Liquefaction-Induced Ground Deformations Evaluation Based on Cone Penetration Tests (CPT)

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the liquefaction-induced ground deformations of sand-like soils based on Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) at Semani site, Fieri prefecture in Albania. These tests are performed during the process of investigation of this area, in which a Liquid Natural Gas Terminal-Power Plant was supposed to be built. This paper presents the assessment of the liquefaction and of the liquefaction-induced ground deformations such as lateral spreading displacement and post-liquefaction reconsolidation settlement. The liquefaction-induced lateral spreading and post-liquefaction reconsolidation settlement are estimated based on CPT data according to the method in MNO-12 “soil liquefaction during earthquake”, presented by Idriss and Boulanger (2008). This evaluation is very important and should be taken into consideration for the design of engineering structures that will be constructed in this area. All the calculation’s results are shown in graphs. At the end, there are highlighted some conclusions regarding the liquefaction-induced ground deformations in this site.

Regressive approach for predicting bearing capacity of bored piles from cone penetration test data

In this study, th e least sq u are su p p o rt v ecto r m achine （LSSVM） alg o rith m w as applied to predicting th ebearing capacity o f b ored piles e m b ed d ed in sand an d m ixed soils. Pile g eo m etry an d cone p e n e tra tio nte s t （CPT） resu lts w ere used as in p u t variables for pred ictio n o f pile bearin g capacity. The d ata u se d w erecollected from th e existing litera tu re an d consisted o f 50 case records. The application o f LSSVM w ascarried o u t by dividing th e d ata into th re e se ts： a train in g se t for learning th e pro b lem an d obtain in g arelationship b e tw e e n in p u t variables an d pile bearin g capacity, and testin g an d validation sets forevaluation o f th e predictive an d g en eralization ability o f th e o b tain ed relationship. The predictions o f pilebearing capacity by LSSVM w ere evaluated by com paring w ith ex p erim en tal d ata an d w ith th o se bytrad itio n al CPT-based m eth o d s and th e gene ex pression pro g ram m in g （GEP） m odel. It w as found th a t th eLSSVM perform s w ell w ith coefficient o f d eterm in atio n , m ean, an d sta n d ard dev iatio n equivalent to 0.99,1.03, an d 0.08, respectively, for th e testin g set, an d 1, 1.04, an d 0.11, respectively, for th e v alidation set. Thelow values o f th e calculated m ean squared e rro r an d m ean ab so lu te e rro r indicated th a t th e LSSVM w asaccurate in p redicting th e pile bearing capacity. The results o f com parison also show ed th a t th e p roposedalg o rith m p red icted th e pile bearin g capacity m ore accurately th a n th e trad itio n al m eth o d s including th eGEP m odel.

Adaptive sampling strategy for characterizing spatial distribution of soil liquefaction potential using cone penetration test

Characterizing spatial distribution of soil liquefaction potential is critical for assessing liquefactionrelated hazards(e.g.building damages caused by liquefaction-induced differential settlement).However,in engineering practice,soil liquefaction potential is usually measured at limited locations in a specific site using in situ tests,e.g.cone penetration tests(CPTs),due to the restrictions of time,cost and access to subsurface space.In these cases,liquefaction potential of soil at untested locations requires to be interpreted from limited measured data points using proper interpolation method,leading to remarkable statistical uncertainty in liquefaction assessment.This underlines an important question of how to optimize the locations of CPT soundings and determine the minimum number of CPTs for achieving a target reliability level of liquefaction assessment.To tackle this issue,this study proposes a smart sampling strategy for determining the minimum number of CPTs and their optimal locations in a selfadaptive and data-driven manner.The proposed sampling strategy leverages on information entropy and Bayesian compressive sampling(BCS).Both simulated and real CPT data are used to demonstrate the proposed method.Illustrative examples indicate that the proposed method can adaptively and sequentially select the required number and optimal locations of CPTs.

FEM-DEM coupled modeling of cone penetration tests in lunar soil

Cone penetration test(CPT)is an appropriate technique for quickly determining the geotechnical properties of lunar soil,which is valuable for in situ lunar exploration.Utilizing a typical coupling method recently developed by the authors,a finite element method(FEM)-discrete element method(DEM)coupled model of CPTs is obtained.A series of CPTs in lunar soil are simulated to qualitatively reveal the flow of particles and the development of resistance throughout the penetration process.In addition,the effects of major factors,such as penetration velocity,penetration depth,cone tip angle,and the low gravity on the Moon surface are investigated.

Fall cone tests considering water content, cone penetration index, and plasticity angle of fine-grained soils

This paper analyzed the consistency of some parameters of soils in the literature and experimental results from fall cone test and its application to soil plasticity classification.Over 500 data from both literatures and experiments using fall cone and Casagrande methods were compiled to assess the relationships among specified water content,cone penetration index ebT,and plasticity angle eaT of finegrained soils.The results indicate that no unique correlation exists among b,liquid limit of the fall cone test(LLc)and a.The water content at 1 mm cone penetration eC0T correlates well with b,plasticity ratio eRpT(i.e.the ratio of plastic limit to liquid limit),and a.Finally,the potential of using the btan a diagram to classify soil plasticity was also discussed.

基于CPT大直径钢管桩可打入性分析方法研究

在海洋工程当中,大直径钢管桩常采用液压锤进行施工,桩基可打入性的准确预测对实际工程具有重要的意义。为探究静力触探试验(cone penetration test,CPT)锥尖阻力与单位锤击能量的关系,通过将CPT锥尖阻力转化为单位等效锥尖阻力,定义阻能比为单位等效锥尖阻力与单位锤击能量阻力之比,基于9个场地、72根钢管桩打桩记录以及CPT测试结果,探讨了不同土层(粉土层、砂土层以及黏土层)中阻能比随深度变化的关系,提出了基于CPT锥尖阻力的桩基可打入性预测方法。研究结果表明:单位等效锥尖阻力与单位锤击能量随深度变化具有相关性,阻能比在不同土层随深度变化具有各自的规律性。通过获得的不同土层阻能比随深度变化的关系式,利用CPT锥尖阻力可以直接获得打桩需要的单位锤击能量。经工程验证,使用本文提出的方法,预测打桩过程中单位锤击能量可行且具有一定精度。该方法仅需已知CPT锥尖阻力即可对单位锤击能量进行计算,可以快速地对桩基可打入性进行初步评估。

Seasonal influence on cone penetration test: An unsaturated soil site example

Interpretation of electric cone penetration test(CPT) based pore water pressure measurement(CPTu) is well established for soils with behavior that follows classical soil mechanics. The literature on the interpretation of these tests performed on unsaturated tropical soils is limited, and little is known about the influence of soil suction on in situ test data. In this context, the CPT data are presented and discussed to illustrate the seasonal variability in an unsaturated tropical soil site. The test data show that soil suction significantly influenced CPT data up to a depth of 4 m at the study site. It shows the importance of considering seasonal variability in unsaturated soil sites caused by soil suction, which was related to water content through a soil-water retention curve(SWRC). It is also important to consider this aspect in the interpretation of CPT data from these soils.

软基处理PST桩复合地基加固机理及CPTU验证

对于厂房、仓库、露天堆场等沿海软土地基加固处理工程,采用传统的软基处理方法如真空预压或堆载预压,其施工工期长、工后沉降大;采用水泥搅拌桩由于施工质量不易控制,桩体强度低、处理效果不佳;采用刚性桩复合地基存在地面堆载沉降不均匀等难题。“PST”复合地基处理方法采用预制桩与桩帽及厚褥垫层组合,将预制桩的高承载力转化为褥垫层均布承载力;地面均布荷载引起的变形应力传递到桩身而非其下的软土。以某大型地基处理工程为例,通过CPTU孔压静力触探技术评价PST桩地基处理加固效果与挤土效应,通过对打桩过程中,不同时期的超静孔隙水压力进行观测,掌握超静孔隙水压力消散和变化规律。通过打桩过程中的超孔压的变化情况,分析打桩顺序和速率对孔压的影响程度,了解PST桩施工对软土的扰动规律,以指导施工,降低PST桩施工对地基土的影响。

Application of artificial neural networks for predicting the impact of rolling dynamic compaction using dynamic cone penetrometer test results

Rolling dynamic compaction(RDC),which involves the towing of a noncircular module,is now widespread and accepted among many other soil compaction methods.However,to date,there is no accurate method for reliable prediction of the densification of soil and the extent of ground improvement by means of RDC.This study presents the application of artificial neural networks(ANNs) for a priori prediction of the effectiveness of RDC.The models are trained with in situ dynamic cone penetration(DCP) test data obtained from previous civil projects associated with the 4-sided impact roller.The predictions from the ANN models are in good agreement with the measured field data,as indicated by the model correlation coefficient of approximately 0.8.It is concluded that the ANN models developed in this study can be successfully employed to provide more accurate prediction of the performance of the RDC on a range of soil types.

基于CPTU的超深地连墙成槽土体扰动评价

地下连续墙成槽会引起邻近地层土体应力状态发生变化,导致土体受到扰动,进而影响土体的工程性质,因此,准确评价地连墙施工引起的土体扰动对工程设计与施工具有重要指导意义。以江阴靖江长江隧道工程为依托,在江北工作井的某幅地连墙成槽前后于槽段旁边开展了孔压静力触探(CPTU)测试,得到了成槽前后的CPTU参数,并基于修正的锥尖阻力q_(t)评价了地连墙成槽引起的土体扰动度。结果表明,地连墙成槽后,锥尖阻力、侧壁摩阻力及孔隙水压力总体上均有不同程度的降低,土体扰动度在30%以内。浅部扰动度高于深部,深度相近时砂土层扰动度高于软黏土层。

Methodology for Obtaining Optimal Sleeve Friction and Friction Ratio Estimates from CPT Data

Cone penetration testing (CPT) is a cost effective and popular tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic penetrometer into penetrable soils and recording cone bearing (qc), sleeve friction (fc) and dynamic pore pressure (u) with depth. The measured qc, fs and u values are utilized to estimate soil type and associated soil properties. A popular method to estimate soil type from CPT measurements is the Soil Behavior Type (SBT) chart. The SBT plots cone resistance vs friction ratio, Rf [where: Rf = (fs/qc)100%]. There are distortions in the CPT measurements which can result in erroneous SBT plots. Cone bearing measurements at a specific depth are blurred or averaged due to qc values being strongly influenced by soils within 10 to 30 cone diameters from the cone tip. The qcHMM algorithm was developed to address the qc blurring/averaging limitation. This paper describes the distortions which occur when obtaining sleeve friction measurements which can in association with qc blurring result in significant errors in the calculated Rf values. This paper outlines a novel and highly effective algorithm for obtaining accurate sleeve friction and friction ratio estimates. The fc optimal filter estimation technique is referred to as the OSFE-IFM algorithm. The mathematical details of the OSFE-IFM algorithm are outlined in this paper along with the results from a challenging test bed simulation. The test bed simulation demonstrates that the OSFE-IFM algorithm derives accurate estimates of sleeve friction from measured values. Optimal estimates of cone bearing and sleeve friction result in accurate Rf values and subsequent accurate estimates of soil behavior type.

Technique for Estimating the Cone Bearing Smoothing Parameters

Cone penetration testing (CPT) is an extensively utilized and cost effective tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic cone into penetrable soils and recording the resistance to the cone tip (qc value). The measured qc values (after correction for the pore water pressure) are utilized to estimate soil type and associated soil properties based predominantly on empirical correlations. The most common cone tips have associated areas of 10 cm2 and 15 cm2. Investigators also utilized significantly larger cone tips (33 cm2 and 40 cm2) so that gravelly soils can be penetrated. Small cone tips (2 cm2 and 5 cm2) are utilized for shallow soil investigations. The cone tip resistance measured at a particular depth is affected by the values above and below the depth of interest which results in a smoothing or blurring of the true bearing values. Extensive work has been carried out in mathematically modelling the smoothing function which results in the blurred cone bearing measurements. This paper outlines a technique which facilitates estimating the dominant parameters of the cone smoothing function from processing real cone bearing data sets. This cone calibration technique is referred to as the so-called CPSPE algorithm. The mathematical details of the CPSPE algorithm are outlined in this paper along with the results from a challenging test bed simulation.

基于孔压静力触探试验测试数据的原位固结系数物理信息神经网络反演方法

固结系数是软基沉降计算和稳定性分析的关键参数,现有固结系数原位测试方法存在耗时长且精度低的缺点。根据孔压静力触探试验(piezoconepenetrationtest,简称CPTU)贯入机制与锥肩超孔隙水压力消散模式,采用圆孔扩张理论和轴对称固结方程描述CPTU锥肩超孔隙水压力的形成、发展和消散过程,利用神经网络自动微分功能将轴对称固结方程嵌入深度神经网络,通过物理方程损失函数、边界条件损失函数和初始条件损失函数形成神经网络的物理信息约束,同时将CPTU孔压测试数据作为数据驱动项,以最小化超孔隙水压力损失函数为优化目标,建立了CPTU孔压测试数据反演场地原位固结系数的物理信息神经网络(physics-informed neural networks,简称PINNs)模型。通过已有离心模型试验数据反演验证了PINNs模型反演场地原位固结系数的有效性,并利用CPTU孔压测试数据分析了PINNs模型反演原位固结系数的鲁棒性。结果表明:提出的PINNs模型能够有效利用CPTU孔压测试数据快速准确地反演场地原位固结系数;由于模型融入了物理机制约束,所需训练数据量少,且对有噪声的孔压测试数据具有较强的鲁棒性和泛化性能,为准确、快速可靠测试场地原位固结系数提供了有效途径。

现代数字式多功能CPTU与中国CPT对比试验研究

首先对国内外不同尺寸探头测试参数的对比研究现状进行综述,结合不同场地的孔压静力触探(CPTU)和静力触探(CPT)现场试验,总结江苏典型黏土场地上国际10cm2的CPTU探头和中国双桥15cm2的CPT探头试验结果,对2种尺寸探头的测试参数作了详细比较。在划分土层、判别土类方面,多功能CPTU具有较高的分辨率。针对不同土类,从实用角度建立CPTU测试指标与中国CPT测试指标的转化关系。研究成果奠定了我国工程实际中应用国际10cm2的CPTU探头基础,对推广应用国际标准的CPTU技术具有重要意义。

多功能孔压静力触探(CPTU)试验研究

孔压静力触探(CPTU)是20世纪80年代在国际上兴起的新型原位测试技术,因其诸多优点,特别适合于软土工程的勘察,目前在欧美诸国已得到广泛应用。本文首先对国内外静力触探(CPT)技术的发展作了简要的介绍,阐述了国外CPT的发展状况和我国CPT的现状。然后介绍了引进的美国多功能CPTU测试技术以及操作方法与技术要点,结合两个现场试验,对我国的原位测试技术与引进的多功能CPTU作了对比分析,最后得出了一些结论和建议。

基于CPTU测试的桩基承载力预测新方法

首先回顾了基于静力触探试验(CPT)和孔压静力触探试验(CPTU)预测桩基承载力的方法。根据连盐高速和宁常高速公路工程中的PTC、CFG和PHC桩的CPTU试验资料,提出了基于CPTU预测桩基承载力的折线法。以静载荷和高应变试验得到的桩基承载力作为参考值,评估了各种预测桩基承载力方法的有效性。结果表明,折线法比其余三种方法在预测桩基承载力方面具有更高的可靠性,具有简单、快速、多参数的优点,并且不依赖于操作者主观性的影响,值得在桩基工程中推广应用。

基于台湾集集地震数据的CPT与SPT液化判别方法比较

利用集集地震静力触探试验(CPT)数据,对基于CPT测试的Robertson液化判别方法和Olsen方法进行了检验,两个方法对液化点判别成功率分别为82.61%和80.43%,对非液化点判别成功率分别为31.82%和44.32%。CPT液化判别方法对液化点判别基本可靠,但对非液化点判别准确性较差。对集集地震标准贯入试验(SPT)数据,美国地震工程研究中心(NCEER)推荐的SPT液化判别方法对液化点和非液化点判别成功率分别达到92.41%和94.35%。SPT方法判别成功率非常高,整体准确性远高于CPT方法。另一方面,CPT的土分类图可以同时反映土的种类与强度,甚至可以对集集地震液化土与非液化土进行区分。对于细粒土的液化初判,CPT土分类图也优于SPT方法中的黏粒含量指标。因此,土分类图是CPT的优势所在。

适用于新疆巴楚地区的CPT液化判别新方法

以2003年新疆巴楚—伽师地区Ms6.8级地震大规模砂土液化为背景,通过对地震液化场地的详细勘察,获取了39个场地的静力触探勘察数据,根据现有国内外静力触探液化判别方法均不适合于新疆巴楚地区的情况,依据实测数据建立了含锥尖阻力基准值、地下水位、砂层埋深、地震烈度等常规参数的液化判别新公式。建立的液化判别方法分为初判和复判两部分,初判条件以特征深度表示;复判公式对液化场地和非液化场地的回判别成功率均在95%左右,可靠度较高。提出的公式形式与中国工程上最常用的液化判别公式一致,可为新疆地区液化判别及相关地区性规范制订提供技术支持。

考虑黏土非线性特性的锥尖系数小孔扩张计算方法

当前规范中根据静力触探结果解释黏土不排水剪切强度采用的是推荐的锥尖系数,但该系数存在经验性取值的问题,更重要的是当前锥尖系数均是基于理想弹塑性土体模型导得,未考虑土体应变应变的非线性特性。为此,首先在ABAQUS有限元软件中模拟了圆锥贯入过程,评估锥尖阻力qc,饱和黏土采用双曲线硬化弹塑性模型,并使用ALE重划分技术防止网格发生畸变。有限元结果表明:土体刚度、锥面粗糙度和破坏准则等因素均影响着锥尖系数。同时在有限元中模拟了不排水圆孔扩张过程,得到球孔扩张极限承载系数的表达式。随后建立了锥尖阻力与球孔极限扩孔压力之间的等效换算关系,最后对工程实例进行了计算分析。

基于CPTU测试的K_0固结黏土中静压桩时变承载力研究

基于空间滑动面(SMP)准则改进的K_0固结各向异性修正剑桥模型,考虑K_0固结饱和黏土初始应力各向异性、应力历史及应力诱发各向异性对土体三维力学特性的影响,推导了静压沉桩柱孔扩张问题的弹塑性解析解。在此基础上,根据桩侧土体应力状态与单剪试验中试样应力状态的相似性,结合桩周土轴对称固结理论提出采用孔压静力触探仪(CPTU)锥尖阻力、锥肩孔隙水压力及相应孔压消散数据预测静压桩时变承载力的理论方法。通过离心机模型试验实测结果和理论预测值的对比,验证了理论方法的有效性,研究了静压桩承载力随时间的变化规律。研究结果表明,本文理论预测方法避免了土体基本参数测定等繁琐过程,且可以较为合理地预测静压桩时变承载力;静压桩沉桩结束后其承载力在短时间内迅速增加,之后承载力增加幅度变缓且逐渐趋于稳定值;静压桩桩径越大,沉桩结束后承载力增加的速度越慢,承载力达到稳定值的时间越长。