Application of confocal laser Raman spectroscopy on marine sediment microplastics

Marine sediment is the primary sink of microplastics and is an indicator of pollution levels.However,although there are well-developed detection methods,detection is rarely focused on lowmicrometer-sized particles,mainly due to technique limitations.In this study,a simplifi ed process omitting digestion procedures was developed to pretreat microplastics obtained from marine sediment and was coupled with micro-Raman spectroscopy to identify microplastics.Based on the overall analysis of the characteristic peak assignments,a Raman spectral reference library was constructed for 18 types of plastic.In addition,the eff ects of the measurement parameters were systematically described.Field research was then conducted to validate the developed process and investigate microplastic contamination in Huiquan Bay,Qingdao,China.This simplifi ed process could retain the original appearance of microparticles and accomplish the detection of<500μm-sized microplastics in environmental samples.Microplastics in the size range of 10-150μm accounted for 76%of all microplastics,and 56%of the total particles was particles smaller than 50μm.Polypropylene(42%)and polyethylene(20%)were predominant components of the particles.In particular,polypropylene particles smaller than 10μm were identifi ed in marine sediment.This work demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy is not only an eff ective tool for detecting environmental particles but also highly applicable for identifying particles extracted from marine sediment.

Interfacial stress characterization of GaN epitaxial layer with sapphire substrate by confocal Raman spectroscopy

As an important wide-bandgap semiconductor,gallium nitride(GaN)has attracted considerable attention.This paper describes the use of confocal Raman spectroscopy to characterize undoped GaN,n-type GaN,and p-type GaN through depth profiling using 405-,532-,and 638-nm wavelength lasers.The Raman signal intensity of the sapphire substrate at different focal depths is studied to analyze the depth resolution.Based on the shift of the E2 H mode of the GaN epitaxial layer,the interfacial stress for different types of GaN is characterized and calculated.The results show that the maximum interfacial stress appears approximately at the junction of the GaN and the sapphire substrate.Local interfacial stress analysis between the GaN epitaxial layer and the substrate will be very helpful in furthering the applications of GaN devices.

A Consensus Modeling Approach for the Determination of Stratum Corneum Thickness Using In-Vivo Confocal Raman Spectroscopy

The measurement of stratum corneum (SC) thickness from in-vivo Raman water concentration depth profiles is gaining in popularity and appeal due to the availability and ease of use of in-vivo confocal Raman measurement systems. The foundation of these measurements relies on high-quality confocal Raman spectroscopy of skin and the robust numerical analysis of water profiles, which allow for accurate determination of SC thickness. These measurements are useful for studying intrinsic skin hydration profiles at different body sites and for determining hydration properties of skin related to topically applied materials. While the use of high-quality in-vivo Raman instrumentation has become routine and its use for SC thickness measurement widely reported, there is lack of agreement as to the best method of computing SC thickness values from Raman water profiles. Several methods have been proposed and are currently in use for such computations, but none of these methods has been critically evaluated. The work reported in this paper describes a new method for the determination of stratum corneum thickness from in-vivo confocal Raman water profiles. The method represents a consensus approach to the problem, which was found necessary to apply in order to properly model and quantify the large diversity of water profile types encountered in typical in-vivo Raman water measurement. The methodology is evaluated for performance using three criteria: 1) frequency of minimum fitting error on modeling to a standard numerical function;2) frequency of minimum model error for consensus vs. individual SC thickness values;and 3) correlation with reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) values for SC thickness. The correlation study shows this approach to be a reasonable replacement for the more tedious and time-consuming RCM method with R2 = 0.68 and RMS error = 3.7 microns over the three body sites tested (cheek, forearm and leg).

Measurement of residual stress in a multi-layer semiconductor heterostructure by micro-Raman spectroscopy

Si-based multilayer structures are widely used in current microelectronics. During their preparation, some inhomogeneous residual stress is induced, resulting in competition between interface mismatching and surface energy and even leading to structure failure. This work presents a methodological study on the measurement of residual stress in a multi-layer semiconductor heterostructure. Scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, micro-Raman spectroscopy（MRS）, and transmission electron microscopy（TEM） were applied to measure the geometric parameters of the multilayer structure. The relationship between the Raman spectrum and the stress/strain on the [100] and [110] crystal orientations was determined to enable surface and crosssection residual stress analyses, respectively. Based on the Raman mapping results, the distribution of residual stress along the depth of the multi-layer heterostructure was successfully obtained.

Quantitative of pesticide residue on the surface of navel orange by confocal microscopy Raman spectrometer

The potential of Confocal micro Raman spectroscopy in the quantitative analysis of pesticide(Chlorpyrifos,Omethoate)residues on orange surface is investigated in this work.Quantitative analysis models were established by partial least squares(PLS)using different preprocessing methods(Smoothing,First derivative,MSC,Baseline)for pesticide residues.For pesticide resi-dues,the higher correlation coefficients(r)is 0.972 and 0.943,the root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)is 2.05%and 2.36%,respectively.It is therefore clear that Confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy techniques enable rapid,nondestructive and reliable measurements,so Raman spectrometry appears to be a prormising tool for pesticide residues.

Confocal photoluminescence characterization of silicon-vacancy color centers in 4H-SiC fabricated by a femtosecond laser

Silicon-vacancy(VSi)centers in silicon carbide(SiC)are expected to serve as solid qubits,which can be used in quantum computing and sensing.As a new controllable color center fabrication method,femtosecond(fs)laserwriting has been gradually applied in the preparation of VSi in SiC.In this study,4H-SiCwas directlywritten by an fs laser and characterized at 293 K by atomic force microscopy,confocal photoluminescence(PL),and Raman spectroscopy.PL signals of VSi were found and analyzed using 785 nm laser excitation by means of depth profiling and two-dimensional mapping.The influence of machining parameters on the VSi formation was analyzed,and the three-dimensional distribution of VSi defects in the fs laser writing of 4H-SiC was established.

Raman spectroscopy for early real-time endoscopic optical diagnosis based on biochemical changes during the carcinogenesis of Barrett's esophagus

Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique based on the inelastic scattering of monochromatic light that represents the molecular composition of the interrogated volume to provide a direct molecular fingerprint. Several investigations have revealed that confocal Raman spectroscopy can differentiate non-dysplastic Barrett&rsquo;s esophagus from esophageal high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma with high sensitivity and specificity. An automated on-line Raman spectral diagnostic system has made it possible to use Raman spectroscopy to guide accurate target biopsy instead of multiple random forceps-biopsies, this novel system is expected to improve in vivo precancerous diagnosis and tissue characterization of Barrett&rsquo;s esophagus.

Combination of multi-focus Raman spectroscopy and compressive sensing for parallel monitoring of single-cell dynamics

To overcome the low efficiency of conventional confocal Raman spectroscopy,many efforts have been devoted to parallelizing the Raman excitation and acquisition,in which the scattering from multiple foci is projected onto different locations on a spectrometer's CCD,along either its vertical,horizontal dimension,or even both.While the latter projection scheme relieves the limitation on the row numbers of the CCD,the spectra of multiple foci are recorded in one spectral channel,resulting in spectral overlapping.Here,we developed a method under a com-pressive sensing framework to demultiplex the superimposed spectra of multiple cells during their dynamic processes.Unlike the previous methods which ignore the information connection be-tween the spectra of the cells recorded at different time,the proposed method utilizes a prior that a cell's spectra acquired at different time have the same sparsity structure in their principal components.Rather than independently demultiplexing the mixed spectra at the individual time intervals,the method demultiplexes the whole spectral sequence acquired continuously during the dynamic process.By penalizing the sparsity combined from all time intervals,the collaborative optimization of the inversion problem gave more accurate recovery results.The performances of the method were substantiated by a 1D Raman tweezers array,which monitored the germination of multiple bacterial spores.The method can be extended to the monitoring of many living cells randomly scattering on a coverslip,and has a potential to improve the throughput by a few orders.

Study of Thermal Conductivity of Porous Silicon Using the Micro-Raman Method

In this work, we are interesting in the measurement of thermal conductivity (on the surface and in-depth) of Porous silicon by the micro-Raman spectroscopy. This direct method (micro-Raman spectroscopy) enabled us to develop a systematic means of investigation of the morphology and the thermal conductivity of Porous silicon oxidized or no. The thermal conductivity is studied according to the parameters of anodization and fraction of silicon oxidized. Thermal transport in the porous silicon layers is limited by its porous nature and the blocking of transport in the silicon skeleton what supports its use in the thermal sensors.

拉曼光谱研究表面活性剂对皮肤刺激和皮肤防护的体内分子机制

为了更好地研究表面活性剂对皮肤损伤和皮肤防护的分子机制,需要研究人(内源性物质和结构)、物质(刺激物和抗刺激活性物)、以及人与物质的相互作用。然而,在人体上分子水平的机制研究报道很少。共聚焦拉曼光谱可以开展此类研究,因其可以在体、实时和非侵入式地测定角质层中的某些内源性或外源性物质,并分析角质层结构。文章以十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)作为刺激剂,通过共聚焦拉曼光谱扫描志愿者前臂屈侧皮肤12μm深度内,定性和半定量地测量SDS经皮吸收的相对量和深度,以及SDS“入侵”时皮肤脂质相对含量和结构的变化。结果表明,SDS经皮吸收进入角质层,导致角质层脂质流失和脂质有序性降低。据报道刺激物的进入量和深度是影响皮肤刺激程度的两个主要因素,文章首次在人体上通过SDS给予证实;此外,文章首次发现SDS引起的人体皮肤屏障损伤的第三个因素,我们称之为“刺激传导网络”,即SDS对皮肤的损伤不仅局限于其所到之处,“刺激传导网络”可以将刺激损伤传递到SDS未到达的更深更远处。通过拉曼光谱对皮肤内部进行研究,并结合体外手段例如3D皮肤等,结果一致,进而提出了“现实世界发生的”SDS诱导皮肤损伤的分子学机制。根据该机制设计的表面活性剂拮抗剂简称ASF,数据显示,可以有效阻挡SDS的经皮吸收,进而有效阻止皮肤脂质流失和脂质有序性的降低,对皮肤屏障的保护效果很好,为表面活性剂在人体刺激机制以及保护机制提供进一步佐证。

不同产地酸枣仁切片的拉曼光谱检测及分析

利用拉曼光谱比较不同产地酸枣仁的主要成分组成及含量差异。以酸枣仁切片为研究对象,使用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪分析了四个不同产地的酸枣仁主要成分特征峰,得到酸枣仁拉曼光谱及拉曼一阶导数谱,并对其进行振动模式归属分析。不同产地酸枣仁在299,403,790,873,941,1084,1160,1237,1600 cm^(-1)附近处均出现明显的特征峰,不同产地酸枣仁有效成分的特征峰有一定差异,宁夏产地与山东产地的酸枣仁较河北产地与榆林产地皂苷类化合物特征峰弱;酸枣仁有效成分为皂苷类化合物、黄酮类化合物、碳水化合物;酸枣仁的一阶导数谱在237.8,375.9,844.7 cm^(-1)附近处出现尖锐的特征峰,分辨率更高,可以作为鉴定和识别酸枣仁的特征峰。拉曼光谱的特征峰可以作为鉴定和识别不同产地酸枣仁的手段,其结果可为酸枣仁的真伪鉴定及质量监测提供参考。

基于AFSA-SVM动态光谱的血液识别研究

血液是一种受管制的特殊遗传生物资源。针对传统血液光谱检测中易氧化变质的问题,采用基于仿生血管的动态共聚焦拉曼荧光光谱,开展了猪、马、鸽、鸡、鸭、鹅等六种家禽家畜的血液物种鉴别研究。原始光谱的预处理过程包括去基线、平滑和归一化等。采用线性判别分析对光谱数据进行降维处理,继而用支持向量机建立识别模型,选用高斯核函数,通过人工鱼群算法优化支持向量机的参数C和γ,使其分类准确率最高,最优的C和γ分别为0.2和0.134。人工鱼群-支持向量机模型识别准确率达到97.2%,基于仿生血管的动态共聚焦拉曼荧光光谱可以满足血液安全高效的检测要求,用人工鱼群算法优化支持向量机参数的算法模型表现出较好的分类效果。

基于PCA-SVR算法和共聚焦拉曼光谱的牡丹籽油掺伪定量分析研究

牡丹籽油掺伪现象严重,需要加强监管和打击力度,如何鉴别牡丹籽油的真伪成为了一个亟待解决的问题。该研究旨在探究基于PCA-SVR算法和共聚焦拉曼光谱的牡丹籽油掺伪定量分析方法。首先,采集牡丹籽油样品,并进行共聚焦拉曼光谱分析以确定其化学成分和结构,分别测试不同掺伪浓度的牡丹籽油的混合油。然后,利用拉曼光谱数据建立PCA-SVR定量分析模型,以区分牡丹籽油和其他植物油的掺伪情况。最后,通过实验验证该方法的准确性和可行性,结果表明该方法可以有效地鉴别牡丹籽油和其他植物油的掺伪情况,模型测试集量化效果的决定系数R2优于0.98,均方根误差RMSE小于0.04。该方案检测牡丹籽油掺伪浓度的理论极限为0.01152,即对于预测混合油品中牡丹籽油所含体积比大于0.01152的样品是可信的。基于PCA-SVR算法和共聚焦拉曼光谱相结合的检测方案具有较高的准确性和可靠性,该研究对于提高牡丹籽油的质量控制和保障消费者的健康具有重要意义。

Theoretical investigation on Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy in nonlinear confocal microscopy

The imaging theory of Raman induced Kerr effect spectroscopy (RIKES) in nonlinear confocal microscopy is presented in this paper. Three-dimensional point spread function (3D-PSF) of RIKES nonlinear confocal microscopy in isotropic media is derived with Fourier imaging theory and RIKES theory. The impact of nonlinear property of RIKES on the spatial resolution and imaging properties of confocal microscopy have been analyzed in detail. It is proved that RIKES nonlinear confocal microscopy can simultaneously provide more information than two-photon confocal microscopy concerning molecular vibration mode, vibration orientation and optically induced molecular reorientation, etc. It is shown that RIKES nonlinear confocal microscopy significantly enhances the spatial resolution and imaging quality of confocal microscopy and achieves much higher resolution than that of two-photon confocal microscopy.

共焦显微拉曼光谱深度剖析法在笔迹鉴定中的应用

利用共焦显微拉曼光谱纵向扫描采样手段,发展了一种深度剖析光谱方法在法庭科学领域的新应用,并将此方法具体运用到了书写笔迹与印章印泥的鉴定,在纵向上区分笔迹和印泥的空间位置上取得了很好效果。该方法具有快速、简便、灵敏度高、对样品无损伤等优点。

基于共聚焦拉曼光谱技术检测茶叶中非法添加美术绿的研究

利用共聚焦拉曼光谱技术对茶叶中非法添加的重金属染料——美术绿进行检测研究。首先通过特定的浓缩方法,获取了五个浓度水平美术绿茶汤样本的拉曼光谱。通过比对标准品拉曼光谱,对混有美术绿的样本光谱进行了定性分析。并找到了能够用于定性鉴别茶叶中美术绿的4个主要拉曼特征波数,分别为1 341,1 451,1 527和1 593cm^(-1)。对原始拉曼光谱进行预处理后,融合反向间隔偏最小二乘(biPLS)、竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)和连续投影算法(SPA)对拉曼光谱中美术绿的特征波段进行深入挖掘,最终优选出了14个特征波数。基于这14个特征波数分别建立了偏最小二乘(PLS)回归模型和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)模型,结果表明,两类模型均具有好的稳健性和很高的预测能力,模型的建模集、验证集和预测集的决定系数(R^2)均超过了0.9,证明了所提取出来的特征波数的有效性。与偏最小二乘回归模型相比,基于LS-SVM的非线性定量检测模型的效果更佳,预测集决定系数(R^2)达到0.964,均方根误差(RMSE)为0.535。以上研究结果表明,共聚焦拉曼技术结合特定的样品处理方法及化学计量学方法,可以实现茶叶中非法添加美术绿的定量检测。该研究为茶叶中非法添加美术绿这一食品安全问题的有效监管提供了帮助。

苯在光滑铂电极上的电化学还原行为的共焦显微拉曼研究

本文利用共焦显微拉曼仪系统研究了苯在光滑铂电极上的电化学还原。研究结果表明:苯在电化学体系中可直接还原为不溶于水的环己烷液滴,附在电极表面构成第三相,随着电位的正移,表面液滴中苯和环己烷的相对含量会发生变化。

不同品种牛乳脂质的共聚焦拉曼光谱指纹图谱

不同品种的乳脂肪球的组成成分不同,从而导致脂肪在乳中的存在形式和最终的乳品品质存在差异。利用拉曼光谱测定黑白花牛乳、水牛乳及牦牛乳中脂质球的脂质和脂肪酸成分,比较不同品种牛乳的脂质组成差异。结果显示,牦牛乳的2 885/2 850cm^(-1)比值较高,表明牦牛乳脂质球趋于形成结晶态脂肪球膜包裹流动态内核的结构。与黑白花牛乳相比,牦牛和水牛乳的1 655/1 443cm^(-1)比值较高,表明黑白花牛乳的脂肪酸不饱和程度低于其他两种牛乳;水牛乳小脂肪球的脂肪酸不饱和度高于牦牛乳,大脂肪球的则低于牦牛乳。综上可知,用牦牛乳分离而得的稀奶油较其他牛乳难熔化,搅拌耗时更长,但形成的黄油更柔软;而水牛乳由于脂肪球较大,适用于奶油的加工和脂肪球膜的分离。

拉曼光谱分析盐酸曲马多的结构特征

目的通过盐酸曲马多共聚焦拉曼光谱探讨其结构特征。方法用共焦拉曼光谱仪测定盐酸曲马多拉曼光谱图。结果所测药物图谱峰形良好,峰强明显,指纹性强,能够反映出盐酸曲马多的结构信息。结论共聚焦拉曼光谱仪可用于盐酸曲马多的结构特征分析,且拉曼光谱是一种简单、灵敏的光谱分析工具,有望成为药物分析中一种有效的鉴别手段。

激光共聚焦拉曼光谱法检测潜在指纹上的太安

采用激光共聚焦拉曼光谱法检测潜在指纹上太安(PETN)颗粒。用手指蘸取PETN炸药粉末后在铝箔胶带表面按压,对指纹表面进行喷碳处理后,在激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪上在白光条件下以10倍物镜采集指纹,再在激光条件下以50倍长焦物镜对指纹上4.0mm×4.0mm的区域进行成像,根据PETN的特征拉曼散射峰得到PETN颗粒在指纹上的分布信息。通过液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)对试验结果的准确性进行了确认。