[Objective] This study was to analyze the personal Willingness to Pay （WI-P） on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland and the influential factors. [Method] Questionnaire was designed according to the Contingent ...[Objective] This study was to analyze the personal Willingness to Pay （WI-P） on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland and the influential factors. [Method] Questionnaire was designed according to the Contingent Valuation Method （CVM） to investigate people of different occupations at different ages, based on which the evaluation on non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland was carried out. And the relationship between WTP and social characteristics were analyzed by using non- parametric estimation. [Result] The average WTP on Dianchi lake wetland is 150.03- 217.66 yuan per person every year, and the total WTP is 626-909 million yuan ev- ery year. Age, education and residence of the respondents have remarkable influ- ence on the VVTP. The influence of education level and residence on option value is significant; bequest value is significantly correlated with age; while there is no significant relationship between existence value and social characteristics. [Conclusion] The evaluation on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland is important for the scientific development and utilization of wetland resources.展开更多
By using Contingent Value Method(CVM),WTP(Willingness to Pay) of wildlife in Jinggangshan Nature Reserve was studied,the overall existence value of wildlife resource(namely the sum of economic,social,ecological value ...By using Contingent Value Method(CVM),WTP(Willingness to Pay) of wildlife in Jinggangshan Nature Reserve was studied,the overall existence value of wildlife resource(namely the sum of economic,social,ecological value added on its existence value) in this area was calculated,and the statistics of primary social and economic factors affecting payment value were analyzed.600 questionnaires had been issued altogether and the recovery rate was 100%,583 of which were valid and the effective rate was 94.2 % which demonstrated that feedback sample quantity had reached the analysis requirement.The study result showed that interviewees with different social characteristics widely dispersed,which complied with the survey principle of random sampling;that the distribution curve of WTP was neither smooth nor normal and as 50 Yuan was frequently-used amount in their daily consumption,people tended to choose this option subconsciously;that WTP had notable correlation with education degree,monthly income and cognition degree,and had relation with age but no obvious relation with gender;that annual payment value per capita was within the research scope of wildlife payment value,that is 40-575 Yuan/(person·year).The final conclusion was that wildlife resource value in this area was 17 845 000 Yuan/year,which was of great significance to the protection of biological diversity and the formulation of corresponding protective measures in Jinggangshan Nature Reserve and even in the whole society.展开更多
World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (C...World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.展开更多
Through the survey of National Nature Reserve of Tianmu Mountain,based on relevant data of tourists of Tianmu Mountain over the years,the paper had analyzed some problems about the application of contingent value meth...Through the survey of National Nature Reserve of Tianmu Mountain,based on relevant data of tourists of Tianmu Mountain over the years,the paper had analyzed some problems about the application of contingent value method(CVM) in forest recreational value evaluation.Then,it had evaluated the forest recreational value of National Nature Reserve of Tianmu Mountain in 2007 and obtained evaluation results.Through the statistics of tourists' payment targets,it had calculated the payment value of each function of Tianmu Nature Reserve.The functions were appreciating landscape,exercising,visiting historical sites,photographing,scientific research,picnic and camping,and religion ranking in order from higher to lower value.In terms of nonuse value,existence value was slightly higher than option value and heritage value.It could be known from above research that Tianmu Mountain had great tourism development potential.Finally,it had proposed some suggestions for publicity,project setting and artificial landscape construction.展开更多
The contingent valuation method （CVM） is one of the main methods for evaluating non-market values of resources. It originated in the United States and was introduced into China during the 1980s and 1990s. However, a...The contingent valuation method （CVM） is one of the main methods for evaluating non-market values of resources. It originated in the United States and was introduced into China during the 1980s and 1990s. However, application of CVM in China is highly controversial based on three primary aspects： （I） the appropriate guidelines for CVM; （2） the elicitation techniques for willingness to pay （WTP）; and （3） reliability and validity testing of CVM. The major objectives of this paper are to i^eview the recem devel- opments pertaining to guidelines, elicitation techniques, and reliability and validity testing for application of CVM, and to summa- rize the limitations of and measures for improving application of CVM in China. The applicability of CVM in China is discussed to enhance the future development of CVM in China.展开更多
考虑到海上风电出力的随机性以及日益突出的生态环境问题,以含柔性直流输电技术(voltagesource converter high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统为研究对象,提出了考虑条件风险价值(conditional valueatrisk,CVaR)的两阶...考虑到海上风电出力的随机性以及日益突出的生态环境问题,以含柔性直流输电技术(voltagesource converter high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统为研究对象,提出了考虑条件风险价值(conditional valueatrisk,CVaR)的两阶段分布鲁棒低碳经济优化模型,构建了基于Kullback-Leibler(KL)散度的概率分布模糊集,同时利用条件风险价值量化了极端场景下的尾部风险,使得模型能够同时考虑概率分布不确定性以及处于最坏概率分布中极端场景下的尾部损失;此外,将阶梯型碳交易机制并入所提分布鲁棒模型中,通过合理利用柔性资源和储能装置,增强系统运行的灵活性,在兼顾运行风险的前提下,降低碳排放量的目标。再者,为了提高计算效率,在列和约束生成算法(column-and-constraint generation method,C&CG)和Multi-cut Benders分解算法的基础上提出了双循环分解算法。最后,在基于改进的IEEE RTS 79测试系统中验证了所提模型及算法的有效性。展开更多
基金Supported by the "Research on Benefit Evaluation and Management Plan of Dianchi Lake Wetland" Project of Jiuhu Office,Yunnan Province,Chinathe Technology R&D Program for Social Development of Yunnan Province (2008ZC064M),China~~
文摘[Objective] This study was to analyze the personal Willingness to Pay （WI-P） on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland and the influential factors. [Method] Questionnaire was designed according to the Contingent Valuation Method （CVM） to investigate people of different occupations at different ages, based on which the evaluation on non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland was carried out. And the relationship between WTP and social characteristics were analyzed by using non- parametric estimation. [Result] The average WTP on Dianchi lake wetland is 150.03- 217.66 yuan per person every year, and the total WTP is 626-909 million yuan ev- ery year. Age, education and residence of the respondents have remarkable influ- ence on the VVTP. The influence of education level and residence on option value is significant; bequest value is significantly correlated with age; while there is no significant relationship between existence value and social characteristics. [Conclusion] The evaluation on the non-use value of Dianchi lake wetland is important for the scientific development and utilization of wetland resources.
文摘By using Contingent Value Method(CVM),WTP(Willingness to Pay) of wildlife in Jinggangshan Nature Reserve was studied,the overall existence value of wildlife resource(namely the sum of economic,social,ecological value added on its existence value) in this area was calculated,and the statistics of primary social and economic factors affecting payment value were analyzed.600 questionnaires had been issued altogether and the recovery rate was 100%,583 of which were valid and the effective rate was 94.2 % which demonstrated that feedback sample quantity had reached the analysis requirement.The study result showed that interviewees with different social characteristics widely dispersed,which complied with the survey principle of random sampling;that the distribution curve of WTP was neither smooth nor normal and as 50 Yuan was frequently-used amount in their daily consumption,people tended to choose this option subconsciously;that WTP had notable correlation with education degree,monthly income and cognition degree,and had relation with age but no obvious relation with gender;that annual payment value per capita was within the research scope of wildlife payment value,that is 40-575 Yuan/(person·year).The final conclusion was that wildlife resource value in this area was 17 845 000 Yuan/year,which was of great significance to the protection of biological diversity and the formulation of corresponding protective measures in Jinggangshan Nature Reserve and even in the whole society.
基金Under the auspices of Sino-British Fellowship by the British Academy (No. SG-47266)National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40371030)
文摘World heritage possesses various kinds of use value and non-use value. Measuring the recreational value of world heritage sites is a key issue in the heritage tourism. This paper employs Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), which is an evaluation instrument on the basis of tourists′ attitude and preference, to measure the recreational value of Jiuzhaigou, one of the World Natural Heritage sites in China, and analyzes the biases in the survey. The results show that: 1) In 2009, Jiuzhaigou′s recreational value was 3.46×108 yuan (RMB), and the per capita Willingness to Pay (WTP) was 137.31 yuan by CVM. Compared with the results of other methods, this result is significantly low. 2) Among the factors that influence Jiuzhaigou tourists′ WTP, psychological perception factors have the greatest effect while demographic and socio-economic characteristics have a small effect on WTP. 3) The virtuality in CVM creates biases both from CVM itself and in the procedures that CVM was implemented. The former includes hypothetical bias, information bias, protest response bias, and strategic bias; and the latter includes the questionnaire design, population and sample definition, sampling and data processing. The paper analyses those biases and illustrates their potential in-fluences on the accuracy of CVM measurement. 4) Although there are various defects in CVM measurement, it is still an effective valuation method.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Y304369)~~
文摘Through the survey of National Nature Reserve of Tianmu Mountain,based on relevant data of tourists of Tianmu Mountain over the years,the paper had analyzed some problems about the application of contingent value method(CVM) in forest recreational value evaluation.Then,it had evaluated the forest recreational value of National Nature Reserve of Tianmu Mountain in 2007 and obtained evaluation results.Through the statistics of tourists' payment targets,it had calculated the payment value of each function of Tianmu Nature Reserve.The functions were appreciating landscape,exercising,visiting historical sites,photographing,scientific research,picnic and camping,and religion ranking in order from higher to lower value.In terms of nonuse value,existence value was slightly higher than option value and heritage value.It could be known from above research that Tianmu Mountain had great tourism development potential.Finally,it had proposed some suggestions for publicity,project setting and artificial landscape construction.
基金supported by the One Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40971278)the "Western Light" Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Key Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZZD-EW-04-05)
文摘The contingent valuation method （CVM） is one of the main methods for evaluating non-market values of resources. It originated in the United States and was introduced into China during the 1980s and 1990s. However, application of CVM in China is highly controversial based on three primary aspects： （I） the appropriate guidelines for CVM; （2） the elicitation techniques for willingness to pay （WTP）; and （3） reliability and validity testing of CVM. The major objectives of this paper are to i^eview the recem devel- opments pertaining to guidelines, elicitation techniques, and reliability and validity testing for application of CVM, and to summa- rize the limitations of and measures for improving application of CVM in China. The applicability of CVM in China is discussed to enhance the future development of CVM in China.
文摘考虑到海上风电出力的随机性以及日益突出的生态环境问题,以含柔性直流输电技术(voltagesource converter high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)的交直流系统为研究对象,提出了考虑条件风险价值(conditional valueatrisk,CVaR)的两阶段分布鲁棒低碳经济优化模型,构建了基于Kullback-Leibler(KL)散度的概率分布模糊集,同时利用条件风险价值量化了极端场景下的尾部风险,使得模型能够同时考虑概率分布不确定性以及处于最坏概率分布中极端场景下的尾部损失;此外,将阶梯型碳交易机制并入所提分布鲁棒模型中,通过合理利用柔性资源和储能装置,增强系统运行的灵活性,在兼顾运行风险的前提下,降低碳排放量的目标。再者,为了提高计算效率,在列和约束生成算法(column-and-constraint generation method,C&CG)和Multi-cut Benders分解算法的基础上提出了双循环分解算法。最后,在基于改进的IEEE RTS 79测试系统中验证了所提模型及算法的有效性。
