—400 kg/(m^(2)·s),入口干度从0.1—0.8变化,出口干度比进口干度低0.1。研究结果表明,波状分层流和环状流的转变干度介于0.4—0.5之间。R22的冷凝压降显著高于R410a,且压降增速快于R410a;当干度介于0.2—0.4时,R410a和R22的冷凝传热系数较为接近。干度与PF呈负相关关系,干度的增加并没有带来PF的改善,R410a和R22的PF比较接近。7 mm铜管和铝管管壁导热热阻与制冷剂冷凝热阻之比小于2%,制冷剂侧冷凝热阻占主导地位;管径对冷凝传热的影响远高强化表面结构,随着管径的减小,剪切力和表面张力逐渐取代重力,成为主导力,有利于去除和稀释底部的液膜。

换热器螺旋管冷凝换热的数值模拟与实验研究

为了研究换热器螺旋管的冷凝传热性能,对R22制冷剂使用VOF模型在螺旋直径为300 mm、螺距为19.52 mm、管道直径为9.52 mm的换热器螺旋管进行数值模拟,分析换热器螺旋管的流场分布特性,研究了流体流速和饱和温度对螺旋管内换热性能的影响。通过实验研究了不同参数对螺旋管内换热性能的影响,对数值模拟的准确性进行验证。实验结果表明:在不同流体流速时冷凝换热系数的模拟数据与实验数据之间的相对误差为3%~11%,在不同饱和温度时冷凝换热系数的模拟数据与实验数据之间的相对误差为3%~8%,说明数值模拟方法和结果是合理的。研究成果为螺旋管换热器的设计优化以及空调热水器一体机的节能损耗提供了一定的参考。

螺旋管外空气-蒸汽冷凝强化传热实验研究

管外含空气蒸汽冷凝是非能动安全壳热量导出系统工作的重要环节,为了提高系统的传热效率需要对空气-蒸汽冷凝强化传热进行研究。本文在压力0.2~1.3 MPa,壁面过冷度50~120℃,对管外径为19、25、38 mm的螺旋管外含空气蒸汽冷凝进行了实验研究。实验结果表明:螺旋管管径越小,换热系数越大,19 mm管的换热效果可达38 mm管的1.55倍;与竖直管相比,螺旋管强化换热效果受压力影响较大,压力越高,强化换热效果越好,0.2 MPa时换热系数较竖直管低3%左右,而1.3 MPa时比竖直管可强化65%左右。螺旋管有较好的强化换热效果,可对非能动安全壳热量导出系统的优化设计提供支持。

椭圆截面螺旋铜管换热器传热性能分析

为了得到具有更高传热特性的换热装置,在椭圆截面螺旋铜管(ESSCT)换热器内安装螺旋折流板和中空管,对其进行了结构改进。采用双向流固耦合计算法,研究了不同入口流速和不同ESSCT截面横纵向半径比(e)条件下,改进后ESSCT换热器的振动强化传热特性。研究表明,可将传热元件由传统的圆形截面变为椭圆形截面来获得具有更高传热性能的换热设备。当截面为椭圆形(e≠1)时,ESSCT的传热性能获得了不同层次的改善。尤其当e=2时,ESSCT的传热性能获得了最大幅度的提高,此时换热器综合强化传热性能最强。ESSCT的平均面均传热系数(SAHTC)和强化传热评价指标(Epec)及其增幅均随入口流速增加而增大。此外,单位压降下的SAHTC在低流速时效果更明显,其随入口流速的增加而减小。研究结果对新型ESSCT换热器设计应具有一定的指导意义。

冷却条件下渐扩/渐缩管内超临界压力二氧化碳的传热特性

采用SSTk-ω湍流模型,数值计算了冷却条件下超临界压力二氧化碳(SCO_(2))在三种水平管(等截面管、渐扩管和渐缩管)内的传热特性,研究了不同运行参数(压力、质量流量及热通量)对传热性能的影响。结果表明,与等截面管相比,渐扩管有效地强化了传热,采用渐扩管时,SCO_(2)的总传热系数最大提高了47.98%。然而,相比等截面管,渐缩管却削弱了传热。最后,从类冷凝和湍流场分布的角度阐明了传热强化的物理机理。为SCO_(2)冷却器的优化设计提供了新的思路和理论指导。

S型管束外空气-蒸汽冷凝传热特性数值分析

为追求非能动安全壳热量导出系统换热器更优异的管外空气-蒸汽冷凝传热性能,并为实验及换热器的拓展设计提供相应指导,本文对S型管束外含空气蒸汽冷凝传热特性进行了数值分析。结果表明:计算参数范围内,S型管束能有效强化管束外含空气蒸汽冷凝传热能力,其平均冷凝传热系数为竖直管束的1.3~1.7倍。总结得出迎流面强化传热的管间冲刷效应和抑制传热的空气层堆叠效应的耦合作用机制。多排布置时,减小管排数、增大弯管半径、管间距及采用叉排布置均有利于提高S型管束外含空气蒸汽冷凝传热能力。

折流板对锥形螺旋管束壳程传热性能的影响

以锥形螺旋弹性管束(conical spiral elastic tube bundle,CSETB)换热器为研究对象,通过在换热器内增设脉动/引流折流板,以期获得具有更高传热性能的弹性管束换热设备。通过采用双向流固耦合计算方法,研究了不同壳程入口流速和不同结构方案下CSETB换热器的振动强化传热性能。研究表明,CSETB的振幅随流速的增加而增加,仅增设脉动折流板可使CSETB表现为相对大幅高频振动,同时增设脉动、引流折流板可使CSETB表现为相对大幅低频振动。增设折流板可使流体流动的规律性和温度场分布的层次性增强,且能使换热器的壳程传热能力获得大幅提高。振动能够实现强化传热,这种强化传热的程度在高流速时更明显,且增设折流板能明显提高CSETB的振动强化传热性能。此外,引流折流板的存在使换热器的综合传热性能降低。

环状疏膜板强化管束外含空气蒸汽冷凝特性分析

管外含空气蒸汽冷凝是非能动安全壳热量导出系统工作中关键的传热过程,为了提高系统中换热器的换热效率需要对管束外强化换热进行研究。本文将环状疏膜板强化换热管与管束结合并使用CFD软件对其进行数值模拟,研究对冷凝换热的影响。结果表明:疏膜板布置方式、管间距等会对换热产生影响,交错布置疏膜板后换热系数最高可以比光管束提高28%;不同的布置方式对换热影响较大,不同布置换热系数可相差18%;管间距会通过影响疏膜板高度而影响强化效果。管束合理设置疏膜板后,可有较好的强化换热效果,可为换热器优化设计提供依据。