为定量识别城市非信控环形交叉口区域内的机动车冲突风险易发生点,降低环形交叉口的事故发生率,本文构建针对非信控环形交叉口机动车冲突风险识别模型。首先,利用无人机采集高精度、连续的多车辆轨迹视频,结合Kinovea视频运动分析软件...为定量识别城市非信控环形交叉口区域内的机动车冲突风险易发生点,降低环形交叉口的事故发生率,本文构建针对非信控环形交叉口机动车冲突风险识别模型。首先,利用无人机采集高精度、连续的多车辆轨迹视频,结合Kinovea视频运动分析软件实现运行车辆状态识别与跟踪,并记录车辆每一帧的运动数据;其次,基于交通冲突识别指标TTC(Time to Collision),提出适应环形交叉口道路线形特征的车辆TTC计算方法,并使用累计频率法确定严重、一般和轻微冲突的阈值分别为1.2,2.8,4.4 s;最后,通过绘制高峰和平峰交通冲突空间异步图,并结合交通冲突数和严重冲突率,对环形交叉口的36个子区段进行交通冲突风险等级评定。研究结果显示:在高峰时段,某一子区段的平均交通冲突发生次数约为15次,严重冲突率为17.45%;在平峰时段,某一子区段的平均交通冲突发生次数约为8次,严重冲突率为8.28%。重度风险区域在高峰时段占比达到50%,而在平峰时段为8.33%,这些重度风险区域主要集中在交织区段。因此,环形交叉口在高峰时段且位于交织区段的情况更易发生交通事故。本文研究成果有助于交通管理部门了解环形交叉口在不同时段和区段上的交通冲突情况和特征,以便采取相应的预警和管理措施。展开更多
【目的】对城市交叉口采用的左转非机动车信号灯设施进行交通安全性量化评估。【方法】提出一种基于拓展碰撞时间(extended time to collision,ETTC)指标的左转非机动车信号灯安全效应评估方法。针对现有的碰撞时间(time to collision,T...【目的】对城市交叉口采用的左转非机动车信号灯设施进行交通安全性量化评估。【方法】提出一种基于拓展碰撞时间(extended time to collision,ETTC)指标的左转非机动车信号灯安全效应评估方法。针对现有的碰撞时间(time to collision,TTC)指标不适于评估交叉口左转非机动车冲突的问题,考虑非机动车车辆尺寸与加速度对交通冲突的影响,采用拓展碰撞时间指标,评估交叉口非机动车交通冲突。收集长沙市4个信号交叉口的视频大数据,利用视频软件Tracker提取车辆微观轨迹后,开展案例分析。【结果】左转非机动车信号灯在时间上明确了非机动车的通行权,其设置能显著降低非机动车冲突率,在平峰、高峰时段非机动车冲突率分别降低了40.11%、25.27%。在直行相位末期、左转相位即将启亮时,设置组的左转非机动车在待行区等待,冲突率降为0;而对比组近50%的非机动车违规左转,冲突严重。设置左转非机动车信号灯的改善效果随非机动车流量的增大呈先增加后降低趋势,而随机动车流量的增大呈逐步波动下降趋势。【结论】本研究揭示了非机动车左转信号灯的设置对减少交叉口交通冲突的影响,可为城市交叉口非机动车交通安全管控提供有益参考。展开更多
Time Petri Nets在实时系统的建模和性能分析中得到广泛应用,而冲突是Petri网及其扩展模型的重要行为,解决冲突是正确分析模型动态行为的关键.目前随机Petri网、混合Petri网和区间速率连续Petri网的冲突检测方法由于没有考虑到时间约束...Time Petri Nets在实时系统的建模和性能分析中得到广泛应用,而冲突是Petri网及其扩展模型的重要行为,解决冲突是正确分析模型动态行为的关键.目前随机Petri网、混合Petri网和区间速率连续Petri网的冲突检测方法由于没有考虑到时间约束因此无法在TPN网中使用.时间约束的引入使得Time Petri Nets模型的使能和触发语义比Petri网模型的语义复杂,冲突检测变得更加困难.为了计算冲突发生的时间和概率,首先根据时间约束,给出了变迁持续使能时延迟区间的计算方法,并证明了该方法的合理性和完备性;然后在此基础上定义并证明了Time Petri Nets模型中不冲突的检测方法;并提出了Time Petri Nets模型的冲突检测方法,给出了冲突时间区间和变迁实施概率的计算方法;最后通过实例验证说明了该方法的正确性和有效性.展开更多
Based on the two-list algorithm and the parallel three-list algorithm, an improved parallel three-list algorithm for knapsack problem is proposed, in which the method of divide and conquer, and parallel merging withou...Based on the two-list algorithm and the parallel three-list algorithm, an improved parallel three-list algorithm for knapsack problem is proposed, in which the method of divide and conquer, and parallel merging without memory conflicts are adopted. To find a solution for the n-element knapsack problem, the proposed algorithm needs O(2^3n/8) time when O(2^3n/8) shared memory units and O(2^n/4) processors are available. The comparisons between the proposed algorithm and 10 existing algorithms show that the improved parallel three-fist algorithm is the first exclusive-read exclusive-write (EREW) parallel algorithm that can solve the knapsack instances in less than O(2^n/2) time when the available hardware resource is smaller than O(2^n/2) , and hence is an improved result over the past researches.展开更多
One main issue of degrading IEEE 802.15.4performance is the beacon conflict which increases the energy consumption.However,IEEE 802.15.4does not address a solution to avoid the beacon conflict.In order to reduce this ...One main issue of degrading IEEE 802.15.4performance is the beacon conflict which increases the energy consumption.However,IEEE 802.15.4does not address a solution to avoid the beacon conflict.In order to reduce this beacon conflict,an individual time division(ITD)algorithm based on IEEE 802.15.4is proposed.In this algorithm,a coordinator assigns the time division(TD)for each associated coordinator so that different coordinators transmit a beacon frame at different time slice.In this way,the beacon conflict is decreased substantially.The experimental results show that ITD reduces both the beacon conflict and the network energy consumption,and improves the network performance.展开更多
In India, traffic flow on roads is highly mixed in nature with wide variations in the static and dynamic characteristics of vehicles. At unsignalized intersections, vehicles generally do not follow lane discipline and...In India, traffic flow on roads is highly mixed in nature with wide variations in the static and dynamic characteristics of vehicles. At unsignalized intersections, vehicles generally do not follow lane discipline and ignore the rules of priority. Drivers generally become more aggressive and tend to cross the uncontrolled intersections without considering the conflicting traffic. All these conditions cause a very complex traffic situation at unsignal- ized intersections which have a great impact on the capacity and performance of traffic intersections. A new method called additive conflict flow (ACF) method is suitable to determine the capacity of unsignalized inter- sections in non-lane-based mixed traffic conditions as prevailing in India. Occupation time is the key parameter for ACF method, which is defined as the time spent by a vehicle in the conflict area at the intersection. Data for this study were collected at two three-legged unsignalized intersections (one is uncontrolled and other one is semi- controlled) in Mangalore city, India using video-graphic technique during peak periods on three consecutive week days. The occupation time of vehicles at these intersections were studied and compared. The data on conflicting traffic volume and occupation time by each subject vehicle at the conflict area were extracted from the videos using image processing software. The subject vehicles were divided into three categories: two wheelers,cars, and auto-rickshaws. Mathematical relationships were developed to relate the occupation time of different cate- gories of vehicles with the conflicting flow of vehicles for various movements at both the intersections. It was found that occupation time increases with the increasing con- flicting traffic and observed to be higher at the uncontrolled intersection compared to the semicontrolled intersec- tion. The segregated turning movements and the presence of mini roundabout at the semicontrolled intersection reduces the conflicts of vehicular movements, which ulti- mately reduces the occupation time. The proposed methodology will be useful to determine the occupation time for various movements at unsignalized intersections. The models developed in the study can be used by practitioners and traffic engineers to estimate the capacity of unsignalized intersections in non-lane-based discipline and mixed traffic conditions.展开更多
Bus rapid transit (BRT) systems have been shown to have many advantages including affordability, high capacity vehicles, and reliable service. Due to these attractive advantages, many cities throughout the world are...Bus rapid transit (BRT) systems have been shown to have many advantages including affordability, high capacity vehicles, and reliable service. Due to these attractive advantages, many cities throughout the world are in the process of planning the construction of BRT systems. To improve the performance of BRT systems, many researchers study BRT operation and control, which include the study of dwell times at bus/BRT stations. To ensure the effectiveness of real-time control which aims to avoid bus/BRT vehicles congestion, accurate dwell time models are needed. We develop our models using data from a BRT vehicle survey conducted in Changzhou, China, where BRT lines are built along passenger corridors, and BRT stations are enclosed like light rails. This means that interactions between passengers traveling on the BRT system are more frequent than those in traditional transit system who use platform stations. We statistically analyze the BRT vehicle survey data, and based on this analysis, we are able to make the following conclusions: ( I ) The delay time per passenger at a BRT station is less than that at a non-BRT station, which implies that BRT stations are efficient in the sense that they are able to move passengers quickly. (II) The dwell time follows a logarithmic normal distribution with a mean of 2.56 and a variance of 0.53. (III) The greater the number of BRT lines serviced by a station, the longer the dwell time is. (IV) Daily travel demands are highest during the morning peak interval where the dwell time, the number of passengers boarding and alighting and the number of passengers on vehicles reach their maximum values. (V) The dwell time is highly positively correlated with the total number of passengers boarding and alighting. (VI) The delay per passenger is negatively correlated with the total number of passengers boarding and alighting. We propose two dwell time models for the BRT station. The first proposed model is a linear model while the second is nonlinear. We introduce the conflict between passengers boarding and alighting into our models. Finally, by comparing our models with the models of Rajbhandari and Chien et al., and TCQSM (Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual), we conclude that the proposed nonlinear model can better predict the dwell time at BRT stations.展开更多
Many existing real time commit protocols try to improve system performance by allowing a committing cohort to lend its data to an executing cohort, thus reducing data inaccessibility. They block the borrower from send...Many existing real time commit protocols try to improve system performance by allowing a committing cohort to lend its data to an executing cohort, thus reducing data inaccessibility. They block the borrower from sending WORKDONE/PREPARED message and restrict them from lending data so that transaction abort chain is limited to one. Thus, transaction execution time increases. This paper proposes a modified real time commit protocol for distributed real time database systems (DRTDBS), Allow Commit Dependent and in Time borrowers for Incredible Value added data lending without extended abort chain (ACTIVE), where borrower cohorts are categorized as commit and abort dependent. Further, the commit dependent borrowers can lend data to executing cohorts with still limiting the transaction abort chain to one only and reducing the data inaccessibility. Also, an incoming executing cohort having borrowing factor greater than one can only borrow the dirty data items from lender. This minimizes the fruitless borrowing by the cohort. The performance of ACTIVE is compared with PROMPT, 2SC and SWIFT protocols for both main memory resident and disk resident databases with and without communication delay. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol improves the system performance up to 4% as transaction miss percentage.展开更多
为实现急弯路段的追尾碰撞风险主动防控,提出了一种基于多源数据融合的追尾冲突动态预测方法。首先,基于无人机、毫米波雷达等采集的车辆运行数据,提出了适用于急弯路段交通流特征的追尾冲突判别模型及冲突等级阈值划分标准,分析了急弯...为实现急弯路段的追尾碰撞风险主动防控,提出了一种基于多源数据融合的追尾冲突动态预测方法。首先,基于无人机、毫米波雷达等采集的车辆运行数据,提出了适用于急弯路段交通流特征的追尾冲突判别模型及冲突等级阈值划分标准,分析了急弯路段的追尾冲突空间分布特征。然后,筛选车型、大车比率、断面速度差等13个交通流特征指标作为输入变量,以粒子群算法为基础,分别构建了其与BP神经网络、随机森林、支持向量机算法的追尾冲突动态组合预测模型,并根据混淆矩阵和曲线下面积评估各模型的预测性能,利用黑箱解释方法分析冲突发生概率的显著性影响因素及影响程度。结果表明:相较于平直或一般弯道路段,急弯路段的追尾冲突TTC(Time to Collision)值更小,出弯缓和曲线段冲突更为严重,且弯道内侧碰撞风险最高;粒子群-随机森林模型的追尾冲突预测性能最佳,灵敏度达90.70%;急弯路段追尾冲突受车辆平均车头间距的影响程度最大,当平均车头间距为25 m左右时,冲突发生概率最小,向心加速度均值、速度均值等因素亦对其有显著影响。展开更多
文摘为定量识别城市非信控环形交叉口区域内的机动车冲突风险易发生点,降低环形交叉口的事故发生率,本文构建针对非信控环形交叉口机动车冲突风险识别模型。首先,利用无人机采集高精度、连续的多车辆轨迹视频,结合Kinovea视频运动分析软件实现运行车辆状态识别与跟踪,并记录车辆每一帧的运动数据;其次,基于交通冲突识别指标TTC(Time to Collision),提出适应环形交叉口道路线形特征的车辆TTC计算方法,并使用累计频率法确定严重、一般和轻微冲突的阈值分别为1.2,2.8,4.4 s;最后,通过绘制高峰和平峰交通冲突空间异步图,并结合交通冲突数和严重冲突率,对环形交叉口的36个子区段进行交通冲突风险等级评定。研究结果显示:在高峰时段,某一子区段的平均交通冲突发生次数约为15次,严重冲突率为17.45%;在平峰时段,某一子区段的平均交通冲突发生次数约为8次,严重冲突率为8.28%。重度风险区域在高峰时段占比达到50%,而在平峰时段为8.33%,这些重度风险区域主要集中在交织区段。因此,环形交叉口在高峰时段且位于交织区段的情况更易发生交通事故。本文研究成果有助于交通管理部门了解环形交叉口在不同时段和区段上的交通冲突情况和特征,以便采取相应的预警和管理措施。
文摘【目的】对城市交叉口采用的左转非机动车信号灯设施进行交通安全性量化评估。【方法】提出一种基于拓展碰撞时间(extended time to collision,ETTC)指标的左转非机动车信号灯安全效应评估方法。针对现有的碰撞时间(time to collision,TTC)指标不适于评估交叉口左转非机动车冲突的问题,考虑非机动车车辆尺寸与加速度对交通冲突的影响,采用拓展碰撞时间指标,评估交叉口非机动车交通冲突。收集长沙市4个信号交叉口的视频大数据,利用视频软件Tracker提取车辆微观轨迹后,开展案例分析。【结果】左转非机动车信号灯在时间上明确了非机动车的通行权,其设置能显著降低非机动车冲突率,在平峰、高峰时段非机动车冲突率分别降低了40.11%、25.27%。在直行相位末期、左转相位即将启亮时,设置组的左转非机动车在待行区等待,冲突率降为0;而对比组近50%的非机动车违规左转,冲突严重。设置左转非机动车信号灯的改善效果随非机动车流量的增大呈先增加后降低趋势,而随机动车流量的增大呈逐步波动下降趋势。【结论】本研究揭示了非机动车左转信号灯的设置对减少交叉口交通冲突的影响,可为城市交叉口非机动车交通安全管控提供有益参考。
文摘Time Petri Nets在实时系统的建模和性能分析中得到广泛应用,而冲突是Petri网及其扩展模型的重要行为,解决冲突是正确分析模型动态行为的关键.目前随机Petri网、混合Petri网和区间速率连续Petri网的冲突检测方法由于没有考虑到时间约束因此无法在TPN网中使用.时间约束的引入使得Time Petri Nets模型的使能和触发语义比Petri网模型的语义复杂,冲突检测变得更加困难.为了计算冲突发生的时间和概率,首先根据时间约束,给出了变迁持续使能时延迟区间的计算方法,并证明了该方法的合理性和完备性;然后在此基础上定义并证明了Time Petri Nets模型中不冲突的检测方法;并提出了Time Petri Nets模型的冲突检测方法,给出了冲突时间区间和变迁实施概率的计算方法;最后通过实例验证说明了该方法的正确性和有效性.
文摘Based on the two-list algorithm and the parallel three-list algorithm, an improved parallel three-list algorithm for knapsack problem is proposed, in which the method of divide and conquer, and parallel merging without memory conflicts are adopted. To find a solution for the n-element knapsack problem, the proposed algorithm needs O(2^3n/8) time when O(2^3n/8) shared memory units and O(2^n/4) processors are available. The comparisons between the proposed algorithm and 10 existing algorithms show that the improved parallel three-fist algorithm is the first exclusive-read exclusive-write (EREW) parallel algorithm that can solve the knapsack instances in less than O(2^n/2) time when the available hardware resource is smaller than O(2^n/2) , and hence is an improved result over the past researches.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61202440)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20141230)
文摘One main issue of degrading IEEE 802.15.4performance is the beacon conflict which increases the energy consumption.However,IEEE 802.15.4does not address a solution to avoid the beacon conflict.In order to reduce this beacon conflict,an individual time division(ITD)algorithm based on IEEE 802.15.4is proposed.In this algorithm,a coordinator assigns the time division(TD)for each associated coordinator so that different coordinators transmit a beacon frame at different time slice.In this way,the beacon conflict is decreased substantially.The experimental results show that ITD reduces both the beacon conflict and the network energy consumption,and improves the network performance.
文摘In India, traffic flow on roads is highly mixed in nature with wide variations in the static and dynamic characteristics of vehicles. At unsignalized intersections, vehicles generally do not follow lane discipline and ignore the rules of priority. Drivers generally become more aggressive and tend to cross the uncontrolled intersections without considering the conflicting traffic. All these conditions cause a very complex traffic situation at unsignal- ized intersections which have a great impact on the capacity and performance of traffic intersections. A new method called additive conflict flow (ACF) method is suitable to determine the capacity of unsignalized inter- sections in non-lane-based mixed traffic conditions as prevailing in India. Occupation time is the key parameter for ACF method, which is defined as the time spent by a vehicle in the conflict area at the intersection. Data for this study were collected at two three-legged unsignalized intersections (one is uncontrolled and other one is semi- controlled) in Mangalore city, India using video-graphic technique during peak periods on three consecutive week days. The occupation time of vehicles at these intersections were studied and compared. The data on conflicting traffic volume and occupation time by each subject vehicle at the conflict area were extracted from the videos using image processing software. The subject vehicles were divided into three categories: two wheelers,cars, and auto-rickshaws. Mathematical relationships were developed to relate the occupation time of different cate- gories of vehicles with the conflicting flow of vehicles for various movements at both the intersections. It was found that occupation time increases with the increasing con- flicting traffic and observed to be higher at the uncontrolled intersection compared to the semicontrolled intersec- tion. The segregated turning movements and the presence of mini roundabout at the semicontrolled intersection reduces the conflicts of vehicular movements, which ulti- mately reduces the occupation time. The proposed methodology will be useful to determine the occupation time for various movements at unsignalized intersections. The models developed in the study can be used by practitioners and traffic engineers to estimate the capacity of unsignalized intersections in non-lane-based discipline and mixed traffic conditions.
基金supported by the National Scienceand Technology Support Program of China (No.2009BAG17B01)
文摘Bus rapid transit (BRT) systems have been shown to have many advantages including affordability, high capacity vehicles, and reliable service. Due to these attractive advantages, many cities throughout the world are in the process of planning the construction of BRT systems. To improve the performance of BRT systems, many researchers study BRT operation and control, which include the study of dwell times at bus/BRT stations. To ensure the effectiveness of real-time control which aims to avoid bus/BRT vehicles congestion, accurate dwell time models are needed. We develop our models using data from a BRT vehicle survey conducted in Changzhou, China, where BRT lines are built along passenger corridors, and BRT stations are enclosed like light rails. This means that interactions between passengers traveling on the BRT system are more frequent than those in traditional transit system who use platform stations. We statistically analyze the BRT vehicle survey data, and based on this analysis, we are able to make the following conclusions: ( I ) The delay time per passenger at a BRT station is less than that at a non-BRT station, which implies that BRT stations are efficient in the sense that they are able to move passengers quickly. (II) The dwell time follows a logarithmic normal distribution with a mean of 2.56 and a variance of 0.53. (III) The greater the number of BRT lines serviced by a station, the longer the dwell time is. (IV) Daily travel demands are highest during the morning peak interval where the dwell time, the number of passengers boarding and alighting and the number of passengers on vehicles reach their maximum values. (V) The dwell time is highly positively correlated with the total number of passengers boarding and alighting. (VI) The delay per passenger is negatively correlated with the total number of passengers boarding and alighting. We propose two dwell time models for the BRT station. The first proposed model is a linear model while the second is nonlinear. We introduce the conflict between passengers boarding and alighting into our models. Finally, by comparing our models with the models of Rajbhandari and Chien et al., and TCQSM (Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual), we conclude that the proposed nonlinear model can better predict the dwell time at BRT stations.
文摘Many existing real time commit protocols try to improve system performance by allowing a committing cohort to lend its data to an executing cohort, thus reducing data inaccessibility. They block the borrower from sending WORKDONE/PREPARED message and restrict them from lending data so that transaction abort chain is limited to one. Thus, transaction execution time increases. This paper proposes a modified real time commit protocol for distributed real time database systems (DRTDBS), Allow Commit Dependent and in Time borrowers for Incredible Value added data lending without extended abort chain (ACTIVE), where borrower cohorts are categorized as commit and abort dependent. Further, the commit dependent borrowers can lend data to executing cohorts with still limiting the transaction abort chain to one only and reducing the data inaccessibility. Also, an incoming executing cohort having borrowing factor greater than one can only borrow the dirty data items from lender. This minimizes the fruitless borrowing by the cohort. The performance of ACTIVE is compared with PROMPT, 2SC and SWIFT protocols for both main memory resident and disk resident databases with and without communication delay. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol improves the system performance up to 4% as transaction miss percentage.
文摘为实现急弯路段的追尾碰撞风险主动防控,提出了一种基于多源数据融合的追尾冲突动态预测方法。首先,基于无人机、毫米波雷达等采集的车辆运行数据,提出了适用于急弯路段交通流特征的追尾冲突判别模型及冲突等级阈值划分标准,分析了急弯路段的追尾冲突空间分布特征。然后,筛选车型、大车比率、断面速度差等13个交通流特征指标作为输入变量,以粒子群算法为基础,分别构建了其与BP神经网络、随机森林、支持向量机算法的追尾冲突动态组合预测模型,并根据混淆矩阵和曲线下面积评估各模型的预测性能,利用黑箱解释方法分析冲突发生概率的显著性影响因素及影响程度。结果表明:相较于平直或一般弯道路段,急弯路段的追尾冲突TTC(Time to Collision)值更小,出弯缓和曲线段冲突更为严重,且弯道内侧碰撞风险最高;粒子群-随机森林模型的追尾冲突预测性能最佳,灵敏度达90.70%;急弯路段追尾冲突受车辆平均车头间距的影响程度最大,当平均车头间距为25 m左右时,冲突发生概率最小,向心加速度均值、速度均值等因素亦对其有显著影响。