A review of extreme condition effects on solder joint reliability:Understanding failure mechanisms

Solder joint,crucial component in electronic systems,face significant challenges when exposed to extreme conditions during applications.The solder joint reliability involving microstructure and mechanical properties will be affected by extreme conditions.Understanding the behaviour of solder joints under extreme conditions is vital to determine the durability and reliability of solder joint.This review paper aims to comprehensively explore the underlying failure mechanism affecting solder joint reliability under extreme conditions.This study covers an in-depth analysis of effect extreme temperature,mechanical stress,and radiation conditions towards solder joint.Impact of each condition to the microstructure including solder matrix and intermetallic compound layer,and mechanical properties such as fatigue,shear strength,creep,and hardness was thoroughly discussed.The failure mechanisms were illustrated in graphical diagrams to ensure clarity and understanding.Furthermore,the paper highlighted mitigation strategies that enhancing solder joint reliability under challenging operating conditions.The findings offer valuable guidance for researchers,engineers,and practitioners involved in electronics,engineering,and related fields,fostering advancements in solder joint reliability and performance.

Analysis of the Effect of Extended Rehabilitation Care at Home on the Psychological Condition and Adherence to Medical Compliance Behavior of Patients with Coronary Heart Disease Combined with Heart Failure

Objective:To analyze the effects of providing extended rehabilitation nursing services at home to patients with coronary heart disease(CHD)combined with heart failure(CHF)on psychological improvement and adherence to medical compliance behavior.Methods:79 patients with CHD with CHF admitted to Sijia Town Central Health Hospital,Haimen District,Nantong City,Jiangsu Province,between June 2021 and June 2023 were selected and grouped according to the randomized numerical table method.The control group(39 cases)was provided with conventional nursing care and extended rehabilitation nursing care at home was provided to the observation group(40 cases).The psychological status,adherence to medical behaviors,cardiac function,and complications between both groups were compared.Results:The scores of anxieties and depression self-assessment scales(SAS,SDS)of patients in the observation group were lower than those of the control group(t=2.954,3.212;P<0.05);the compliance of patients in the observation group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05).The levels of left ventricular ejection fraction,end-systolic and end-diastolic internal diameters(LVEF,LVESD,LVEDD)of patients in the observation group at 58.02±5.34%,44.49±5.16 mm,and 49.16±5.76 mm respectively were better than those of the control group after nursing care(t=3.205,3.288,2.633;P<0.05);the complication rate of the observation group was lower than that of the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Extended rehabilitation nursing at home exhibited a psychological regulation effect on CHD with CHF patients,improved their medical compliance,improved cardiac function,reduced the incidence of complications,and had significant application value.

Compression failure conditions of concrete-granite combined body with different roughness interface

Bedrock and concrete lining are typical composite structures in the engineering field and the stability of the geological body and engineering body is directly connected to the mechanical properties of the composite body.Under this background,the study provides the transverse isotropic equivalent model of concrete-granite double-layer composite based on the notion of strain energy equivalence.Assuming that the strength failure of concrete and granite meets the Mohr-Coulomb criterion,then the strength failure model of the combined body considering the joint roughness coefficient(JRC)is derived,and the influences of JRC,the height ratio of concrete to granite,and confining pressure on the strength failure characteristics of the combined body are emphatically analyzed.Finally,the model applicability is illustrated by the uniaxial and triaxial compression tests on concrete monomer,granite monomer and concretegranite composite samples(CGCSs)with different JRCs.The results revealed that the compressive strength of the composite is closer to the concrete with lower strength in the combined body under different confining pressures.Adding interface roughness causes to raise the compressive strength of the composite due to interfacial adhesion between concrete and granite,and a slowing growth trend is observed in compressive strength as roughness.The model can provide a certain reference for the stability design and evaluation of engineering rock mass.

A Fast Product of Conditional Reduction Method for System Failure Probability Sensitivity Evaluation

Systemreliability sensitivity analysis becomes difficult due to involving the issues of the correlation between failure modes whether using analytic method or numerical simulation methods.A fast conditional reduction method based on conditional probability theory is proposed to solve the sensitivity analysis based on the approximate analytic method.The relevant concepts are introduced to characterize the correlation between failure modes by the reliability index and correlation coefficient,and conditional normal fractile the for the multi-dimensional conditional failure analysis is proposed based on the two-dimensional normal distribution function.Thus the calculation of system failure probability can be represented as a summation of conditional probability terms,which is convenient to be computed by iterative solving sequentially.Further the system sensitivity solution is transformed into the derivation process of the failure probability correlation coefficient of each failure mode.Numerical examples results show that it is feasible to apply the idea of failure mode relevancy to failure probability sensitivity analysis,and it can avoid multi-dimension integral calculation and reduce complexity and difficulty.Compared with the product of conditional marginalmethod,a wider value range of correlation coefficient for reliability analysis is confirmed and an acceptable accuracy can be obtained with less computational cost.

Drill bit wear monitoring and failure prediction for mining automation

This article introduces a novel approach for tricone bit wear condition monitoring and failure prediction for surface mining applications.A successful bit health monitoring system is essential to achieve fully autonomous blasthole drilling.In this research in-situ vibration signals were analyzed in timefrequency domain and signals trend during tricone bit life span were investigated and introduced to support the development of artificial intelligence(AI)models.In addition to the signal statistical features,wavelet packet energy distribution proved to be a powerful indicator for bit wear assessment.Backpropagation artificial neural network(ANN)models were designed,trained and evaluated for bit state classification.Finally,an ANN architecture and feature vector were introduced to classify the bit condition and predict the bit failure.

A probe into“mining technique in the condition of floor failure”for coal seam above longwall goafs

Targeting at the coal seam with useful value discarded above goafs,attempted to explore the feasibility of'mining technique in the condition of floor failure' from theoretical point of view,and predicted.It indicated that mining technique in the condition of floor failure used above Longwall Goafs in Baijiazhuang Mining is totally feasible.At law,the deformation of the floor in the mining technique by means of probability-integral method.And it is discov- ered that deformed basin can emerge in the footwall of No.6 coal seam and its maximum subsidence was possibly 1 633 mm or so and its maximum positive curvature is 61.74/10^(-3). At last,it therefore suggests appropriate ground pressure control measures as strengthening observation of ground pressure and adopting false slope for exploitation and strengthening support for reasonable push and slide based on the adverse ground pressure behaviors possibly occurring in the mining technique.This serves to gather data and lay sturdy founda- tion for further probe into the mining technique,and offers theoretical and technical grounds for concrete implementation of the mining technique.

Analysis on the Failure Causes of the Collapsed Tubing in an Oil Well

Due to the influence of multiple factors such as internal and external formation and mechanical pressure, medium corrosion and construction operation environment, a tubing collapse failure occurred in an oil well. In order to determine the failure cause of the tubing, physical and chemical tests and mechanical properties analysis were carried out on the failed tubing sample and the intact tubing. The results show that the chemical composition, ultrasonic and magnetic particle inspection, metallographic test, Charpy impact energy and external pressure mechanical property test of the failed tubing all meet the requirements of API Spec 5CT-2021 standard, but the yield strength of the failed tubing does not meet the requirements of API Spec 5CT-2021 standard. Through the analysis of the working conditions, it can be seen that the anti-extrusion strength of the tubing collapse does not meet the API 5C3 anti-extrusion strength standard. The failure type of the well tubing is tubing collapse caused by large internal and external pressure difference.

Impact failure models and application condition of trees in debris-flow hazard mitigation

Forestry has played an important role in hazard mitigation associated with debris flows.Most forest mitigation measures refer to the experience of soil and water conservation,which disregard the destructive effect of debris flows,causing potentially serious consequences.Determination of the effect of a forest on reducing debris-flow velocity and even stopping debris flows requires distinguishing between when the debris flow will destroy the forest and when the trees will withstand the debris-flow impact force.In this paper,we summarized two impact failure models of a single tree: stem breakage and overturning.The influences of different tree sizes characteristics(stem base diameter,tree weight,and root failure radius) and debris-flow characteristics(density,velocity,flow depth,and boulder diameter) on tree failure were analyzed.The observations obtained from the model adopted in this study show that trees are more prone to stem breakage than overturning.With an increase in tree size,the ability to resist stem breakage and overturning increases.Debris-flow density influences the critical failure conditions of trees substantially less than the debrisflow velocity,depth,and boulder diameter.The application conditions of forests in debris-flow hazard mitigation were proposed based on the analysis of the model results.The proposed models were applied in the Xiajijiehaizi Gully as a case study,and the results explain the destruction of trees in the forest dispersing zone.This work provides references for implementing forest measures for debris-flow hazard mitigation.

Study on critical conditions for rock failure by means of group renormalization

A study of the characteristics of the accumulative rock failure and its evolution byapplication of the group renormalization method were presented. In addition, the interactionand long-range correlated effects between the immediate neighboring units was studied.The concept of mechanical transference for model OFC, employed in the study ofself-organized criticality, and the coefficient a were introduced into the calculation model forgroup renormalization. With the introduction, mechanisms for the drastic increase and decrease of failure intensity of rocks were investigated under similar macro-conditions.

Remaining useful life estimation based on Wiener degradation processes with random failure threshold

Remaining useful life(RUL) estimation based on condition monitoring data is central to condition based maintenance(CBM). In the current methods about the Wiener process based RUL estimation, the randomness of the failure threshold has not been studied thoroughly. In this work, by using the truncated normal distribution to model random failure threshold(RFT), an analytical and closed-form RUL distribution based on the current observed data was derived considering the posterior distribution of the drift parameter. Then, the Bayesian method was used to update the prior estimation of failure threshold. To solve the uncertainty of the censored in situ data of failure threshold, the expectation maximization(EM) algorithm is used to calculate the posteriori estimation of failure threshold. Numerical examples show that considering the randomness of the failure threshold and updating the prior information of RFT could improve the accuracy of real time RUL estimation.

Research on Hidden Failure Reliability Modeling of Electric Power System Protection

Aiming at digital relay protection system, a novel hidden failure Markov reliability model is presented for a single main protection and double main protection systems according to hidden failure and protection function under Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) circumstance and reliability indices such as probability of protection system hidden failure state are calculated. Impacts of different parameters (containing impacts of human errors) to hidden failure state probability and the optimal measures to improve reliability by variable parameter method are also analyzed. It’s demonstrated here that: Compared to a single main protection, double main protection system has an increased hidden failure probability, thus the real good state probability decreases, two main protections’ reliability must be improved at the same time, so configuration of the whole protection system for the component being protected can’t be complicated. Through improving means of on-line self-checking and monitoring system in digital protection system and human reliability, the real application of CBM can decrease hidden failure state probability. Only through this way can we assure that the protection systems work in good state. It has a certain reference value to protection system reliability engineering.

Describing failure in geomaterials using second-order work approach

Geomaterials are known to be non-associated materials. Granular soils therefore exhibit a variety of failure modes, with diffuse or localized kinematical patterns. In fact, the notion of failure itself can be confusing with regard to granular soils, because it is not associated with an obvious phenomenology. In this study, we built a proper framework, using the second-order work theory, to describe some failure modes in geomaterials based on energy conservation. The occurrence of failure is defined by an abrupt increase in kinetic energy. The increase in kinetic energy from an equilibrium state, under incremental loading, is shown to be equal to the difference between the external second-order work,involving the external loading parameters, and the internal second-order work, involving the constitutive properties of the material. When a stress limit state is reached, a certain stress component passes through a maximum value and then may decrease. Under such a condition, if a certain additional external loading is applied, the system fails, sharply increasing the strain rate. The internal stress is no longer able to balance the external stress, leading to a dynamic response of the specimen. As an illustration, the theoretical framework was applied to the well-known undrained triaxial test for loose soils. The influence of the loading control mode was clearly highlighted. It is shown that the plastic limit theory appears to be a particular case of this more general second-order work theory. When the plastic limit condition is met, the internal second-order work is nil. A class of incremental external loadings causes the kinetic energy to increase dramatically, leading to the sudden collapse of the specimen, as observed in laboratory.

基于条件生成对抗网络的无线传感网络多节点失效修复研究

当前主流的传感节点失效修复主要通过纠删码完成,修复后节点具有更高的空间利用率,但无法有效提升网络寿命。为此,提出基于条件生成对抗网络的无线传感网络多节点数据重构方法,完成失效修复。感知无线传感网络节点,对失效节点展开裁决,确定失效节点位置,并重构节点内数据;将获取的失效节点用于条件生成对抗网络(CGAN)框架中生成器与节点替换网络的训练,通过训练好的生成器,以失效节点为条件,生成未失效节点;为提升修复性能,使用粒子群算法寻优节点替换网络参数,完成节点重构数据置换,实现失效节点的有效修复。结果表明:利用所提方法进行修复时,能耗最高仅为17 J,剩余寿命最低可达到300 h,连通度最高可达到99.2%,具有较好的修复效果。

计及劣化状态和随机故障的光伏发电系统视情维修模型以及最优检修策略

针对现有光伏发电系统维修策略研究中通常仅考虑劣化状态导致维修决策不合理等问题,提出了一种计及劣化状态和随机故障的光伏发电系统视情维修模型及最优检修策略。首先,以离散状态下的Markov过程为基础,将随机故障对维修策略的影响引入到光伏发电系统视情维修建模中,建立光伏发电系统计及劣化状态和随机故障状态的视情维修模型,定期检测光伏发电系统的状态。当系统状态超过预防性维修阈值时进行不完全维修;出现随机故障时进行最小维修;达到故障状态时进行更换。然后,以光伏发电系统长期稳定运行的最小总成本率为目标,采用一种改进的黏菌优化算法求取光伏发电系统最佳检测周期和预防性维修阈值。最后,以某光伏发电系统为例,通过对模型参数的灵敏度分析和传统不考虑随机故障维修模型的对比研究,验证了所提模型及策略的有效性和可行性。

高原工况压气机叶轮振动失效特征分析

针对高原工况下离心压气机叶轮振动失效问题,以某增压发动机压气机叶轮为研究对象建立仿真模型,使用非定常计算流体动力学方法分析高原共振工况下叶轮受到的气流激励时域与频域特征,并基于单向流固耦合,使用瞬态动力学与谐响应方法研究气流激励作用下叶轮共振响应特征,得出高原工况叶轮振动失效原因。结果表明,高原工况叶轮在4阶气流激励作用下发生共振,激励主要来源于叶片与蜗舌间的动静干涉作用,叶顶间隙泄漏流增大了吸力面20%弦长位置的压力波动。气流激励下叶轮共振导致叶片前缘振动应力升高,振动应力幅值达101.5 MPa,与实际叶片振动失效情况一致。

基于SVM算法的汽车空调设备制冷剂泄漏故障预测方法

信息技术的发展为人们的日常生产、生活提供了极为便利的条件,也为各行各业的技术体系升级和转型奠定了良好基础,本文则是以提升汽车空调设备制冷剂泄漏检测质量和时效性为目的,围绕着SVM算法进行分析,明确了目前数据挖掘在制冷剂泄漏故障诊断领域的研究现状,综合SVM算法的具体原理和应用细节,从数据预处理、故障预测模型设计以及预测实验的角度进行分析。结果表明,SVM算法对于汽车空调设备制冷剂泄漏故障预测有着较强的时效性,故障检测的时间更短,预测效果更强,有助于提升空调设备系统的运维安全性和有效性。

考虑路况与设施失效的应急物流中心选址研究

自然灾害发生后,应急物流中心的选址成为决策者面临的紧迫任务之一。选址决策的准确性和合理性直接影响到救援物资的快速分发、救援行动的效率,以及受灾人群的生命安全。文章旨在探讨在自然灾害发生后,基于需求不确定、道路状况和设施失效风险下的应急物流中心选址问题。从两个重要角度出发:一是考虑道路状况系数与弧阻抗系数,从而确定实际运输距离及速度,为应急物流中心选址提供参考;二是建立情景合集,考虑配送中心的设施失效风险,确保受灾地区物资分配的连续性和稳定性。文章基于时间和成本两个目标构建模型并通过NSGA-Ⅱ算法对其求解,以便决策者根据不同需求选取不同的选址方案,最大限度减少救援时间或救援成本,保障受灾人民和地区的安全和福祉。

分析便携式呼吸睡眠监测联合集束化护理干预改善心力衰竭患者睡眠情况的效果

目的:分析便携式呼吸睡眠监测联合集束化护理干预改善心力衰竭患者睡眠情况的效果。方法:选取2022年1月至2023年6月厦门大学附属第一医院收治的心力衰竭患者86例作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,每组43例。对照组给予集束化护理干预,观察组给予便携式呼吸睡眠监测干预。利用便携式呼吸睡眠监测仪检测2组的入睡潜伏期、觉醒次数、觉醒时间及实际睡眠时间,采用理查兹-坎贝尔睡眠量表(RCSQ)评估包括睡眠状态、夜间觉醒、重回入睡、睡眠深度的变化,采用彩色多普勒超声仪检测患者的左室射血分数,采用标准参照康纳-戴维森韧性量表(CD-RISC)评估2组患者干预前后心理弹性水平的变化。结果:干预后,观察组入睡潜伏期、觉醒时间及觉醒次数显著低于对照组,实际睡眠时间显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);观察组的睡眠状态及睡眠深度评分显著高于对照组,观察组夜间觉醒、重回入睡评分显著低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);干预后,观察组的左室射血分数与心理弹性CD-RISC评分均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:便携式呼吸睡眠监测联合集束化护理有利于改善心力衰竭患者的睡眠情况,提升睡眠质量,加快心功能的恢复,临床可进一步推广应用。

压接式IGBT健康管理方法综述

压接式IGBT功率器件是新型电力系统应用装备中的核心部件,对其健康管理可提升IGBT使用寿命与运行可靠性,保障新型电力系统的安全稳定。首先介绍压接式IGBT器件的封装结构和主要失效模式;其次以特征参数类型的不同,对现有健康状态监测方法进行分类阐述和分析;然后归纳现有压接式IGBT寿命预测方法的原理和特点;最后对现有的健康管理技术进行综合对比分析,并指出压接式IGBT健康管理方法需要进一步研究的问题和未来发展趋势。

压缩空气储能系统膨胀机末级叶片特殊边界处理与失效分析

以压缩空气储能(CAES)系统中膨胀机末级叶片为研究对象,针对末级叶片的离心力工况,提出了一种高效的等效叶冠约束模型,并对比了循环对称约束模型和多叶片模型的仿真结果。同时,还开发了一种能够模拟弹塑性和失效行为的本构程序。结果表明:与其他模型相比,等效叶冠约束模型的仿真结果与全尺寸模型结果最接近,兼具精度和效率优势;所编写的本构子程序可有效模拟17-4ph钢的应力-应变响应曲线;针对所研究的叶片构型,当失效发生在叶片径向约1/4位置处时,失效区域快速扩大。