Quantitative research of the liquid film characteristics in upward vertical gas, oil and water flows

The study of liquid film characteristics in multiphase flow is a very important research topic, however,the characteristics of the liquid film around Taylor bubble structure in gas, oil and water three-phase flow are not clear. In the present study, a novel liquid film sensor is applied to measure the distributed signals of the liquid film in three-phase flow. Based on the liquid film signals, the liquid film characteristics including the structural characteristics and the nonlinear dynamics characteristics in three-phase flows are investigated for the first time. The structural characteristics including the proportion, the appearance frequency and the thickness of the liquid film are obtained and the influences of the liquid and gas superficial velocities and the oil content on them are investigated. To investigate the nonlinear dynamics characteristics of the liquid film with the changing flow conditions, the entropy analysis is introduced to successfully uncover and quantify the dynamic complexity of the liquid film behavior.

Response of Gas Exchange and Water Use Efficiency to Light Intensity and Temperature in Transgenic Rice Expressing PEPC and PPDK Genes

Aiming to controvert whether the photosynthetic capacity of transgenic rice expressing C4 genes is enhanced, with the C3-type untransformed rice （WT） and maize （a C4 plant） as controls, the activity of C4 photosynthetic enzymes, gas exchange parameters and water use efficiency （WUE） under different light intensities and temperatures, the stable carbon isotope ratio （8-3C） value and the metabolic index of active oxygen as well as plant yield parameters were determined in transgenic rice carrying the PEPC and PPDK genes （CK） in this study. The results showed that the light-saturated photosynthetic rate of CK was intermediate between that of WT and maize, with a slight bias towards that of maize. Under a high light intensity （1 200 μmol m^-2 s^-1） and high temperature （35℃）, CK still exhibited higher photosynthetic capacity, while the Gs decreased. The WUE of CK was only slightly increased, and was similar to that of WT. The δ13C value indicated that CK functioned as a C3 plant. In addition, the tolerance to photo-oxidation and grain yield of CK was enhanced by sprayed with NaHSO3. In conclusion, CK possesses higher photosynthetic productivity under the conditions of high photon flux density （PFD）, high temperature and spraying with NaHSO3 solution, thereby providing a new technical approach and physiological basis for constructing C4-like rice.

Unraveling the hydraulic properties of loess for landslide prediction:A study on variations in loess landslides in Lanzhou,Dingxi,and Tianshui,China

Loess has distinctive characteristics,leading to frequent landslide disasters and posing serious threats to the lives and properties of local re sidents.The involvement of water repre sents a critical factor in inducing loess landslides.This study focuses on three neighboring cities sequentially situated on the Loess Plateau along the direction of aeolian deposition of loess,namely Lanzhou,Dingxi,and Tianshui,which are densely populated and prone to landslide disasters.The variations in hydraulic properties,including water retention capacity and permeability,are investigated through Soil Water Characteristic Curve(SWCC)test and hydraulic conductivity test.The experimental findings revealed that Tianshui loess exhibited the highest water retention capacity,followed by Dingxi loess,while Lanzhou loess demonstrated the lowest water retention capacity.Contrastingly,the results for the saturated permeability coefficient were found to be the opposite:Tianshui loess showed the lowest permeability,whereas Lanzhou loess displayed the highest permeability.These results are supported and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observation.In addition,the water retention capacity is mathematically expressed using the van Genuchten model and extended to predict unsaturated hydraulic properties of loess.The experimental results exhibit a strong accordance with one another and align with the regional distribution patterns of disasters.

Prediction of curved oil–water interface in horizontal pipes using modified model with dynamic contact angle

In this study,interface shapes of horizontal oil–water two-phase flow are predicted by using Young-Laplace equation model and minimum energy model.Meanwhile,the interface shapes of horizontal oil–water twophase flow in a 20 mm inner diameter pipe are measured by a novel conductance parallel-wire array probe(CPAP).It is found that,for flow conditions with low water holdup,there is a large deviation between the model-predicted interface shape and the experimentally measured one.Since the variation of pipe wetting characteristics in the process of fluid flow can lead to the changes of the contact angle between the fluid and the pipe wall,the models mentioned above are modified by considering dynamic contact angle.The results indicate that the interface shapes predicted by the modified models present a good consistence with the ones measured by CPAP.

Considering temperature dependence of thermo-physical properties of sandy soils in two scenarios of oil pollution

We analyzed the heat conductivity and volumetric heat capacity of sandy soil contaminated in two scenarios of oil pollution, and also determined the temperature dependencies of these changed thermophysical properties. In the first pollution scenario, the oil product was introduced into wet river sand, and in the second case, dry sand was contaminated by the oil product and was then moistened with water. By considering these two scenarios as multicomponent dispersion systems with varying degrees of contamination and humidity, and by using a polystructural granular model with pore spaces and closed inclusions, we calculated that the heat conductivity of the sandy soil increased under the first pollution scenario and decreased under the second, but the change in the volumetric heat capacity of the sandy soil was proportional only to the amount of oil pollution, not the manner in which it was introduced. We also determined the temperature dependencies of these two thermophysical properties of sandy soil when polluted by oil, of which information will be useful for future containment and remediation of oil-contaminated soil.

Temperature Effects on Unsaturated Hydraulic Property of Bentonite-Sand Buffer Backfilling Mixtures

The influence of temperature on the engineered properties of bentonite-sand mixtures （B/S） is of major concern in the design of engineered barriers in underground repositories for high-level radioactive waste disposal. We experimentally studied the influence of temperature on soil unsaturated hydraulic properties related to water holding capacity and permeability of GMZ B/S in China. The vapor equilibrium method and water infiltration apparatus were used to measure the soil water characteristic curve （SWCC） and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity （k）. The results show that the SWCC under different temperatures from 20℃ to 60 ℃ tends to be the same. Temperature influence on unsaturated permeability is more relevant at low suctions, no clear effect is detected below a degree of saturation of 74%, and experimental data show that temperature dependence on unsaturated permeability is small.

Reviews on Transformer Oil-based Nanofluids

目前纳米改性变压器油由于其高散热性和独特的电气性能,正受到越来越广泛的关注。以近年来纳米改性变压器油的相关研究成果为基础,分析了纳米改性变压器油在导热、击穿、老化、抗水分影响以及改性油-纸相互作用等方面的特点,并介绍了目前常用的3种用于解释绝缘油介质中纳米颗粒改性机理的理论模型,最后提出了纳米改性变压器油领域后续研究需要关注的问题,即纳米颗粒材料体系的选择、高稳定性改性变压器油的制备工艺以及纳米颗粒对变压器油的改性机理。

The Colored Oil Property Effect on Switching Behavior of Electro-Fluidic Display

The switchable oil layer driven by electrowetting gives visible color and light valve control, which is the basis of Electro-Fluidic Displays. The colored oil’s property is a key factor that influences the Electro-Fluidic Displays switching behavior. A purple oil was formulated by the oil-soluble purple dye in decane in this study. The dye molecule itself is nonpolar and it doesn’t dissolve in water. The concentration of colored oil influenced the oil/water interfacial tension and oil viscosity. The relationship of EFD switching behavior with oil/water interfacial tension, oil viscosity, and oil conductivity has been systematically investigated. The oil/water interfacial tension decreased with increasing oil concentration, in the meanwhile, the conductivity increased. Oil conductivity was one of the key factors that influenced the Electro-Fluidic Displays optical property. We found for the first time that at the lower oil concentration (2% - 10%), the interfacial tension plays a main role effect on the rupture voltage and response time, but as the conductivity of higher concentration of colored oil increased (at 20%), the rupture voltage-controlled both by conductivity and interfacial tension.

Relationship Between Ecophysiological Features and Grain Yield in Different Soybean Varieties

Photosynthetic rate ( P n ), transpiration rate ( E ), stomatal conductance ( g s ), water use efficiency ( WUE ), intercellular CO 2( C i ) and leaf water potential ( Ψ ) in varieties of soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) measured in the past three decades (1970s, 1980s and 1990s) and their inter_relationships were analyzed. These parameters of soybean changed with development stages. It is shown that there was a strongly positive relationship between the yield of soybean and its net photosynthetic rate. Soybean varieties with high yield potential had higher P n , g s and Ψ than those with low yield potential. Their values of C i were remarkably lower. Such relationship was especially remarkable at the critical stage of pod_bearing. P n of soybean of high yield was obviously higher than that of low yield. Of the different stages, the highest P n was found in the pod_bearing stage and other values were higher, too. P n and Ψ of modern soybean varieties were higher and such was continuing. Increased partitioning of carbon to seed and the size of sink may also be important for yield formation when P n values were remarkably higher in the pod_bearing stage.

A STUDY ABOUT SOIL WATER CHARACTERISTIC,CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER AND EQUILIBRIUM ADSORPTION OF CUPRIC ION IN SOIL——A UTILITY EQUIPMENT USED IN SOIL SCIENCE AND ITS ILLUSTRATION OF USE

A utility equipment used in soil science is designed and installed.The equipment can be used in research pro- grams of soil water and solute transport.Pressure in pressure chamber of the equipment in which a tested soil sam- ple is laid can be adjusted exactly so that we can determine the water content of soil sample.With the equipment we can not only study the problems related water movement in soil but also measure some solute,such as cadmi- um,plumbum and so on,adsorption on surface of soil in saturated and unsaturated state.As an illustration of the use of the equipment,we give the isothermal of cupric ion adsorption in soil.This equipment can be used in the re- search work and application of soil science.

CHARACTERISTIC FINITE DIFFERENCE METHODS FOR POSITIVE SEMIDEFINITE PROBLEM OF TWO-PHASE(OIL AND WATER)MISCIBLE FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

Numerical simulation of two-phase (oil and water) miscible flow in porousmedia is the mathematical foundation in energy problems. For a two-dimensional posi-tive problem, Douglas put forward the well-known characteristic finite difference method.However, for numerical analysis there exist difficulties. They assumed that the problem isperiodic and the diffusion matrix of the concentration equation was positive definite. Butin many practical situations the diffusion matrixes are only positive semidefinite. In thispaper, we put forward a kind of characteristic finite difference schemes and obtain optimalorder estimates in l2 norm for the error in the approximation assumptions.

Determination of the desiccation behavior of clay slurries

The main objective of this study was to determine the desiccation behavior of clay slurries. A clay slurry with high water adsorption capacity(W_L = 180%,W_P 60%,W_s = 20) was used to determine the soil water characteristic curve(SWCC), shrinkage curve, and hydraulic conductivity. The last parameter was determined similar to the Instantaneous Profile Method using evaporation tests. Results indicated that the clay slurry had an air entry value(AEV) of 1000 kPa and a residual suction of 5000 kPa that occurred at the plastic limit and the shrinkage limit, respectively. The discrepancy between theoretical and measured shrinkage limit was due to the gradual increase in clay particle contact. Unlike soils, the saturated hydraulic conductivity varied by two orders of magnitude(4×10 ~10 m/s at 20 kPa to 3 x 10 ~12 m/s at AEV). The unsaturated k further decreased to 10 ~14 m/s at 6 x 10~4 kPa beyond which vapor flow took place.

Residual oil evolution based on displacement characteristic curve

The purpose of this study was to determine the displacement and dynamic distribution characteristics of the remaining oil in the two development stages of water flooding and subsequent alkaline surfactant polymer(ASP) flooding. The well pattern types in the water and ASP flooding stages are a longdistance determinant well pattern and short-distance five-point well pattern, respectively. The type A displacement characteristic curve can be obtained using the production data, and the slope of the straight-line section of the curve can reflect the displacement strength of the oil displacement agent. A numerical simulation was carried out based on the geological model. The results revealed that the injected water advances steadily with a large-distance determinant water-flooding well pattern. The single-well water production rate increases monotonically during water flooding. There is a significant positive correlation between the cumulative water-oil ratio and the formation parameter. Differential seepage between the oil and water phases is the main factor causing residual oil formation after water flooding, while the residual oil is still relatively concentrated. The effect of the chemical oildisplacement agent on improving the oil-water two-phase seepage flow has distinct stages during ASP flooding. The remaining oil production is extremely sporadic after ASP flooding.

Evaluating mechanism and inconsistencies in hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soil using newly proposed biochar conductivity factor

In the past few decades,numerous studies have been conducted to promote the use of biochar as a soil amendment and most recently,for compacted geo-engineered soils.In general,the definite trends of biochar effects on water retention and fertility of soils have been confirmed.However,the biochar effects on hydraulic conductivity,particularly unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of soil-biochar mix remain unclear,making it difficult to understand water seepage in both agricultural and geo-engineered infrastructures in semi-arid regions.This study examines the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function derived based on the measurements of soil water characteristic curves of soil with biochar contents of 0%,5%and 10%.A new parameter“biochar conductivity factor(BCF)”is proposed to evaluate the inconsistency in reported biochar effects on soil hydraulic conductivity and to interpret it from various mechanisms(inter-and intra-pore space filling,cracking,aggregation,bio-film formation and piping/internal erosion).The impact of biochar content on unsaturated hydraulic conductivity appears to reduce as the soil becomes drier with minimal effect in residual zone.Qualitative comparison of near-saturated hydraulic conductivity with test results in the literature showed that the BCF is generally higher for smaller ratio of sand to fine content(clay and silt).Moreover,the particle size of biochar may have significant influence on soil permeability.Future scope of research has been highlighted with respect to biochar production for its applications in agriculture and geo-environmental engineering.Long term effects such as root decay and growth,aggregation and nutrient supply need to be considered.

Micro-distribution and mechanical characteristics analysis of remaining oil

As the water drive reservoir enters extra high water cut stage(greater than 80%),remaining oil distribution becomes increasingly dispersed.Research on micro residual oil in pore appears particularly important for reservoir development at extra high water cut stage.Oil occurrence characteristics recognition helps to understand the distribution of remaining oil and the mechanical characteristics of oil is the guide for tapping the remaining oil.On the basis of pore scale oil ewater two phase flow experiments,micro distribution of remaining oil is divided into four occurrence states in accordance with oil features at different stage of water flooding,the flake of remaining oil,oil column,oil droplet and oil film.A quantitative characterization method of remaining oil occurrence states is established.By using micro numerical simulation method,change rules of four occurrence states of remaining oil during the process of water displacement and the mechanical characteristics of different occurrence state of remaining oil are analyzed.Results show that the continuous oil phase gradually transforms to discontinuous phase and even to dispersed phases during the water flooding process.At extra high water cut stage,most of remaining oil are dispersed oil columns,oil droplets and oil films,which are the main target of remaining oil to be tapped.By changing water flow direction or increasing the displacement pressure gradient,the surface adsorption force acting on oil columns are overcome,and then the oil columns begin to move and finally to be produced out.Oil droplets in pore-throat center are scoured and carried out by water as the increase of the injection volume,while the oil droplets in blind ends and the oil films are extracted out by adding chemicals to reduce the interfacial tension,so as to enhance oil recovery.For water flooding reservoir,the corresponding tapping measures for four types of oil occurrence states brought forward have great meanings of improving reservoir recovery at high water cut stage.

超稠油油藏热化学驱油水渗流特征

针对超稠油油藏热化学驱开发过程中不同温度区域内的油水渗流特征不明的问题,利用微观可视化实验和一维物理模拟实验,定量研究了不同温度下热水和驱油剂对驱油效率的影响及相对渗透率的变化规律,分析了热水和驱油剂驱油的致效机理和交互作用。实验结果表明:温度为70℃时,高温驱油剂驱的油相相对渗透率增大,水相相对渗透率变化较小;温度为150℃时,热水和驱油剂的协同增效作用更显著,热水驱转高温驱油剂驱和直接高温驱油剂驱的油相、水相相对渗透率均明显增大;温度超过200℃后,驱油剂在高温限制下驱油作用减弱,热水对驱油效率的提升大幅增加。研究表明:不同温度下,热水驱和高温驱油剂驱均可提高驱油效率;随着温度升高,热水对提高驱油效率的作用不断增大,驱油剂对驱油效率的贡献先增大后减小;热化学驱通过热水、驱油剂在不同温度区域的接替驱油和协同作用,能够实现超稠油油藏效益开发。该研究可为热化学驱提高超稠油油藏采收率提供参考。

Inventory of the Thermo-Physiological Behavior of Fabrics—A Review

A comprehensive literature review was performed to create an inventory of thermal-physiological quantities for fabrics from different fiber materials, material blends, and fabric structures. The goal was to derive over-arching concepts that cannot be seen by the individual studies alone. Equations of best fits suggest non-linear changes for fabric thickness, thermal and water-vapor resistance with changes in material blend ratio. Air permeability decreases with increasing fabric density and fabric weight wherein the degree of decrease differs among fabric materials, blend ratio, and fabric structure. Water-vapor transmission rates strongly depend on fabric thickness, material, and blend, but marginally depend on fabric structure as long as the fabric and material thickness remain the same.

混沌脉冲组电场作用下油中液滴的聚结特性

混沌脉冲组(CPG)电场可用于乳化液破乳,但是乳化液滴在油中的聚结特性尚不清楚。通过数值方法研究了油中液滴在混沌脉冲组电场中的聚结特性以及电场参数对液滴聚结过程的影响。结果表明:CPG电场作用下液滴聚结过程可分为6个阶段,各阶段的呈现与电场作用时间和电场休止时间相关,其中第Ⅲ阶段的持续时间对聚结时间影响较大;占空比影响液滴聚结过程的状态以及聚结时间;电场强度的增加对液滴聚结状态无显著影响,但明显缩短聚结时间,当电场强度从500 kV/m增加到700 kV/m,液滴聚结时间从0.400 s减小到0.152 s。研究液滴在CPG电场中的聚结特性能够为CPG电场在工业中的应用提供理论依据。

降雨和库水位升降条件下考虑非饱和渗透系数空间变异的边坡可靠度分析

降雨和水位升降对库岸边坡具有显著影响,传统确定性分析难以准确评估其稳定性。考虑降雨和水位升降联合作用下水力参数的空间变异性,进行非饱和土边坡可靠度分析具有重要意义。以赣江库区中的莒洲岛边坡为研究对象,以贝叶斯方法校准的多元水力参数的联合随机场为基础,建立非饱和土边坡的稳定性分析方法。根据有限的岩土力学室内试验数据,采用贝叶斯方法校准土水特征曲线的模型参数,并从VGM、VGB、VG和FX模型中选出最优模型;联合多元水力参数的随机统计特征,生成非饱和土边坡渗透系数的随机场空间分布;针对2021年5月赣江水位快速升降并伴随暴雨的工程背景,将上述方法应用于莒洲岛库岸边坡的稳定性分析。研究结果表明,暴雨与水位变化的联合作用对边坡安全系数的影响显著,确定性分析的边坡安全系数偏低,考虑非饱和渗透系数空间变异性后计算所得到的SWCC综合可靠指标不能满足规范要求,需采取额外的边坡工程加固措施以保证边坡的长期稳定性。

离心超重力油水分离器流场特性的数值模拟研究

随着油田开采逐渐进入高含水期,对油水分离器的性能要求也愈发严格,现有油水分离器已很难达到分离要求,油水分离领域亟需新的研究进展。通过数值模拟的方法对一种新型离心超重力油水分离器流场特性进行了研究。从流动参数、结构参数以及物性参数3个方面探究不同参数对分离器分离性能及流场特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:各含水体积分数情况下该分离器分离效果都较好,油出口分离效率随着含水体积分数上升而减小,且含水体积分数较高时水出口的含油量较低;随着入口流量的增大,水出口含油量不断增大,油出口分离效率先减小后基本不变;随着电机转速的增大油出口分离效率先增大后基本不变,电机转速为500 r/min时,油出口分离效率为82%,电机转速为1500 r/min时,油出口分离效率增大至97%;在模拟范围内叶片数量与分离效果呈正相关;油密度和油黏度与分离器分离效果均呈负相关,其值越大分离效果越差。研究结果可为离心超重力油水分离器的实际应用提供理论指导。