Time varying congestion pricing for multi-class and multi-mode transportation system with asymmetric cost functions

This paper considers the problem of time varying congestion pricing to determine optimal time-varying tolls at peak periods for a queuing network with the interactions between buses and private cars.Through the combined applications of the space-time expanded network（STEN） and the conventional network equilibrium modeling techniques,a multi-class,multi-mode and multi-criteria traffic network equilibrium model is developed.Travelers of different classes have distinctive value of times（VOTs）,and travelers from the same class perceive their travel disutility or generalized costs on a route according to different weights of travel time and travel costs.Moreover,the symmetric cost function model is extended to deal with the interactions between buses and private cars.It is found that there exists a uniform（anonymous） link toll pattern which can drive a multi-class,multi-mode and multi-criteria user equilibrium flow pattern to a system optimum when the system＇s objective function is measured in terms of money.It is also found that the marginal cost pricing models with a symmetric travel cost function do not reflect the interactions between traffic flows of different road sections,and the obtained congestion pricing toll is smaller than the real value.

Dynamic traffic congestion pricing and electric vehicle charging management system for the internet of vehicles in smart cities

The integration of the Internet of Vehicles(IoV)in future smart cities could help solve many traffic-related challenges,such as reducing traffic congestion and traffic accidents.Various congestion pricing and electric vehicle charging policies have been introduced in recent years.Nonetheless,the majority of these schemes emphasize penalizing the vehicles that opt to take the congested roads or charge in the crowded charging station and do not reward the vehicles that cooperate with the traffic management system.In this paper,we propose a novel dynamic traffic congestion pricing and electric vehicle charging management system for the internet of vehicles in an urban smart city environment.The proposed system rewards the drivers that opt to take alternative congested-free ways and congested-free charging stations.We propose a token management system that serves as a virtual currency,where the vehicles earn these tokens if they take alternative non-congested ways and charging stations and use the tokens to pay for the charging fees.The proposed system is designed for Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks(VANETs)in the context of a smart city environment without the need to set up any expensive toll collection stations.Through large-scale traffic simulation in different smart city scenarios,it is proved that the system can reduce the traffic congestion and the total charging time at the charging stations.

A modern congestion pricing policy for urban traffic:subsidy plus toll

Congestion pricing is seen as an effective policy to address traffic congestion. In such policies where money, people and authorities are involved, the success generally hinges upon two factors： equity （being fair） and accept- ability （to both people and authorities）. The primary con- cern is the equity, for which ＂tradable credit scheme （TCS）＂ has been introduced and extensively studied in the literature. Nevertheless, due to the com- plexity of the trading schemes, the TCS has yet to find any foot in the real world. To this end, a novel idea of rewarding has substituted the trading component to be known as toll-and-subsidy scheme （TSS）. The idea is to charge the drivers on some roads （toll） while rewarding them to use other alternative--and perhaps underutilized-- roads （subsidy）. The research of the TSS is in its infancy stage. The problem to be tackled in this study is as follows： Given a set of roads constituting a cordon line around the central business district （CBD） or across a screen line, how much toll or subsidy should be assigned to each road？ The problem is first transformed into a capacitated traffic assignment problem. We employ a solution method based on augmenting the travel time of roads up to the level at which the traffic volumes do not exceed some target rates. A real dataset from the city of Winnipeg, Canada, is used as a pilot study. We then discuss policy-related applications of the TSS. It is proved in the literature that one can obtainoptimal TSSs for various objectives and considerations. To this end, the non-negativity of the toll values is relaxed which results in a valid toll set. Nevertheless, the compu- tational time is found to be of highest significance. Our method differs in the fact that the traffic volumes are bounded from the above and it is quite affordable. The main contribution is first to highlight the concept of sub- sidy along with traditional thought of merely toll. Second is to interpret the Lagrangian values of the capacity con- straints as the values of the toll/subsidy.

Optimal Nonlinear Distance Toll for Cordon-Based Congestion Pricing Considering Equity Issue

In order to address the optimal distance toll design problem for cordon-based congestion pricing incorporating the issue of equity,this paper presents a toll user equilibrium( TUE) model based on a transformed network with elastic demand,to evaluate any given toll charge function. A bi-level programming model is developed for determining the optimal toll levels,with the TUE being represented at the lower level.The upper level optimizes the total equity level over the transport network,represented by the Gini coefficient,where a constraint is imposed to the total travel impedance of each OD pair after the levy. A genetic algorithm( GA) is implemented to solve the bi-level model,which is verified by a numerical example.

Allocation of congestion relief cost based on flow change on the congested facilities

Congestion management in an electricity market is introduced in this paper and a new method of allocating congestion cost to transactions is proposed. The proposed method is a two-step process, in which the total congestion cost is firstly allocated to congested facilities and then to each transaction involved. The cost of relieving a congested facility allocated to each transaction is proportional to the power flow change on the congested facility caused by the transaction. The more the power flow change is on the congested facility caused by the transaction, the deeper the degree of involvement by the transaction. Therefore, cutting down the magnitudes of such transactions contributes to relieving congestion. Test results on a 5-bus system indicate that the proposed method can reflect reasonably the degree of involvement by each transaction in the congestion and provide correct price signals contributing to relieving congestion.

Congestion Pricing of Urban Street Segments along with MRT Route—The Case Study of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Dhaka, Bangladesh’s capital, already has a congestion problem to handle the ever-growing demand for traffic. The usage of private cars cannot be stopped by charging and the town is not encouraged by quality public transport. It is impossible to enforce congestion prices here in line with traditional cordon pricing systems since the region uses unusual land patterns. However, the current project Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Line 6, which will be built by 2021, provides the prospect of congestion pricing. A price and optimum approach were established for this article. The congestion price is only payable for the segments and is accessible for private cars under this system. Two urban street segments along the MRT route were selected for the study and congestion toll for a private car is estimated for each segment separately. The sum of the toll in monetary terms is determined using certain associated parameters from the discrepancy from the actual Level of Service (LOS) travel time and traffic flow to the desired LOS. The outcome has shown that the price per passenger car is $0.3 - $0.44. The price is flexible, which means it will vary based on traffic volume. The findings for politicians to enforce congestion pricing are viewed as recommendations.

Reliability-based congestion pricing model under endogenous equilibrated market penetration and compliance rate of ATIS

A reliability-based stochastic system optimum congestion pricing(SSOCP) model with endogenous market penetration and compliance rate in an advanced traveler information systems(ATIS) environment was proposed. All travelers were divided into two classes. The first guided travelers were referred to as the equipped travelers who follow ATIS advice, while the second unguided travelers were referred to as the unequipped travelers and the equipped travelers who do not follow the ATIS advice(also referred to as non-complied travelers). Travelers were assumed to take travel time, congestion pricing, and travel time reliability into account when making travel route choice decisions. In order to arrive at on time, travelers needed to allow for a safety margin to their trip.The market penetration of ATIS was determined by a continuous increasing function of the information benefit, and the ATIS compliance rate of equipped travelers was given as the probability of the actually experienced travel costs of guided travelers less than or equal to those of unguided travelers. The analysis results could enhance our understanding of the effect of travel demand level and travel time reliability confidence level on the ATIS market penetration and compliance rate; and the effect of travel time perception variation of guided and unguided travelers on the mean travel cost savings(MTCS) of the equipped travelers, the ATIS market penetration, compliance rate, and the total network effective travel time(TNETT).

Analysis of a joint entry-and distance-based cordon pricing scheme: a dynamic modeling approach

Transportation demand management(TDM)covers strategies for reducing traffic congestion within the affected urban areas. Congestion pricing includes a branch of TDM strategies; among them, the entry-based cordon pricing, i.e., applying charge on entry, is the most popular because of practicality and social acceptance. Many researchers have investigated different second-best approaches for evaluations of cordon pricing plans, mostly by applying static traffic assignment methods. In this paper,a joint entry-and distance-based scheme is proposed to circumvent the deficiencies intrinsic to each. The optimal joint design is considered as the solution to an optimization problem, in which an equilibrium dynamic traffic assignment model is used to take account of flow variations and represent congestion effects more realistically. The problem is solved for the network of Sioux Falls by using an enumeration algorithm, and the solution is compared with those obtained for distinct entry-and distance-based schemes. Based on the results, the joint tolling has the best performance in reducing the total travel time of the travelers and in alleviating the congestion level inside the cordoned area, while generating a higher level of revenue from tolls. Furthermore, the numerical experiments show the unreliability of the results by static against dynamic modeling approach.

Review of Methods to Calculate Congestion Cost Allocation in Deregulated Electricity Market

With maturing deregulated environment for electricity market, cost of transmission congestion becomes a major issue for power system operation. Uniform Marginal Price and Locational Marginal Price (LMP) are the two practical pricing schemes on energy pricing and congestion cost allocation, which are based on different mechanisms. In this paper, these two pricing schemes are introduced in detail respectively. Also, the modified IEEE-14-bus system is used as a test system to calculate the allocated congestion cost by using these two pricing schemes.

电力现货市场阻塞费用结算机制分析

节点边际电价价格机制下,试点省份阻塞费用结算机制存在差异,需进行系统的分析。为此,首先从问题的本质出发,梳理了阻塞相关术语的内涵;然后,基于统一的内涵,对比分析了典型现货试点省份阻塞费用结算机制关键异同点;最后,对用户统一结算点电价计算、中长期合约阻塞费收取、阻塞盈余分摊等问题进行分析,提出了相关建议。

基于主从博弈的考虑无线充电道规划的电网调度策略

该文研究无线充电道的规划问题,并在规划基础上研究电动汽车在无线充电道上充电对电网造成的影响。首先,基于道路、充电站的分布和交通情况,建立新型的路网交通模型,并通过分析各道路的拥堵系数,提出无线充电道的最优规划;其次,以电网运营商为领导者,以充电行为的变化规律符合改进需求响应函数的电动汽车用户为跟随者,建立主从博弈模型;最后,采用粒子群算法对其进行求解,得到最优的分时电价和充电策略,实现电网运营商收益最大与用户充电成本最小。研究结果表明,该方法解决无线充电道的利用率和收益低的问题,并为电动汽车通过无线充电道参与电网调度提供了理论依据。

电力市场阻塞管理综述

在电力市场环境下,为了确保电力系统安全经济运行,需要对输电系统进行有效的管理。阻塞管理是其核心问题。随着电力市场研究的深入,阻塞管理及其定价已成为研究的热点,并发表出版了大量论文和专著。文中对阻塞管理这一领域的研究进行了简要的分类综述,并力图涵盖这一研究领域的各个方面。

关于输电阻塞及其管理的评述

阻塞及阻塞管理是输电可靠性及其控制概念在电力市场环境下的延伸。文中从阻塞管理问题的描述、数学模型、目标函数、约束条件、控制变量和控制策略诸要素出发,诠释阻塞管理的本质,归纳不同类型与不同时间尺度的阻塞管理、阻塞定价和阻塞成本的分摊。讨论阻塞与发电、输电可靠性的关系,评述研究现状和发展方向。指出阻塞管理必须与安全稳定控制(预防、紧急、校正措施)、阻塞调度目标、风险分摊、博弈、市场监管等相结合。

双侧输电阻塞管理与拟Aumann-Shapley定价

该文提出了1种电力联营体模式下输电阻塞管理定价的新方法,首先从总发电成本最低为目标的经济调度结果得到阻塞成本,然后利用阻塞边际成本的概念将阻塞成本分给发电侧和用户侧共同承担,消除了阻塞带来的销售盈余。对用户侧采用了1种类似于Aumann-Shapley法的新方法来进行阻塞定价,保证了按各用户对阻塞的影响大小来分摊阻塞成本。理论分析和示例计算结果表明:与其它仅在用户侧分摊阻塞成本的方法相比,该方法克服了公平性差、对发电侧没有激励信息的缺点,具有较好的经济信息和合理性。

基于统一边际电价结算的电力市场下考虑消除阻塞费用最小的竞价算法

按照统一的边际电价结算,采用排队法进行机组组合,在对组合进去的机组进行负荷分配时考虑了网损的影响。为了消除支路过载,采取调整费用增量最小的方法,即根据各机组灵敏度的大小以及相应的报价曲线使得增加出力的各机组按照相同电价来决定所应增加的出力。它既保证了消除过载又保持了电网的购电费用最小。在灵敏度计算中,使用了直流潮流公式和快速分解法计算潮流的B’矩阵的因子表,简化了计算且能方便地与潮流配合。算例证明了所提算法的正确性。

一种基于市场模型的网络带宽分配方法

价格手段最近被用来控制网络拥塞和管理网络资源的分配，而价格手段的一个重要特点是可以促进资源的合理分配和利用．本文提出一种基于市场模型的网络带宽分配方法．该方法根据用户的带宽需求和网络系统带宽的使用状况，计算出网络带宽的市场价格，并通过用户的价格参数进行带宽资源的协商与分配．分析表明，该方法可以达到优化系统效率和提高用户满意度的目标．

北京城市道路拥挤收费可行性分析

交通拥挤是城市社会经济发展到一定阶段的产物.随着国民经济的快速发展,日益严重的交通拥挤是目前我国大中城市面临的普遍问题,并已经成为我国城市可持续发展的主要障碍之一.道路拥挤收费作为一种交通需求管理的有效措施,越来越受到人们的广泛关注,城市道路拥挤收费通过价格机制来实现交通需求管理,控制个体化的机动交通需求,从而使城市交通结构向公共交通转移,以提高城市交通总体的运营效率.本文基于北京市的现状,借鉴伦敦的成功经验,论述了北京市实行道路拥挤收费的可行性.

拥挤定价理论发展及对我国城市交通管理的启示

拥挤定价作为城市交通需求管理的重要组成部分,是交通经济学的核心内容之一.本文综述了拥挤定价理论的发展历程和最新进展,提出了该领域的研究方向,分析了拥挤定价理论在实践中的应用效果,给出了我国推行该政策的建议,拥挤定价的实践表明该政策在控制交通流方面效果显著,该政策是否具有可操作性取决于公众的态度,这将是我国大中城市推行该政策的基本出发点和难点。

电力市场中区域电价综合模型

安排发电计划、进行网络阻塞管理以及相应价格的制定是电力市场的基本职能,应将三者集中协调。区别于传统的单时段电价模型,文中所提出的区域电价模型考虑了发电计划各时段之间的耦合约束(如爬坡约束),并提出了一种简单、实用的区域划分方法。建立了区域电价的综合模型,该模型包括3部分:电能交易出清、电价区域划分、解决网络阻塞的同时产生区域电价。通过RTS-24系统和中国某实际系统的验证,所提出的分区方法是合理、可行的,由此产生的电价信号能提高输电资源利用效率,引导发电商合理投资。

电力市场环境下基于多智能体的多目标电网规划方法

网络阻塞费用是表征电力市场竞争程度的指标之一。提出了一种以网络阻塞费用、线路投资和由于传输容量不足引起负荷缺失最少为目标的多目标网络规划模型,依据分层求解的思想设计了基于多智能体的网络规划体系结构并用其对模型进行求解。初始规划层的母线智能体以降低阻塞为目标相互协商形成初始规划集并将其传送给决策规划层;决策规划层采用遗传算法在初始规划集中搜索规划方案,并进行N-1安全校验和阻塞校验,得到优化可行解。该网络规划体系是开放式结构,可以在知识库中考虑各种不确定因素。通过IEEE RTS-14节点算例仿真表明,考虑阻塞的网络规划能够以最少的投资费用为市场参与者提供公平的电能输送平台,最大限度地满足电力传送。