Prevalence of Malnutrition and Anaemia in Children ≤ 5 Years of Age in Some Conflict Hit Areas of Meme Division of the South West Region of Cameroon

Malnutrition refers to the deficiency, imbalances, or excesses in a person’s intake of energy or nutrients [1]. Khan defines anaemia as below level of Haemoglobin in red blood shown by a lower number of functioning red blood cells [2]. The crisis in the North West and South West Regions of Cameroon has led to several negative effects on children’s living conditions. There has been an increase in malnutrition and anaemia in the South West Region and Kumba in particular. The main objective of this study was “to examine the prevalence of malnutrition and anaemia in children ≤ 5 years of age in some conflict-hit areas of Meme Division”. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2023 from March to June. We recruited 200 children ≤ 5 years into the study from three hospitals. The regional hospital annex in Kumba, Presbyterian General Hospital Kumba and the Ntam Hospital in Kumba. Socio-demographic factors were assessed using questionnaire, nutritional status was assessed by the use anthropometric measurements and an auto haematology analyser was used to determine anaemia. The overall prevalence of malnutrition in the study area was 40.5%. The prevalence of malnutrition varied significantly (P < 0.001) with the study sites. The overall prevalence of anaemia in the study area was 70.5%. The prevalence of anaemia was not significantly associated with the study sites. The prevalence of Malnutrition and Anaemia in children ≤ 5 years of age is very high in the Kumba municipalities. This could be attributed to the ongoing crisis which has caused a lot of social migrations from rural areas to Urban areas which are safer.

Acupuncture at Waiguan(SJ5) and sham points influences activation of functional brain areas of ischemic stroke patients: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Most studies addressing the specificity of meridians and acupuncture points have focused mainly on the different neural effects of acupuncture at different points in healthy individuals. This study examined the effects of acupuncture on brain function in a pathological context. Sixteen patients with ischemic stroke were randomly assigned to true point group （true acupuncture at right Waiguan （SJ5）） and sham point group （sham acupuncture）. Results of functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed activation in right parietal lobe （Brodmann areas 7 and 19）, the right temporal lobe （Brodmann area 39）, the right limbic lobe （Brodmann area 23） and bilateral oc-cipital lobes （Brodmann area 18）. Furthermore, inhibition of bilateral frontal lobes （Brodmann area 4, 6, and 45）, right parietal lobe （Brodmann areas 1 and 5） and left temporal lobe （Brodmann area 21 ） were observed in the true point group. Activation in the precuneus of right parietal lobe （Brodmann area 7） and inhibition of the left superior frontal gyrus （Brodmann area 10） was observed in the sham group. Compared with sham acupuncture, acupuncture at Waiguan in stroke patients inhibited Brodmann area 5 on the healthy side. Results indicated that the altered specificity of sensation-associated cortex （Brodmann area 5） is possibly associated with a central mechanism of acupuncture at Waiguan for stroke patients.

Mathematical Definitions of Point, Line and Area Symbols in Cartography

The line cartographic symbol located on the boundary and the point cartographic symbol located by single point are the main body and stress of the map. The cartographic symbols are divided into point, line and area symbol in cartography and traditional educational books, but up to now there is only qualitative description about the three kinds of symbols, there are not the mathematical definitions of point, line and area symbols. This paper tries to solve the problem. The authors propose the mathematical definition about point, line and area cartographic symbol according to the theory of topology and expound their dependence relation.

Identity Dynamics and Conflict in Collaborative Processes: The Case of Participatory Management of Protected Areas in Benin

The research reported in this paper investigated the role of identity construction in the emergence and escalation of conflict in the participatory management of protected areas in Benin. The study shows that social identity salience was dynamic and played an important role in the emergence and escalation of conflict in the studied cases. Conflicts emerged when identities became salient as a result of the stake-holders’ framing of contextual factors as a threat to their identity. The conflicts escalated when decisions and actions undertaken in the management process were framed as top-down and as posing a threat to the identities of the stakeholders. We conclude that, although the government in the management of the protected areas introduced participation, unilateral decisions taken about the way the conflicts should be managed caused disappointment and distrust, and thus led to a greater distance between the parties involved and to conflict escalation.

Reductions in non-point source pollution through different management practices for an agricultural watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Non-point source water pollution generated by agricultural production is considered a major environmental issue in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area （TGRA） of China. The Annualised Agricultural Non-Point Source Pollution （AnnAGNPS） model was selected to assess the impact of the application of various management treats, including seven crops, five fertilizer levels and three-group management practice scenarios, on water quality from Heigou River Watershed in TGRA. The scenario subsets include conservation tillage practice （CTP）, conservation reserve program （CRP） and conversion of cropland into forestland program （CCFP）. Results indicated that tea can not be replaced by other crops because comparatively tea resulted in a higher sediment yield. CTP with no-tillage was more effective to reduce sediment yield, but could increased nutrient loss. CRP reduced sediment yield significantly, but slightly benefited on nutrient loss. CCFP reduced not only sediment yield but also the nutrient loss significantly. The conversion of cropland with a slope greater than 10° into forestland was found to be the best scenario as the sediment yield export is less than 5 tons/ha and nutrient loss is within the permissible limit.

Discussion on the Green Tax Stimulation Measure of Nitrogen Fertilizer Non-Point Source Pollution Control-Taking the Dongting Lake Area in China as a Case

A study on designing the tax of nitrogen fertilizer can provide a new method for controlling nitrogen fertilizer non-point source pollution. The tax design of nitrogen fertilizer was discussed by utilizing the external theory and the demand elasticity theory. The results indicated that the coefficient of price elasticity of nitrogen fertilizer demand is -0.21, which instructed that the market demand is in lack of elasticity in the short period and the impact of nitrogen fertilizer manufacturers is subtle. The 11 counties （cities and boroughs） in the Dongting Lake area in China, where the farmland nitrogen application surpassed the average ecological fertilization dosage, is listed to the taxation scope of nitrogen fertilizer tax. The environment loss will reduce 0.07 hundred million RMB yuan and the revenue will increase 0.89 hundred million RMB yuan in the country after levying on nitrogen fertilizer. The loss, which was brought by the decreasing food supplies production, will be 0.58 hundred million RMB yuan and the net social benefit will be 0.38 hundred million RMB yuan following revenue collection. The variation scope of the increasing expenditure of farmers will range from 0.95 to 1.49%. The variation scope of the income of farmers will range from -8.41 to 6.44%. The 5 areas, Yunxi Borough, Junshan Borough, Hanshou County, Jinshi City, and Ziyang Borough, had an increase in food supplies production after the revenue collection. The environment loss will reduce 0.01 hundred million RMB yuan and the revenue will increase 0.16 hundred million RMB yuan in the country after levying on nitrogen fertilizer. The economic benefits, which was brought by the increasing cereals production, will be 0.67 hundred million RMB yuan and the net social benefit will be 0.84 hundred million RMB yuan after revenue collection. The variation scope of the increasing expenditure of farmers will range from 0.95 to 1.06%. The variation scope of the increasing income of farmers will range from 0.69 to 6.44%. Considering the entire social welfare, taxation of nitrogen fertilizer will have more advantages than disadvantages in the Dongting Lake area.

Combination Operation for Neutral Point of 35 kV Power Grids in Mountainous Area

Based on a lot of measurement and analysis,this paper find that the unbalanced nature of 35 kV grids due to unsymmetrical capacitance values gives difficulty in neutral point operation in mountainous area.Improving compensation of Petersen coil can rectify imbalance of voltage but bring up new problem that Petersen coil can not extinguish grounding arc effectively in fault.To put down contradiction mentioned above,this paper proposes a combination operation for neutral point of 35 kV grids as neutral point insulated in routine operation and grounding through Petersen coil in fault,then EMTP simulation is carried out.Simulation indicates that new neutral operation method can improve lightning withstand level and decrease trip-out rate of grids.

Conflict’s Emergence and Escalation in Participatory Protected Areas Management in Benin

This paper investigated factors that explain the emergence and escalation of conflict in participatory management of protected areas in Benin. It is based on evidences from three case-studies of conflict emergence and escalation in the implementation of participatory natural resources management in Benin supported with discussion from the literature. The study shows that conflicts in participatory management of protected areas emerge when parties involved co-construct opposing instead of same or at least overlapping frames in interaction. They often escalate when the negotiation fails to stimulate the parties to bring to the fore and address the opposing frames expressed only in “we-groups” of same stakeholders due to their strategic framing in interaction. We conclude that we cannot control the strategic framing of the parties in conflict but we should only be prepared to discover changes in discourse that contribute to the divergence in framing and thus influence them. For that, both formal and informal interactional contexts should be continuously checked during the negotiation process.

Research on Monitoring Area Division of Quality Grade Changes in County Cultivated Land and Technology of Deploying Monitoring Point

It is an important means in management of improving both the quality and quantity of cultivated land to monitor grade changes in cultivated land quality. How to deploy monitoring network system and its point reasonably and roundly are the key to the technology of monitoring grade changes in cultivated land quality by monitoring grade changes in cultivated land quality dynamically in order to obtain the information to the index of cultivated land quality and its changes based on the existing achievements of farmland classification and grading. Spatial analysis method is used to demarcate monitoring area and deploy monitoring point according to ARCGIS,of which the result can meet the demand for monitoring grade changes in cultivated land.

Fractal Analysis on the Spatial Structure of Land Use Patterns in a Non-Point Source Polluted Area in Southern China

Based on the TM remote sensing interpretation of land use data of a non-point source polluted area in southern China in 2015, supported by ArcGIS and the fractal theory, this paper established the perimeter-area fractal equation of the spatial structure of land use types, quantitatively calculated the fractal dimension and stability index of various land use types in this non-point source polluted area in 2015, and analyzed the spatial structure characteristics of land use types. The results showed that the fractal dimension values of the different land use types in the research area ranged 1.141–1.657, and the whole fractal dimension of the research area was 1.206. To be specific, the fractal dimension values of unused land, grass land and rural residential land were high, and the fractal dimension values of dry land, paddy filed and waters were low, and the fractal dimension values of urban land, industrial traffic construction land and forest land were moderate. The area of the land use types whose stability index values were 0.2–0.4 accounted for 89.5% of total area, suggesting that the stability of the spatial structure of land use types of Beibei District in 2015 was not high generally. The rural residential land and urban land of the research area should be planned and managed more properly from now on.

Assessing Human-Wildlife Conflict in the Periphery of Loango National Park in Gabon

Human-Wildlife Conflict in Gabon is a reality occurring in almost all protected areas in the country. These conflicts create real threats both for the survival of wildlife species and of human beings. This study was carried out at the periphery of Loango National Park in Gabon. This area is particular of seeing elephants wandering around villages. Respondents for the study were drawn from a wide range of stakeholders (State administrators, farmers and NGOs). Data was collected through administration of structured questionnaires and interview guide on the;socio-economic activities. Crops produced/destroyed. Animals are involved and economic loss is incurred due to conflicts. Data was analysed using SPSS version 16 and Kobo tool box. For qualitative data chi-square, descriptive statistic and linear regression model were also used. The results of the study showed that the elephants account for (60.1%) of crop destroyed followed by Ungulates (30.4%) and lastly by rodents (0.9%). The economic damage caused by the wildlife to crops valued at 72,084 USD in the zone in 2022. An urgent solution to this conflict is needed because the consequences are visible as well as the illegal repression by communities that have led to poisoning and killing of wildlife in the study area.

Study on the Control Model of Rural Non-point Source Pollution——Taking Ninghe County in Tianjin as an Example

[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and society and characteristics of rural non-point source pollution were studied firstly,then the control model of rural non-point source pollution suitable for Ninghe County was constructed,and its environmental and economic benefits were analyzed finally.[Result] According to the sources of non-point source pollution,the control model of rural non-point source pollution in Ninghe County was divided into three modules from the aspects of planting industry,livestock raising industry and rural living.The main content of non-point source pollution control module of planting industry was composed of rational utilization of chemicals,water-saving irrigation,diversified utilization of straw etc.Non-point source pollution control module of livestock raising industry focused on the site selection of farm or raising zones,choice of raising mode,comprehensive utilization of livestock waste etc.In the non-point source pollution control module of rural living,villages were divided into two types(small town and ecological village) based on various geographical positions.In a word,these three modules were interrelated and targeted for non-point source pollution control in villages under different development situations.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the rural non-point source pollution control in Hai River basin and other regions of Northern China.

An approximate point-based alternative for the estimation of variance under big BAF sampling

Background:A new variance estimator is derived and tested for big BAF(Basal Area Factor)sampling which is a forest inventory system that utilizes Bitterlich sampling(point sampling)with two BAF sizes,a small BAF for tree counts and a larger BAF on which tree measurements are made usually including DBHs and heights needed for volume estimation.Methods:The new estimator is derived using the Delta method from an existing formulation of the big BAF estimator as consisting of three sample means.The new formula is compared to existing big BAF estimators including a popular estimator based on Bruce’s formula.Results:Several computer simulation studies were conducted comparing the new variance estimator to all known variance estimators for big BAF currently in the forest inventory literature.In simulations the new estimator performed well and comparably to existing variance formulas.Conclusions:A possible advantage of the new estimator is that it does not require the assumption of negligible correlation between basal area counts on the small BAF factor and volume-basal area ratios based on the large BAF factor selection trees,an assumption required by all previous big BAF variance estimation formulas.Although this correlation was negligible on the simulation stands used in this study,it is conceivable that the correlation could be significant in some forest types,such as those in which the DBH-height relationship can be affected substantially by density perhaps through competition.We derived a formula that can be used to estimate the covariance between estimates of mean basal area and the ratio of estimates of mean volume and mean basal area.We also mathematically derived expressions for bias in the big BAF estimator that can be used to show the bias approaches zero in large samples on the order of 1n where n is the number of sample points.

Effect of Lumbar Spinal Point Injection on Sitting Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy

Objective: To observe the effect of lumbar spinal point injection on sitting function in children with cerebral palsy. Method: Sixty-two children with post-confirmed cerebral palsy were randomly divided into control group and treatment group, 31 each. The control group was given conventional rehabilitation treatment, and the treatment group was given lumbar chiropspinal acupoint injection on the basis of the treatment method of the control group. After 3 consecutive courses of treatment, the sitting score of the two groups before and after treatment (GMFM88) was used to evaluate the sitting score before and after treatment. Outcome: Before treatment, the two groups were evaluated and the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), which was comparable. The two groups (GMFM88) after treatment had significantly increased the differential values, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the same group before treatment (p Conclusion: Conventional rehabilitation combined with lumbar spinal point injection can effectively improve the sitting motor function of children with cerebral palsy.

基于LSTM的机场飞行区活动目标潜在冲突预测

针对机场飞行区冲突不断的问题,提出一种基于长短期记忆(LSTM)网络预测机场飞行区活动目标潜在冲突的方法。根据复杂网络理论,以航空器和车辆2类活动目标为研究对象,建立飞行区活动目标网络,设置网络动态演化模型,输入运行数据计算多个网络特征指标,对指标时间序列进行主成分分析,拟合成潜在冲突指数;利用Keras框架搭建LSTM网络模型,将指标时间序列输入LSTM网络进行训练和预测,并与其他预测方法对比;用西安咸阳机场实际运行数据进行实验,将预测值与真实值进行对比,各项指标预测均方误差分别为1.608%、13.126%、0.072%、0.004%、0.014%。结果表明:通过建立飞行区活动目标网络模型,可以用网络特征指标从不同角度刻画潜在冲突;LSTM网络可以有效预测飞行区活动目标网络的潜在冲突,提醒相关人员预防冲突发生,降低冲突概率。

SOME REMARKS ABOUT THE AREA-PRESERVING CONVEX CURVE FLOW IN THE PLANE

Using Picard's theorem and the Leray-Schauder fixed point theorem to reinvestigate the area-preserving convex curve flow in the plane which is considered as a coupled system and thus different from the setting handled by Gage.

小型玉米收获机车身调平系统研究

为了提高小型两行轮式玉米收获机在复杂地形的作业能力,设计了一种三点调平装置,建立了调平模型并对其进行了理论分析,并设计了调平控制系统。在此基础上,设计并制造了试验用车,对倾角信号进行滤波处理后,进行了调平试验。试验结果表明:车身左倾最大调平角度是15°,右倾最大调平角度是17.5°,前倾最大调平角度是12.5°,后倾最大调平角度是17.5°,验证了自动调平机构和控制系统的可靠性和实用性。设计的针对4YZ-2玉米收获机的三点调平装置和调平控制系统可为玉米收获机自适应调平提供了研究基础,并为其他行走农业机械的调平设计提供了新思路。

基于运行状态分级的柔性互联台区自适应优化调度

柔性互联装置的接入改变了配电台区的原有形态,能够实现不同台区的灵活互动,但现有的调度策略难以平衡系统运行经济性和电压质量的关系。对此提出一种基于运行状态分级的自适应优化调度策略。考虑到系统运行状态对优化调度策略的影响,依据配电台区的电压将系统运行状态分为正常模式、预警模式和二次电压恢复模式,并基于此构建适用于多级运行状态的优化调度模型。为实现不同优化目标下的协调运行,提出一种自适应系统运行状态的权重系数调节方法。所提出的优化调度模型和权重系数调节方法在IEEE 33节点系统算例中进行仿真验证。结果表明,该策略可以根据系统运行需求自主调节优化目标的权重系数,能够在保证系统经济运行的同时有效降低电压越限风险,并减小二次电压恢复模式下的柔性负荷波动。

秦岭南麓小流域乡村聚落空间集聚PSR评价研究——以乾佑河流域柞水段为例

小流域是山地区域乡村聚落广泛存在的空间载体,随着新型城镇化建设、乡村振兴战略的实施,这里的聚落也开始发生剧烈变动,开始了更为集约的收缩型集聚。为了更好地发现其变化集聚的状态与趋势,对聚落发展提出合理的优化建议与引导,急需合适的评价工具与方法。因此,针对秦岭南麓小流域内聚落斑块零散存在的现实情况,借助“压力-状态-响应”评价模型,提出了聚焦小流域乡村聚落社会-生态健康发展的PSR评价方法以及聚焦关键问题的研究思路;进而以乾佑河柞水段的七条典型小流域为对象,借助核密度估算工具,进行内部聚落空间集聚特征的总结,建构起可进行比较的核点集聚区域、点轴集中区概念;并通过评价参数的筛选,明确了小流域、核点集聚区域双层级PSR评价体系,结合实践提出相关优化建议,也为小流域乡村聚落合理建设探索更科学的研究基础。