Calculation of the Choked Back Pressure for Steam Turbines with Air Cooled Condensers

The choked back pressure characteristic of the steam turbine unit with air cooled condenser is very different with the unit with wet cooling technology, and the understanding of the choked back pressure performance change with operation load is important to guide the economic operation of the unit. One simplified Variable Operation Condition Analysis Method was put forward for calculation of the unit output-turbine back pressure characteristics. Based on this method, the choked back pressure for each operation load can be determined. An example was given for a super-critical, regenerative single-shaft, 2-casing with 2-exhaust steam turbine generation unit with air cooled condenser. The calculation result was provided and compared with the result of the unit with wet cooling technology.

Influence of Different Vortex Generators on Heat Transfer in Direct Air-Cooled Condensers

通过数值模拟研究了矩形小翼、三角小翼、梯形小翼、柱面梯形翼、柱面三角翼和柱面矩形翼等6种涡流发生器分别安装于直接空冷凝汽器单排蛇形翅片扁管中的压降和换热性能。Re数在600~1800范围内,涡流发生器采用相同高宽比、尾高、攻角以及安装位置。结果表明：矩形小翼的换热及压降增大最多,Re=1729时,相比平直翅片分别增加了14.27%和18.32%。Re=1 729时,柱面梯形翼的压力损失比矩形小翼少4.7%,换热低1.5%。当以（j/j0）/（f/f0）1/3作为综合换热性能评价标准时,柱面梯形翼的综合换热性能最好。另外,考察了柱面梯形翼倾角的影响（0°、6°、12°、20°、24°和26°）,相同工况下,倾角为12°的柱面梯形翼换热最好（较平直翅片增强4.29%~14.1%）、压降最小（增大7.5%~12.8%）且综合换热性能最好。柱面梯形翼因其迎流面积与斜边长度的匹配以及流线型柱面,具有良好的强化传热效果以及较小的压降。

Measures against the adverse impact of natural wind on air-cooled condensers in power plant

The natural wind plays disadvantageous roles in the operation of air-cooled steam condensers in power plant.It is of use to take various measures against the adverse effect of wind for the performance improvement of air-cooled condensers.Based on representative 2×600 MW direct air-cooled power plant,three ways that can arrange and optimize the flow field of cooling air thus enhance the heat transfer of air-cooled condensers were proposed.The physical and mathematical models of air-cooled condensers with various flow leading measures were presented and the flow and temperature fields of cooling air were obtained by CFD simulation.The back pressures of turbine were calculated for different measures on the basis of the heat transfer model of air-cooled condensers.The results show that the performance of air-cooled condensers is improved thus the back pressure of turbine is lowered to some extent by taking measures against the adverse impact of natural wind.

Performance Assessment of Air-Cooled Steam Condenser with Guide Vane Cascade

Ambient wind has an unfavourable impact on air-cooled steam condenser(ACSC) performance. A new measure to improve ACSC performance is proposed by setting a diffusion type guide vane cascade beneath the ACSC platform. The numerical models are developed to illustrate the effects of diffusion type guide vane cascade on ACSC performance. The simulation results show that this vane cascade can cause the increases in coolant flows across almost all fans due to its diffusion function and lower flow resistance. Meanwhile, the guide vane cascade also decreases the fan inlet temperatures because of the uniform flow field around the condenser cells. Comparing with the case without guide device, the overall heat transfer efficiency is increased by 11.2% for guide vane cascade case under the condition of 9 m/s. The heat transfer efficiency firstly enhances and then decreases with decreasing stagger angle of guide vane under a certain wind speed. The optimum stagger angle corresponding to the maximum heat transfer efficiency is about 65.5°. The heat transfer efficiency always enhances as increasing vane cascade height, and a vane cascade with 20 m to 30 m height may be suitable to the ACSC as considering the cost.

Numerical investigation on the cluster effect of an array of axial flow fans for air-cooled condensers in a power plant

The aerodynamic behavior of tens of axial flow fans incorporated with air-cooled condensers in a power plant is different from that of an individual fan.Investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of axial flow fan array benefits its design optimization and running regulation.Based on a representative 2600 MW direct-dry cooling power plant,the flow rate of each fan and the overall flow rate of the fan array are obtained in the absence of ambient wind and at various wind speeds and directions,using CFD simulation.The cluster factor of each fan and the average cluster factor of the fan array are calculated and analyzed.Results show that the cluster factors are different from each other and that the cluster effect with ambient wind is significantly different from the cluster effect with no wind.The fan at the periphery of the array or upwind of the ambient wind generally has a small cluster factor.The average cluster factor of the array decreases with the increasing wind speeds and also varies widely with wind direction.The cluster effect of the axial flow fan array can be applied to optimize the design and operation of air-cooled condensers in a power plant.

The Experimental Investigation of Recirculation of Air-Cooled System for a Large Power Plant

The paper introduces thermal buoyancy effects to experimental investigation of wind tunnel simulation on direct air-cooled condenser for a large power plant. In order to get thermal flow field of air-cooled tower, PIV experiments are carried out and recirculation ratio of each condition is calculated. Results show that the thermal flow field of the cooling tower has great influence on the recirculation under the cooling tower. Ameliorating the thermal flow field of the cooling tower can reduce the recirculation under the cooling tower and improve the efficiency of air-cooled condenser also.

Thermodynamic Simulation of CCP in Air-Cooled Heat Pump Unit with HFCs and CO₂Trans-Critical

The exergy analysis and finite time thermodynamic methods had been employed to analyze the compound condensation process (CCP). It was based on the air-cooling heat pump unit. The cooling capacity of the chiller unit is about 1 kW, and the work refrigerant is R22/R407C/R410A/CO2. The MATLAB/SIMULINK software was employed to build the simulation model. The thermodynamic simulation model is significant for the optimization of parameters of the unit, such as condensation and evaporation temperature and mass flow of the sanitary hot water and size of hot water storage tank. The COP of the CCP of R410A system is about 3% - 5% higher than the CCP of the R22 system, while CCP of the R407C system is a little lower than the CCP of R22 system. And the CCP of CO2 trans-critical system has advantage in the hot supply mode. The simulation method provided a theoretical reference for developing the production of CCP with substitute refrigerant R407C/R410A/CO2.

厂区布置对钢塔自然通风空冷凝汽器性能的影响

利用计算传热学(NHT)软件FLUENT,在自然通风状态下,对2×350MW机组钢结构外覆铝板冷却塔及直接空冷凝汽器(DACC)的流动和换热性能进行了数值模拟、分析和研究。确定了考核工况,不同环境风向下,周边建筑物对DACC和钢塔性能的影响。结果表明,两机一塔水平矩形布置方式下,平行于A列的来风对钢塔通风和DACC换热有负面影响。不考虑风向频率时,各风向下周边建筑物对DACC总体换热影响约为2.4%。在电厂总平面布置时,应尽量使厂区主导风向避开不利风向,汽机房空冷塔间距还需综合其它因素确定。

自然通风湿式冷却塔节水方案的数值研究

为降低自然通风湿式冷却塔的耗水量,本文采用一种可用于回收其蒸发损失的空气冷凝器结构,并通过数值模拟方法对其节水特性展开研究。首先基于空气运动控制方程和水蒸气冷凝模型,建立了用于分析空气冷凝器节水特性的数学模型,其次分析了冷却空气流速、空气冷凝器的结构尺寸和材质等因素对该冷凝器节水特性的影响。研究结果表明:空气冷凝器的单位面积节水量随着冷却空气流速以及冷凝器宽度的增大而增大,但随着冷凝器长度和高度的增大而减小;空气冷凝器的材质和壁厚对其单位面积节水量没有显著影响,空气冷凝器可采用重量轻和成本低的薄壁PVC来加工制造。

夏热冬冷地区空调冷热源配置的多目标优化

为实现“双碳”背景下清零建筑直接碳排放的目标,夏热冬冷地区建筑空调冷热源越来越多地采用空气源热泵加水冷式冷水机组的复合架构。其中,空气源热泵冬季供热,夏季与水冷式机组共同供冷。由于空气源热泵供冷能效较低,提高水冷式机组容量配置,尽可能使之分担更多的冷负荷,有利于降低系统供冷能耗,但系统投资也将随之上升。因此,有必要研究复合架构下空调冷热源配置的综合优化方法。利用层次分析法,计算空调冷热源系统的节能性、环保性、经济性、节材性等不同目标维度的权重,建立空调冷热源的综合优化目标函数。设计空调冷热源配置的优化流程,并以上海某办公建筑为例进行分析。结果表明,随着水冷机组容量的增加,空调冷热源系统的全年能耗降低,耗材生产能耗、折算年费上升,而碳排放呈先降后升的规律。多目标优化方法可以更好地实现各项指标之间的平衡,为相关研究及实际项目决策提供参考。

上海地区变风量空调系统的冷却塔供冷

探讨了上海地区变风量空调系统的冷却塔供冷(免费供冷)的设计问题。通过对内区空调冷负荷和新风负荷的分析,指出了上海地区变风量空调系统设计中采用冷却塔供冷(免费供冷)的必要性。通过对冷却塔热工特性的分析,提出了变风量空调系统设计中采用冷却塔供冷的可行性,同时指出了冷却水系统共用集管设计的重要性。

夏热冬冷地区商业综合体新风供冷技术应用分析

改进商业综合体内区传统末端新风系统的方式是公共区域采用可调新风比的全空气空调系统,商铺采用新风空调机组与新风机并联系统。通过计算分析,在满足舒适度的前提下,夏热冬冷地区过渡季、冬季可利用自然新风承担商业综合体内区冷负荷,该方案与冷却塔“免费供冷”相比,节能效果更明显。对于一般商业综合体项目,可以取消四管制或者分区两管制空调系统,简化空调水系统,节省投资。

直立式空冷凝汽器冬季防冻凝技术改造及优化措施

阐述了直立式空冷凝汽器的冻凝原理,对其在冬季运行过程中出现的低温冻凝原因进行分析,通过对空冷凝汽器进行技术改造,并优化冬季防冻措施,使空冷凝汽器的管束温度稳定控制在65~70℃,保证了其在冬季的稳定运行。

光热电站主机直接空冷系统优化探讨

光热发电是一种比较有发展前景的可再生能源发电形式,具有良好的储能和调峰能力。受制于水资源条件,目前我国光热电站的主机冷却系统多采用直接空冷系统。直接空冷系统配置对机组经济性和盈利能力均会产生较大影响。在总结和分析光热电站投资构成及运行特点的前提下,依托某案例工程进行直接空冷系统优化计算和分析。对光热电站直接空冷系统气象数据选取与处理、以及电价敏感性分析进行初步探讨。由于上网电价及成本电价普遍较高,与常规火电厂直接空冷系统相比较,光热电站直接空冷系统配置倾向于初始温差(ITD)值较低、风速较小、空冷凝汽器面积较大的方案。

蒸发冷却(凝)技术应用分析

基于风侧、水侧、制冷剂侧蒸发冷却技术分类方法,以及采用蒸发冷却技术的加湿设备,从基本结构、工作原理和应用等方面对蒸发冷却(凝)技术进行介绍和分析。研究发现风侧蒸发冷却技术目前主要用于改善小型空间的空气质量,水侧蒸发冷却技术适用于大型工业领域,制冷剂侧蒸发冷却技术提升了系统的能效。最后对蒸发冷却(凝)技术的应用进行展望。

直接空冷机组尖峰冷却系统冷却倍率优化

为了提高燃煤直接空冷机组尖峰冷却系统的经济性,提出了尖峰冷却系统冷却倍率优化计算的方法;在参照EPC招标文件要求的基础上确定了尖峰冷却系统的凝汽量,并重点探讨了带表面式凝汽器的尖峰冷却系统的最优冷却倍率。研究表明,“表面式凝汽器+机力塔+循环泵”的尖峰冷却系统在设计凝汽量、设计温度35℃下的最佳冷却倍率为35倍,随着环境温度的降低,对应温度下的最佳冷却倍率增大;600 MW超临界直接空冷发电机组,尖冷凝汽量280 t/h时,扣除水资源费用后,年收益为886.92万元。

浅析板管蒸发冷却式无霜空气源热泵及其设计应用

在常规板管蒸发冷却式冷水机组设计的基础上,借鉴了热源塔热泵系统使用防冻液喷淋的防冻措施原理,将其应用在板管蒸发冷却式冷热水机组上,并对板管蒸发式换热器及系统进行设计改进,使其适用于冬季制热工况,从而形成板管蒸发冷却式无霜空气源热泵机组。机组夏季采用板管蒸发式换热器作为冷凝器,相比于空气源热泵降低了冷凝温度,提高了系统的性能系数。冬季使用防冻液喷淋,设备运行无除霜循环,系统供热稳定,大大提高了室内侧的热舒适性。试验研究了不同溶液再生方式下的机组性能,结果表明:利用过冷热再生模式进行溶液再生时机组性能最优,在制热量不衰减的情况下性能系数仅下降了2.5%~5.1%。机组适用于夏热冬冷地区及部分纬度较低的寒冷地区。

直接空冷火电机组乏汽余热利用技术

火电厂汽轮机排汽(乏汽)需要冷凝成液态水用于系统循环,湿冷、干冷机组都需要消耗大量能量来冷凝乏汽。北方缺水地区采用直接空冷火电机组,大量乏汽通过空冷岛散热。从热力学第二定律来看,乏汽已无做功能力,但是汽化潜热与做功能力无关,在能够提供真空环境确保乏汽流动性和需要加热远低于乏汽温度的工质的情况下,乏汽中的汽化潜热仍具有很高的回收价值。尤其对于直接空冷火电机组,其汽轮机排汽压力和温度均高于湿冷机组,可以采用汽水换热器直接回收乏汽热量加热厂区生水,降低电厂辅助蒸汽的消耗量,提高电厂收益。

火电站直接空冷凝汽器传热系数实验关联式

不同工况下直接空冷机组空冷凝汽器的传热系数,对确定机组冷端的热负荷能力、进而确定环境条件和运行参数与机组排汽压力之间的关系具有重要意义,是进行机组优化运行最重要的基础数据。针对目前我国600 MW直接空冷机组冷端系统的典型结构,利用直接空冷凝汽器单体性能实验台进行实验研究,根据实验数据得到了凝汽器翅片侧无量纲努塞尔数随空气流动雷诺数的变化曲线,拟合出相应的准则关联式,并进行了系统的误差分析。该关联式可为描述变工况条件下空冷系统的性能奠定基础,并为不同环境、气候和气象条件下机组运行参数的优化提供依据。