Development of Tea Whitener Using Concentrated Whey and Milk Solids

Whey and toned milk was effectively used for the development of tea whitener. Cheese whey was concentrated to 12% solids in a vacuum evaporator, pasteurized at 72℃±2℃ for 15 s, diluted back to 11.5% solids and was cold blended with toned milk of 11.5% solids in three ratios viz. 25:75, 50:50 and 75:25 and selected blends were homogenized at 1200-1500 psi. Tea was prepared by adding 80 mL whitener to 100 mL decoction and addition of sugar at 8% (w/v). The tea whitener was selected based on the sensory attributes of tea beverages. The colour of the beverages, tea whiteners and decoction were analyzed by reflectance meter and computer vision image analysis technique. The viscosity of the beverage was tested using a Brookfield viscometer. Coffee stability test was done to assess the stability of tea whitener under acidic conditions. Standard plate count, Coliform count and Presumptive Coliform test were done to assess the microbiological quality of the whitener. Homogenization had a positive impact on the viscosity and colour. The reflectance value of tea prepared from 25% homogenised whey milk blend and toned milk were in the range of 43-46 and 45-49, respectively. The viscosity of tea was found to increase with homogenization and whey levels. The sedimentation values of 25% whey blends and toned milk were 1.25 mL and 1 mL respectively. The shelf life of the blends was 2 days under refrigerated conditions. It can be concluded that a satisfactory tea whitener can be prepared by blending whey with toned milk in 25:75 proportion followed by homogenization.

Milk Yield and Composition and Pasture Ruminal Digestion in Grazing Dairy Cows Receiving Three Levels of Energy Concentrate Supplementation

The objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of feeding three levels (T3.5, T7.0 and T10.5) of energy concentrate (3.5, 7.0 and 10.5 kg cow-1 day-1) on total dry matter (DM) and energy intakes, milk yield and composition, nutritional value of milk and rumen pasture neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion in grazing dairy cows. Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows in early lactation (70.2 ± 13 days postpartum) producing 37.1 (±4.7) kg of milk were assigned to a 3 treatments (7 cows/treatment) × 3 periods Latin square design. Parameters of ruminal environment and pasture NDF degradation were obtained using 3 additional cows of the same breed fitted with rumen cannulae. On a wet basis, concentrate was composed by corn grain (68%), soybean meal (22%), wheat bran (8%) and a vitamin-mineral nucleus with monensin. Pasture (Medicago sativa, sp) was used in a rotational grazing system with an herbage allowance of 30 kg DM cow-1 d-1. Yield (kg cow-1 d-1) of fat corrected milk (4% FCM) resulted higher (p < 0.05) in T7.0 (29.0) compared to T3.5 (26.8) but similar to T10.5 (30.2). Milk and protein yields were linearly increased (p < 0.01) by concentrate intake. Milk fat (3.13 g/100g) and total solid contents (11.79 g/100g) did not differ whereas milk protein (p < 0.03) and casein (p < 0.01) levels (g/100g) increased linearly from 3.05 to 3.10 (protein) and from 2.42 to 2.47 (casein). Pasture intake decreased but total DM and energy consumption were enhanced showing addition effects after concentrate feeding. Body weight (BW) loss and plasmatic levels of non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) decreased with concentrate intake. Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were higher (p < 0.05) in T10.5 while those of glucose, plasma urea nitrogen, insulin and somatotrophin were not affected. Ruminal pH and acetate concentration resulted lower (p < 0.05) in T10.5 when compared to T3.5. The acetate:propionate ratio decreased (p < 0.01) from 4.25 in T3.5 to 3.08 in T10.5 and ruminal ammonia nitrogen levels tended (p < 0.07) to be lower as concentrate intake increased. Kinetics parameters of NDF degradation remained unchanged. The potential hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (FA) of milk (C12:0 to C16:0.) remained unchanged as concentrate intake increased. Milk content of linolenic acid decreased and the n-6:n-3 ratio increased with concentrate intake from 1.56 (T3.5) to 2.57 (T10.5) remaining below the recommended values for human health (<4:1). Milk content of antioxidant vitamins was not significantly altered even when pasture DM intake fall in T10.5 compared to T3.5. Increased consumption of a starch-rich concentrate up to 40% of DM intake of cows showed additive effects on total DM and energy intakes improving milk yield, milk protein and casein contents without negative effects on milk fat concentration or yield. Pasture fiber digestion and nutritional parameters linked to healthy value of milk fat were not affected.

Negative effects of long-term feeding of high-grain diets to lactating goats on milk fat production and composition by regulating gene expression and DNA methylation in the mammary gland

Background： It is well known that feeding a high concentrate（HC） diet to lactating ruminants likely induces subacute ruminal acidosis（SARA） and leads to a decrease in milk fat production. However, the effects of feeding a HC diet for long periods on milk fatty acids composition and the mechanism behind the decline of milk fat still remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of feeding a HC diet to lactating dairy goats on milk fat yield and fatty acids composition with an emphasis on the mechanisms underlying the milk fat depression. Seventeen mid-lactating dairy goats were randomly allocated to three groups. The control treatment was fed a low-concentrate diet（35% concentrate, n = 5, LC） and there were two high-concentrate treatments（65% concentrate, HC）, one fed a high concentrate diet for a long period（19 wks, n = 7, HL）; one fed a high concentrate diet for a short period of time（4 wk, n = 5, HS）. Milk fat production and fatty acids profiles were measured. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying the changes in milk fat production and composition,the gene expression involved in lipid metabolism and DNA methylation in the mammary gland were also analyzed.Results： Milk production was increased by feeding the HC diet in the HS and HL groups compared with the LC diet（P 〈 0.01）, while the percentage of milk fat was lower in the HL（P 〈 0.05） but not in the HS group. The total amount of saturated fatty acids（SFA） in the milk was not changed by feeding the HC diet, whereas the levels of unsaturated fatty acids（UFA） and monounsaturated fatty acids（MUFA） were markedly decreased in the HL group compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）. Among these fatty acids, the concentrations of C15：0（P 〈 0.01）, C17：0（P 〈 0.01）, C17：1（P 〈 0.01）, C18：1 n-9 c（P 〈 0.05）, C18：3 n-3 r（P 〈 0.01） and C20：0（P 〈 0.01） were markedly lower in the HL group, and the concentrations of C20：0（P 〈 0.05） and C18：3 n-3 r（P 〈 0.01） were lower in the HS group compared with the LC group. However, the concentrations of C18：2 n-6 c（P 〈 0.05） and C20：4 n-6（P 〈 0.05） in the milk fat were higher in the HS group. Real-time PCR results showed that the m RNA expression of the genes involved in milk fat production in the mammary gland was generally decreased in the HL and HS groups compared with the LC group. Among these genes, ACSL1, ACSS1 ＆ 2, ACACA, FAS, SCD, FADS2, and SREBP1 were downregulated in the mammary gland of the HL group（P 〈 0.05）, and the expressions of ACSS2, ACACA, and FADS2 m RNA were markedly decreased in the HS goats compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）. In contrast to the gene expression, the level of DNA methylation in the promoter regions of the ACACA and SCD genes was increased in the HL group compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）. The levels of ACSL1 protein expression and FAS enzyme activity were also decreased in the mammary gland of the HL compared with the LC group（P 〈 0.05）.Conclusions： Long-term feeding of a HC diet to lactating goats induced milk fat depression and FAs profile shift with lower MUFAs but higher SFAs. A general down-regulation of the gene expression involved in the milk fat production and a higher DNA methylation in the mammary gland may contribute to the decrease in milk fat production in goats fed a HC diet for long time periods.

Concentration Changes of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate in Serum and Milk in Lactating Woman Who Used Depo Geston~

Objective To determine the concentration changes of medroxyprogesterone acetate （MPA） in serum and milk in the Chinese lactating women who used Depo Geston Methods Ten postpartum and breastfeeding women received an injectable contraceptive of Depo Geston （depo medroxyprogesterone acetate, DMPA, 150 mg/ampoule）. Serum and milk samples were collected in the 1^st, 2^st, 4^th, 6^th, 8^th 10^th and 12^th week after contraceptive injection. The concentrations of medroxyprogesterone acetate （MPA） in serum and milk were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results The highest MPA concentration in serum was observed at the 1^st week and then the level of serum MPA decreased obviously at the 2^na and 4^th week. After the 4^th week, the decline of serum MPA level slowed down. The concentration of milk MPA reached the highest level at 1^th week. But at the 2^nd week the average level of MPA in milk dropped by half The MPA concentration in the milk was changed in the range of 5.2-8.3 ng/mL in the following 10 weeks. During observation, the average ratios of concentration and area under curve （AUC） in milk/serum were both 0.55. There was a wide variation in MPA concentrations and ratios of milk/serum between subjects. Conclusion MPA concentrations maintained a certaim level at the 12^th week after DMPA injection. However, whether mather＇s intake of DMPA during feeding period has effect on children＇s growth, espcially pubertal growth, deserves further studies.

The Impact of the Block Freeze Concentration Process on Human Milk Properties Intended for Feeding Newborns

Human milk is the ideal nutritional support for premature neonates. Considering the need for aggregating nutritional value to human milk provided to such vulnerable group of infants, human milk was concentrated by the block freeze concentration technique. The effects of freeze concentration on the physicochemical properties, the efficiency of the process, color parameters, and the density and dynamic viscosity of human milk were assessed. The freeze concentration technology was used to successfully concentrate human milk to a factor equal to 180.48% and 72% of total solid retention in the second stage of freeze concentration. The values observed in the concentrates for the biochemical properties showed that the fraction of concentrated fluid human milk of the second stage (C2) presented elevated amounts of carbohydrates, protein and energy. The elevated caloric value observed in the ice fraction of the first stage (I1) refers to the retention of lipids in it. When added to human milk, C2 and I1 may satisfy the special requisites of nutrients and energy to guarantee the growth and development of preterm neonates.

植物基乳产业的发展趋势与技术创新

植物基乳产品作为植物基食品产业的重要组成部分,其发展水平对促进植物基食品产业有着举足轻重的作用。分析了全球植物基乳产品的市场规模和我国植物乳产品的市场情况:2023年,全球规模为296亿美元,并以11.4%的速度增长;我国植物基饮品包括豆奶、椰奶、核桃乳、杏仁乳等呈稳定性增长趋势,粉体类产品市场也较稳定(达30万t)。指出植物基乳作为未来食品需要进一步完善定义,充分体现植物基乳特征和属性要求;要加大力度开发满足新消费场景和渠道的新技术、新产品,解决消费者关心的植物基乳产品口味、价格和清洁标签等关键问题,加快植物基酸奶、冷饮等技术的成熟和落地,并通过开发满足不同消费场景、特殊营养、健康需求的产品,为植物基乳产品价值和市场竞争力赋能,创立多元化的植物基乳产业发展新模式。

超滤制备无乳糖牛乳蛋白浓缩物的工艺优化

传统牛乳浓缩工艺通过加热蒸发水分实现浓缩,具有蛋白质受热变性、感官品质降低、生产效率低及无法去除乳糖等问题。引入超滤技术以脱脂牛乳为原料制备无乳糖牛乳蛋白浓缩物(milk protein concentrate,MPC)以弥补传统工艺的缺陷,并对分离过程中的分离系统、洗滤模式及操作条件等工艺进行优化。最终采用分离精度为10 kDa的聚醚砜中空纤维超滤膜组件在自制膜分离系统中以40℃、0.1 MPa的操作条件下2倍浓缩、3次反洗补水洗滤制备了乳糖质量浓度为1.17 g/L、蛋白收率为94.0%、蛋白质量浓度为40.01 g/L、pH值为6.98、乳糖脱除率为96.5%的无乳糖MPC。超滤浓缩技术有效去除了乳糖,且工艺优化显著提高了生产效率与产品质量,制备出的无乳糖MPC可实现乳产品组分的优化。

低蛋白精料补充料对泌乳期放牧牦牛体增重、血清生化指标及乳成分的影响

试验旨在研究低蛋白精料补充料补充两种主要过瘤胃氨基酸对泌乳期放牧牦牛体增重、血清生化指标及乳成分的影响。选取健康状况良好、体重相近的24头泌乳牦牛作为试验动物,随机分为3组,每组8个重复。高蛋白组(HP组)饲喂粗蛋白水平为16.66%的精料补充料,中蛋白组(MP组)饲喂粗蛋白水平为15.05%的精料补充料并额外添加0.23%过瘤胃赖氨酸和0.03%过瘤胃蛋氨酸、低蛋白组(LP组)饲喂粗蛋白水平为13.57%的精料补充料并额外添加0.46%过瘤胃赖氨酸和0.07%过瘤胃蛋氨酸。预试期8 d,正试期40 d。结果表明:3组母牦牛终末体重及净增重指标无显著差异(P>0.05);LP组血清中葡萄糖的含量显著低于其他两组(P<0.05),HP组血清尿素氮的含量显著高于LP组(P<0.05),各组间血清其他指标差异均不显著(P>0.05);3组泌乳期牦牛产奶量无显著差异(P>0.05),LP组乳脂率显著高于MP组和HP组(P<0.05),HP组总固形物含量显著低于MP组和LP组(P<0.05)。综上得出,降低泌乳期牦牛精料补充料的粗蛋白水平并补充相应的过瘤胃氨基酸不影响泌乳期牦牛的生产性能,且在降低饲料中豆粕用量的同时能改善机体蛋白质的利用情况,提高了饲粮的氮利用率。

炼乳生产现状及其减糖策略研究

随着高糖饮食造成的健康问题日益突显,降糖已经成为乳品行业发展的必然趋势。特别是含糖量高达40%的炼乳,是乳制品减糖的重点关注领域和新的技术挑战。针对炼乳生产工艺特点及成分特征,该文重点阐述了炼乳减糖的现有策略,包括乳糖水解、糖替代、超滤、直接减糖等方式,以及炼乳减糖技术的发展方向。该文在综述了现有减糖策略的基础上,分析了炼乳减糖所面临的挑战,并对炼乳减糖技术发展趋势进行预测与建议。

LC-MS/MS法同时测定人乳汁中贝他斯汀和羟氯喹的浓度

目的 建立同时测定人乳汁中贝他斯汀和羟氯喹浓度的液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS/MS)方法并应用于临床。方法 向50μL乳汁样品中加入200μL含内标(100 ng/mL氯喹)的甲醇,涡旋沉淀蛋白后离心取上清液进样分析。色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3柱,流动相为0.1%甲酸-10 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(A相)和甲醇(B相)(梯度洗脱),流速为0.35 mL/min,进样量为2μL,分析时间为4 min。采用电喷雾离子源,正离子多反应监测模式扫描,定量分析离子对分别为m/z 388.9→201.9(贝他斯汀)、m/z 336.3→247.1(羟氯喹)和m/z 320.2→247.2(氯喹)。对所建LC-MS/MS法进行方法学考察,并用于检测1例哺乳期患者乳汁中的药物浓度。结果 贝他斯汀在2~200 ng/mL (r=0.999)、羟氯喹在50~1 000 ng/mL(r=0.998)范围内线性关系良好。贝他斯汀和羟氯喹质控样本的批内、批间精密度均小于15%,准确度、提取回收率、基质效应和稳定性均符合生物样品定量分析方法验证要求。哺乳期患者乳汁中的药物浓度检测结果显示,该患者服药2 h和14 h后乳汁中贝他斯汀的浓度分别为34.95、5.72ng/mL,羟氯喹分别为211.92、104.18 ng/mL,推算出相对婴儿剂量分别为1.83%、0.56%。结论 该方法操作简便、快速、灵敏度高,适用于人乳汁中贝他斯汀和羟氯喹浓度的同时测定,可为临床哺乳期的安全用药提供参考。

添加富含乳脂肪球膜乳清蛋白粉对发酵乳代谢组学的影响

目的:研究添加富含乳脂肪球膜(MFGM)乳清蛋白粉(M-WPI)前、后的保加利亚乳杆菌发酵乳中保加利亚乳杆菌存活率,发酵乳风味及抗氧化能力。采用代谢组学分析添加M-WPI前、后保加利亚乳杆菌发酵乳的显著差异代谢标志物及其作用通路。方法:通过样本主成分分析、偏最小二乘判别分析、热图分析和KEGG富集分析等方法确定加入M-WPI前、后发酵乳代谢过程中的差异性代谢产物,并以此分析M-WPI对发酵乳产生的影响。结果表明:在脱脂乳中加入M-WPI,可以提高保加利亚乳杆菌存活率,增加发酵乳的风味及抗氧化活性。采用主成分分析(PCA)和偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)共确定77种显著差异代谢物,涉及的主要代谢通路为19条。加入M-WPI后葡萄糖、半乳糖等,代谢物上调,提高了保加利亚乳杆菌存活率;癸酸、苹果酸等有机酸上调,能提高发酵乳的口感及改善发酵乳风味。保加利亚乳杆菌发酵乳中上调的代谢物以氨基酸类较多,其中丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和泛酸等参与β-丙氨酸代谢,与发酵乳抗氧化活性提高有关。本研究为加入M-WPI发酵乳营养评价以及相关加工技术和产品开发提供参考。

基于混料设计研究代糖配比及其对炼乳品质的影响

目的研究不同代糖配比替代蔗糖对炼乳品质的影响。方法本研究采用单因素实验和混料设计研究4种代糖不同配比,得出最优代糖配方,并将最优代糖配方制备的炼乳进行水分活度、水分分布状态、质构、黏度、色差和感官品质等方面测定。结果4种代糖不同配比对炼乳感官品质和黏度的影响差异较大;优化代糖配方为:麦芽糖醇添加量23.70%、甜菊糖苷添加量0.17%、低聚半乳糖添加量5.10%、低聚木糖添加量1.00%(均为质量分数),感官评分为(87.30±1.27)分,黏度为(377.67±1.70)mPa·s。与蔗糖添加组炼乳相比,最优代糖配方炼乳水分活度降低(水分活度为0.75±0.01)(P<0.05),水分流动性减小;炼乳浓稠度和黏性均降低[分别为(236.34±4.86)g.sec和(26.94±5.53)g](P<0.05);色泽为淡亮黄色。结论最优代糖配方炼乳通过降低水分活度、减少水分流动性,从而有效地减少炼乳中自由水含量,进而改善了炼乳色泽和质构特性。

基于STM32智能藏式奶茶冲泡装置的研究

针对传统奶茶自动化冲泡设备无法满足藏式奶茶冲泡的需求,结合STM32F103C8T6单片机和银尔达Air724UG Cat1无线通信模块,实现了一款可以利用Android手机应用远程控制的自动化藏式奶茶冲泡装置,具备温度、浓度和口味控制功能,解决了对藏式奶茶不同口味需求的问题,同时带动传统民族饮品文化的传播。该装置操作灵活,设计简单,满足冲泡的基本需求,实现了自动化冲泡、远程监测和控制、奶茶口味选择以及冲泡时间的估算等功能,使得冲泡藏式奶茶更加智能,简化了传统饮食文化繁杂的制做流程。

某电厂脱硫废水蒸发冷凝浓缩(ECS)减量工艺分析

针对某电厂脱硫废水旁路烟道蒸发系统进行改进,利用低成本混合热源进行预浓缩处理,并与烟道蒸发技术相配套,减少烟道蒸发的投资规模。实现了对脱硫废水进行部分回用,测试结果表明,在满足蒸发浓缩进水水质条件下,脱硫废水浓缩量为3~3.75 t/h,处理后产水水质TDS <200 mg/L,蒸发浓缩吨水投资≤100万元,蒸发浓缩吨水运行费用≤85元,为零排放工艺长期稳定的低成本运行打下基础。

乳蛋白浓缩物的酶法脱磷酸化及模拟婴幼儿体外消化性研究

牛乳酪蛋白是婴幼儿配方乳粉的主要蛋白质组分之一,由于其磷酸化水平高于人乳酪蛋白,限制了其在婴幼儿食品中的应用。为了使牛乳酪蛋白在分子水平上更接近人乳酪蛋白,作者以乳蛋白浓缩物(MPC)为研究对象,采用马铃薯酸性磷酸酶(PAP)对MPC进行脱磷酸化修饰处理,制得了一系列具有不同脱磷酸化程度的MPC。同时利用尿素-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(Urea-PAGE)、微波消解-紫外可见吸收光谱和超高效液相串联质谱(UPLC-MS)鉴定了MPC的脱磷酸化程度,考察了脱磷酸化程度对MPC在模拟婴幼儿胃液和肠液中消化性的影响。研究结果表明,经PAP脱磷酸化修饰后,MPC中酪蛋白磷酸基团脱除率的可控范围为0~85.8%,酪蛋白脱磷酸化程度越高,其在胃液中形成的絮凝结构越疏松,且在模拟婴幼儿胃液和肠液中的消化性越好。

垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液蒸发实验及科学处理方法

为解决氧化技术和蒸发技术在垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液处理实际应用中,因受到处理成本高、难以达到标准等因素影响问题,通过垃圾渗滤浓缩液蒸发试验,对比预处理前后蒸发产生的冷凝馏分项指标,检测浓缩液在不同浓缩比例下的异常情况,如气泡、温升等现象,详细观察浓缩液饱和条件下的结晶情况。根据研究数据显示,在预处理垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液后,通过蒸发浓缩能增强蒸发浓缩比,控制结垢概率和泡沫夹带,全面提升蒸发效率,给垃圾渗滤液膜浓缩液科学处理打下坚实的基础。

不同蛋白原料条件下常温再制干酪制品析水性和质构特性研究

常温再制干酪制品是指经超高温瞬时灭菌(Ultra-high temperature treated, UHT)处理后可常温贮藏的灭菌型干酪制品,是我国乳品工业的新热点。然而,干酪在UHT处理后易失稳发生凝胶结构重构,在贮藏期间出现析水等质构问题,影响产品品质。为阐明蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响及机制,筛选了3种不同的蛋白原料:膜过滤酪蛋白胶束、浓缩牛奶蛋白、凝乳酶酪蛋白,分析其蛋白质含量、组成以及粒径、电位、水合性和钙离子分布等理化特性,进而分析了蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性和质构特性的影响规律,并从水分分布和微观结构层面解析蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响机制。结果表明:3种蛋白原料的蛋白质含量和组成存在显著差异,浓缩牛奶蛋白的乳清蛋白占总蛋白质量分数比膜过滤酪蛋白胶束高7.81个百分点,而凝乳酶酪蛋白中不含乳清蛋白;在水合性方面,浓缩牛奶蛋白和膜过滤酪蛋白胶束相近,均显著高于凝乳酶酪蛋白。蛋白原料显著影响常温再制干酪制品析水性,贮藏90 d时,由凝乳酶酪蛋白制备的常温再制干酪制品析水率最高,而由浓缩牛奶蛋白制备的常温再制干酪制品的析水率最低,表面析水率和离心析水率分别为0.42%和1.10%。水分分布和微观结构结果显示,蛋白原料通过影响干酪制品中水分的存在状态和三维网络空间结构,从而影响常温再制干酪制品的析水性。研究解析了不同蛋白原料对常温再制干酪制品析水性的影响及机制,为常温再制干酪制品析水性的改善提供了理论依据。

冷冻浓缩乳和全脂乳粉的营养成分对比分析

为比较冷冻浓缩乳与全脂乳粉营养成分的差异,对免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin,Ig)、乳铁蛋白、维生素及代谢组学变化进行测定。结果表明:冷冻浓缩乳组IgA、IgG、乳铁蛋白、B族维生素、VA、VD和VC含量显著高于全脂乳粉组;分析非靶向代谢组学数据发现,冷冻浓缩乳组与全脂乳粉组的主要差异物被注释到氨基酸代谢合成、肽类代谢合成和碳水化合物代谢合成的多条关键通路中,主要是异亮氨酸、左旋水苏碱、脯氨酰-酪氨酸、肌酸、D-脯氨酸、L-谷氨酸、L-精氨酸、不对称二甲基精氨酸、L-哌可酸、L-组氨酸、N-甲基-L-谷氨酸等氨基酸和小肽类物质和麦芽四糖、海藻糖、D-麦芽糖、异麦芽糖等碳水化合物类代谢物,它们的相对表达量在冷冻浓缩乳组显著高于全脂乳粉组(P<0.05)。本研究结果表明,冷冻浓缩乳在营养成分上显著优于全脂乳粉。

三效蒸发器用于PO/SM装置废水降量

针对某石化公司PO/SM装置废水(HPW)产生量大、废液焚烧炉无法处理、容易引起PO/SM装置生产负荷波动等问题,提出了一种废水优化、浓缩降量的方法。

探究YAG激光结合矿物三氧化物凝聚体对儿童乳牙牙髓炎的治疗效果及安全性分析

目的深入探究YAG激光结合矿物三氧化物凝聚体对儿童乳牙牙髓炎的治疗效果及其安全性。方法本研究采用回顾性分析方法,选取2022年6月—2024年1月单县中心医院口腔科收治的126例乳牙牙髓炎患儿的临床资料。根据治疗方法的不同分为联合组和常规组,每组63例。常规组应用矿物三氧化物凝聚体进行修补治疗,联合组额外采用钇铝石榴石(yttrium aluminum garnet,YAG)激光治疗。对比两组患儿的牙周状况、炎性因子水平、咀嚼功能、并发症发生情况。结果治疗后,联合组牙周情况、炎性因子水平以及咀嚼功能均优于常规组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。联合组并发症总发生率6.35%(4/63)低于常规组的19.05%(12/63),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.582,P<0.05)。结论YAG激光结合矿物三氧化物凝聚体在儿童乳牙牙髓炎的治疗中能有效改善患儿的牙周情况,降低炎性因子水平提升患儿的咀嚼功能,并减少并发症的产生。