Static profiles of capillary surfaces in the annular space between two coaxial cones under microgravity

In space,surface tension plays an important role and liquid behaviour is much different from that on the ground.The static capillary surfaces in the annular space between two coaxial cones under microgravity are studied in this paper.Theoretical expressions of the capillary surfaces are derived and a procedure is developed to predict the capillary surfaces based on the expressions.By considering various liquid contact angles,liquid volumes,and container geometries,numerical simulation with the volume of fluid method is carried out and microgravity experiments in Beijing Drop Tower are performed.The numerical and experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.Furthermore,capillary surfaces in an annulus with constant cross-section and in a spherical tank with a central column are also discussed.z3 will decrease obviously with the increase of the liquid contact angle.The theoretical models and findings will be great helpful for liquid management in space and the evaluation of propellant residue.

Simulation of liquid cone formation on the tip apex of indium field emission electric propulsion thrusters

Field emission electric propulsion(FEEP) thrusters possess excellent characteristics, such as high specific impulse, low power requirements, compact size and precise pointing capabilities,making them ideal propulsion devices for micro-nano satellites. However, the detection of certain aspects, such as the evolution process of the liquid cone and the physical quantities at the cone apex, proves challenging due to the minute size of the needle tip and the vacuum environment in which they operate. Consequently, this paper introduces a computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model to gain insight into the formation process of the liquid cone on the tip apex of indium FEEP. The CFD model is based on electrohydrodynamic(EHD) equations and the volume of fluid(VOF) method. The entire cone formation process can be divided into three stages, and the time-dependent characteristics of the physical quantities at the cone apex are investigated. The influences of film thickness, apex radius size and applied voltage are compared.The results indicate a gradual increase in the values of electrostatic stress and surface tension stress at the cone apex over an initial period, followed by a rapid escalation within a short duration.Apex configurations featuring a small radius, thick film and high voltage exhibit a propensity for liquid cone formation, and the cone growth time decreases as the film thickness increases.Moreover, some unstable behavior is observed during the cone formation process.

Numerical Study of Temperature-Dependent Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Micropolar Ag–MgO Hybrid Nanofluid over a Rotating Vertical Cone

The present paper examines the temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity of a micropolar silver(Ag)−Magnesium oxide(MgO)hybrid nanofluid made of silver and magnesium oxide over a rotating vertical cone,with the influence of transverse magnetic field and thermal radiation.The physical flow problem has been modeled with coupled partial differential equations.We apply similarity transformations to the nondimensionalized equations,and the resulting nonlinear differential equations are solved using overlapping grid multidomain spectral quasilinearization method.The flow behavior for the fluid is scrutinized under the impact of diverse physical constraints,which are illustrated graphically.The results of the skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number varying different flow parameters are presented in the form of a table.It is observed that the main flow of the hybrid nanofluid,nano particle fraction of silver and Magnesium/water,enhances compared to the mono-nano fluid MgO as the coupling number increases.The application of studies like this can be found in the atomization process of liquids such as centrifugal pumps,viscometers,rotors,fans.

A novel seed cone of Pinus from the Miocene of coastal Southeast China indicates kinship with Southeast Asian pines

Pinus is an economically and ecologically important genus whose members are dominant components globally in low-latitude mountainous and mid-latitude temperate forests.Pinus species richness is currently concentrated in subtropical mid-low latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere,differing from the latitudinal diversity gradient mostly recognized in woody angiosperms.How the present pattern was developing in Earth's past is still poorly studied,particularly in eastern Asia.Here,a new fossil species,Pinus shengxianica sp.nov.is described based on a fossil seed cone from the Late Miocene Shengxian Formation in Zhejiang,southeast China.A co-occurring cone is recognized as a known fossil species,Pinus speciosa Li.Extensive comparison of extant and fossil members of Pinus suggests P.shengxianica shares a striking cone similarity to Pinus merkusii and Pinus latteri(subsection Pinus)from tropical Southeast Asia in having annular bulges around the umbo on the apophysis.The morphological resemblance indicates these two extant low-latitude pines probably possess a close affinity with the present newly-discovered P.shengxianica and originated from East Asian mid-low latitude ancestors during this generic re-diversification in the Miocene.This scenario is consistent with the evolutionary trajectory reflected by the pine fossil history and molecular data,marking the Miocene as a key period for the origin and evolution of most extant pines globally.The co-occurrences of diverse conifers and broadleaved angiosperms preferring diverse niches demonstrate Late Miocene eastern Zhejiang was one of the hot spots for coniferophyte diversity and hosted a needled-broadleaved mixed forest with complex vegetation structure and an altitudinal zonation.

Transcriptome Analysis of Auxin Drives Cone Size Regulation in Fokienia hodginsii

As the reproductive organ of the endangered species Fokienia hodginsii,the size of the cones is a constraint on the reproductive renewal of the population.In this study,the molecular basis of the influence of cone size on F.hodginsii was elucidated by comparing the phenotype,biochemistry,and transcriptome of two cultivars of F.hodginsii(‘FJ431’and‘FJ415’).The two cultivars differed significantly in cone size,with FJ431 having a significantly larger cone size and weight than FJ415,1.32 and 1.90 times that of FJ415,respectively.RNA-Seq analysis of both cultivars retrieved 75,940 genes whose approximate functions were classified as the pathway of response to endogenous stimulus and response to hormone and showed significant differences in the auxin-activated signaling pathway,particularly the MAPK signaling pathway-plant.Furthermore,the endogenous IAA content was significantly higher in FJ431 than in FJ415,and 1.58 and 1.29 times more IAA was present in immature and mature cones,respectively.Moreover,exogenous IAA treatment significantly induced the expression of the MAPK pathway-related gene TRINITY_DN10564_c0_g1 and significantly inhibited the expression of the MAPK pathwayrelated gene TRINITY_DN17056_c0_g1.Our work suggests that IAA can affect the cone size of F.hodginsii,most probably through the MAPK pathway.This has high theoretical and practical significance for the improvement of genetic breeding and the further cultivation of quality germplasm resources of F.hodginsii.

An Alternative Way to Mapping Cone: The Algebraic Topology of the Pinched Tensor

In this research, we explore the properties and applications of the mapping cone and its variant, the pinched mapping cone. The mapping cone is a construction that arises naturally in algebraic topology and is used to study the homotopy type of spaces. It has several key properties, including its homotopy equivalence to the cofiber of a continuous map, and its ability to compute homotopy groups using the long exact sequence associated with the cofiber. We also provide an overview of the properties and applications of the mapping cone and the pinched mapping cone in algebraic topology. This work highlights the importance of these constructions in the study of homotopy theory and the calculation of homotopy groups. The study also points to the potential for further research in this area which includes the study of higher homotopy groups and the applications of these constructions to other areas of mathematics.

Technique for Estimating the Cone Bearing Smoothing Parameters

Cone penetration testing (CPT) is an extensively utilized and cost effective tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic cone into penetrable soils and recording the resistance to the cone tip (qc value). The measured qc values (after correction for the pore water pressure) are utilized to estimate soil type and associated soil properties based predominantly on empirical correlations. The most common cone tips have associated areas of 10 cm2 and 15 cm2. Investigators also utilized significantly larger cone tips (33 cm2 and 40 cm2) so that gravelly soils can be penetrated. Small cone tips (2 cm2 and 5 cm2) are utilized for shallow soil investigations. The cone tip resistance measured at a particular depth is affected by the values above and below the depth of interest which results in a smoothing or blurring of the true bearing values. Extensive work has been carried out in mathematically modelling the smoothing function which results in the blurred cone bearing measurements. This paper outlines a technique which facilitates estimating the dominant parameters of the cone smoothing function from processing real cone bearing data sets. This cone calibration technique is referred to as the so-called CPSPE algorithm. The mathematical details of the CPSPE algorithm are outlined in this paper along with the results from a challenging test bed simulation.

STUDIES ON COMBUSTION BEHAVIOR OF NR/MMT NANO-COMPOSITES BY CONE CALORIMETER

The NR/modified montmorillonite （EMT） nano-composites were prepared by mechanical mixing and reacting in situ with glycidyl methacrylate. Under 30 kW·m^-2 of heat flux, the combustion behavior of the nano-composites was studied with cone calorimetry, and PHRR, THR, EHC, TSR and MLR were tested. The results showed that the nanocomposite had improved mechanical properties and flame retardance properties, and to some extent, the nano-composite had smoke suppress effect. Compared with pure NR, the PHRR, EHC and SPR of the nano-composite reduced by 34%, 21% and 16.8%, respectively.

Study of Burning Behaviors and Fire Risk of Flame Retardant Plywood by Cone Calorimeter and TG Test

A flame retardant composition was prepared by using phosphoguanidine,guanidine sulfamate,disodium octaborate tetrahydrate and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.Veneers were immersed in such flame retardant mixture to prepare plywood.The combustion characteristics and thermal stability of plywood were assessed using a cone calorimeter and TG.Results showed that:(1)High concentration and loading of flame retardant were beneficial for the fire resistance of the plywood.(2)The limiting oxygen index(LOI)and residual mass of plywood processed using the flame retardant was increased by 87.52%and 58.66%compared to those of the untreated plywood,while the average heat release rate(av-HRR),total heat release(THR),effective heat of combustion(EHC),total smoke release(TSR),CO yield(COY),CO_(2) yield(CO_(2)Y)and oxygen consumption were decreased by 44.3%,82.9%,47.0%,86.0%,89.9%,50.1%and 83.1%,respectively.(3)Treated plywood which had a low fire growth index(FGI)displayed a later combustion heat release rate peak and slower flame spread than observed for the untreated material.Combustion of treated plywood displayed a higher fire performance index(FPI),indicating a longer time to ignition.This suggests that burning structures from this material would be subject to a longer time for escape from the structure and would present lower fire risk than similar structures containing treated plywood.(4)TG results demonstrated that the presence of the flame retardant can decrease the pyrolysis temperature for hemicellulose and cellulose,change the decomposition and reaction progress for plywood degradation and promote dehydration carbonization and accelerated charformation.Moreover,the formed char was more stable than that combustion of untreated plywood.(5)The flame retardant contains nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),boron(B),chlorine(Cl)and guanidine(Gu)compounds.The adhesive also contains N and P compounds.These substances display flame resistance and supplement each other to generate flame retardance than any one used alone.By changing the thermolysis and thermal decomposition processes,the heat release and smoke release from plywood,undergoing combustion was reduced.This controlled generation of combustible substances and promoted dehydration and carbonization to form char.As a result,the flame resistance of plywood was improved significantly.The probability of smoke asphyxia or poisoning death of those trapped in structures containing treated plywood during fire accidents can be decreased dramatically.

Proposed Cone Calorimeter for Woven Carpet

It is necessary to achieve the best specifications in carpets that provide safety to human health in establishments and buildings. This can be achieved by reducing the emissions of toxic gases from combustion via controlling the carpets composition. This research presents a study on carpets behavior when burning samples with different mixing specifications to determine the combustion products by conducting a test using cone Calorimeter to determine the effect of different structures of the carpet on combustion products. The study includes the effect of both the quality of the material used and their different densities and thicknesses. The research provides an analysis of carpet combustion products from different emissions, such as the amount of carbon monoxide CO, the amount of carbon dioxide CO2, smoke density, heat of combustion, and the heat released rate. It is clear that the rate of heat released is uneven in samples with different percentages of mixing. The samples with higher mixing percentage of synthetic fibers give lower temperature while the samples with higher wool percentage give higher temperature. The temperature of combustion increases gradually with the increase of the percentage of wool while the density of the smoke decreases which achieves the required safety of carpets. In addition to this, the research proves the increase of both CO and CO2 as the percentage of synthetic fibers in products which confirms the necessity to avoid the adverse effects of these emissions on human health.

用CONE法研究木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃性能

利用锥形量热仪 (CONE)系统地测定了新型木材阻燃剂FRW的阻燃性能 ,讨论了FRW对阻燃木材在燃烧时的热释放、质量变化及耐点燃性的影响 ,并与Dricon阻燃剂进行了对比。结果表明 ,在 5 0kW·m2 的热辐射功率下 ,FRW阻燃处理木材的热释放速率 (RHR)和总热释放量 (THR)随FRW载药率的升高而降低 ,至载药率达到 10 %左右时 ,RHR及THR降低为未处理木材的 5 0 %左右 ,并且降低的趋势明显变缓 ;FRW与Dri con阻燃木材的有效燃烧热 (EHC)曲线基本重合 ,说明二者的阻燃机理类似 ;FRW阻燃木材的质量损失速率(MLR)曲线与RHR曲线相似 ,失重和热释放主要发生在有焰燃烧阶段 ;FRW阻燃处理能显著提高木材燃烧时的成炭率 ,但对木材的点燃时间影响不大 ;FRW与Dricon的阻燃效力相当 ,属高效木材阻燃剂。

用CONE法研究木材阻燃剂FRW的抑烟性能

采用锥形量热仪 (CONE)法系统地测定了新型木材阻燃剂FRW的抑烟性能 ,讨论了FRW对木材燃烧时发烟及烟气毒性的影响 ,并与Dricon阻燃剂进行了对比。结果表明 ,当热辐射功率为 5 0kW·m- 2 时 ,FRW阻燃处理木材的烟化率SR、比消光面积SEA、二氧化碳浓度CO2 及二氧化碳产率YCO2 比未处理木材显著降低 ;FRW阻燃处理对木材燃烧时一氧化碳的生成元显著影响 ;FRW与Dricon均具有很强的抑烟作用 。

聚合物材料燃烧性和阻燃性的评价—锥形量热仪(CONE)法

介绍了一种新一代的实验室型聚合物材料燃烧性能和阻燃性能的评价方法—锥形量热仪。锥形量热仪的实验结果更接近聚合物材料在实际燃烧时的行为。详细地讨论了各种燃烧参数在评价和研究聚合物材料的燃烧性和阻燃性中的意义和应用，并介绍了这方面的进展和发展方向。

利用CONE研究阻燃胶合板的动态燃烧行为

利用锥形量热仪CONE调查了磷氮硼系阻燃剂FRW处理胶合板在不同热辐射通量条件下的动态燃烧行为.结果显示:随热辐射通量提高,未阻燃胶合板的热释放速率峰值、烟气释放量和火势增长指数上升明显,火灾危险性高;阻燃胶合板的成炭率较高、热释放和烟释放较低;在燃烧过程中CO产率受热辐射通量增大的影响较小;FRW能显著抑制胶合板的可燃性,从而降低胶合板在使用过程中的火灾安全风险.

基于CONE和MCC的典型电缆燃烧性能研究

采用锥形量热仪和微燃烧量热仪对四类不同护套材料的八种电缆样品进行燃烧性能分析,研究结果表明:电缆燃烧热释放过程不仅与护套、绝缘的材料密切相关,也与电缆结构密不可分;对于护套材料相同而大小或结构不同的电缆点燃时间和到达第一个峰值的时间以及第一个峰值最大热释放速率基本一致;聚烯烃无机阻燃材料电缆能够有效降低热释放速率峰值,CO2、CO释放量也明显低于橡胶电缆、普通PVC电缆和阻燃PVC电缆;微燃烧量热仪和锥形量热仪实验数据存在一定的相关性,微燃烧量热仪实验数据可以对电缆锥形量热仪实验的第一燃烧阶段燃烧行为进行预测。

CuO对硬质PVC热解、阻燃和抑烟的锥形量热仪(CONE)研究

通过利用锥形量热仪（ Ｃ Ｏ Ｎ Ｅ）实验获得的热失重速率（ Ｍ Ｌ Ｒ）、热释放速率（ Ｈ Ｒ Ｒ）、有效燃烧热（ Ｅ Ｈ Ｃ）、烟释放速率（ Ｓ Ｐ Ｒ）和点燃时间（ Ｔ Ｔ Ｉ）等参数研究了氧化铜对 Ｐ Ｖ Ｃ热降解行为、阻燃和抑烟的影响。研究表明，氧化铜促进了 Ｐ Ｖ Ｃ早而快地脱 Ｈ Ｃｌ，并且明显降低了链段的裂解速度，促进了成炭量的增加。因此， Ｃｕ Ｏ 明显降低了 Ｈ Ｒ Ｒ 和 Ｓ Ｐ Ｒ，说明它具有良好的阻燃性和抑烟性。氧化铜使 Ｐ Ｖ Ｃ的点燃时间缩短，并使挥发物有利于气相燃烧反应。由于 Ｃｕ Ｏ 促进阴燃，从而导致总热释放量增加。

阻燃PET的CONE/TGA研究

研究了由双 (对 -羧苯基 )苯基氧化膦改性的 PET共聚物的阻燃性质。测定了样品的极限氧指数 (L OI)。采用热重分析仪 (TGA)对试样的热降解行为进行了分析。通过锥型量热仪分析了共聚物及纯 PET样品的燃烧行为 ,显示共聚物具有较好的综合阻燃特性 ,如质量损失速率、热和烟的释放速率等 ,这些性质仅仅通过 L OI和 TGA分析是不能确定的。研究结果表明 ,通过 CONE/

CONE法研究木材阻燃剂的阻燃性能

采用锥形量热仪法,评价木材阻燃剂FRW的系列产品FRW-C1和FRW-C2的阻燃性能。结果表明,当热辐射功率为50 kW/m2时,FRW-C1和FRW-C2阻燃处理红松的热释放速率、总热释放比红松素材显著降低,点燃时间、残余物质量分数和火灾性能指数均比素材大幅提高,二者均能有效地降低木材燃烧时的热释放和发生强烈火灾的潜在危险性,阻燃作用显著。

Determination of undrained shear strength using piezocone penetration test in clayey soil for bridge foundation

In order to obtain the reasonable undrained shear strength Su for geotechnical analyses of bridge foundations in Yangtze River floodplain clayey soils, a site-specific study is conducted using the imported piezocone penetration test （CPTu） with dissipation phases at the Fourth Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge construction sites. Taking the values of Su from laboratory tests as references, several existing Su-predicted methods based on CPTu are compared and evaluated. To verify the presented cone factor Nk, additional test sites are selected and examined. The results show that the values of cone factors such as Nkt, Nke, and Nau, depend on the shear test mode and disturbance. Generally, the values of Nke show more scattering than those of Nkt and N△u. For the stratified and layered sediments of the Yangtze River floodplain, it is recommended using the net cone resistance qT to estimate Su and the preliminary cone factor values Nkt are from 7 to 16, with an average of 11. It is also confirmed that the CPTu test, as a new technique in site characterization, can present reasonable parameters for bridge foundations.