The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of norm-consciousness and resilience on the prevention of youth risk behaviors among Japanese high school students. Data of a national survey, Japan Youth Risk B...The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of norm-consciousness and resilience on the prevention of youth risk behaviors among Japanese high school students. Data of a national survey, Japan Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2011, was used for this analysis. The subjects were 9778 students (5027 males, 4751 females) in grades 10-12 in 102 schools randomly selected from among high schools throughout Japan. When multiple regression analysis was carried out using four subdomains of norm-consciousness and three subdomains of resilience as the independent variables and nine risk behaviors as the dependent variables, the subdomains of norm-consciousness showed significant positive standardized partial regression coefficients for eight risk behaviors for both males and females. In particular, “current alcohol use” and “ever had sexual intercourse” showed the largest standardized partial regression coefficients for the norm-consciousness in school, and “current cigarette use” showed that for the norm-consciousness in community. The subdomains of resilience showed significant positive standardized partial regression coefficients for five risk behaviors for males and for six those for females. The results of this study suggest that the norm-consciousness is an important protective factor to comprehensively prevent risk behaviors among Japanese adolescents. It is expected to be effective to enhance the norm-consciousness particularly in school and community. In addition, resilience should also be emphasized as a factor to prevent specific risk behaviors.展开更多
Farmer is the main body of rural environmental behavior,and cultivation of farmers' ecological consciousness and behavior is important to rural environmental governance and rural eco-civilization construction. In ...Farmer is the main body of rural environmental behavior,and cultivation of farmers' ecological consciousness and behavior is important to rural environmental governance and rural eco-civilization construction. In this paper,agricultural waste recycling is studied based on individual behavior theory. We analyze status quo of agricultural waste recycling by farmers,and point out the importance of farmer behavior in eco-environment governance,thereby excavating influence factors of agricultural waste recycling by farmers from perceived benefits and perceived risks. On this basis,countermeasures and measures of cultivating farmers' environmental protection behavior and ecological consciousness are proposed.展开更多
Cognitive and behavioral research on religion has focused most in the last years on aspects which could be deemed ＂unconscious＂： inner mechanisms, innate patterns, or hidden cognitive structures broadly shared by h...Cognitive and behavioral research on religion has focused most in the last years on aspects which could be deemed ＂unconscious＂： inner mechanisms, innate patterns, or hidden cognitive structures broadly shared by humans. Very often, the ongoing research programs resort to computational models of mind in which the conscious side of that experience is mainly ignored. It becomes urgent to fill in the perceived gap, suggesting some lines of study that are able to account for the conscious dimensions of religion. An opportunity is offered by the new paths recently opened by extensive experimental research on conscious aspects of human experience and the value that leads authors to attribute to these features. Seizing on this opportunity, the paper reviews the state of the question and the available literature on conscious and unconscious aspects of mind and behavior. Taking it a step further, the paper tries to apply these general principles to the specific study of religious mind and behavior. Furthermore, some lines for future research are proposed as a result of the suggested program.展开更多
BACKGROUND Recent innovations in intensive care have improved the prognosis of patients with severe brain injuries and brought more patients with disorders of consciousness(DoC).Data are lacking regarding the long-ter...BACKGROUND Recent innovations in intensive care have improved the prognosis of patients with severe brain injuries and brought more patients with disorders of consciousness(DoC).Data are lacking regarding the long-term outcomes of those patients in China.It is necessary to study the long-term outcomes of patients with prolonged DoC in light of many factors likely to influence crucial decisions about their care and their life.AIM To present the preliminary results of a DoC cohort.METHODS This was a two-center prospective cohort study of inpatients with vegetative state(VS)/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome(UWS).The study outcomes were the recovery from VS/UWS to minimally conscious state(MCS)and the long-term status of patients with prolonged DoC considered in VS/UWS or MCS for up to 6 years.The patients were evaluated using the Glasgow coma scale,coma recovery scale-revised,and Glasgow outcome scale.The endpoint of follow-up was recovery of full consciousness or death.The changes in the primary clinical outcome improvement in clinical diagnosis were evaluated at 12 mo compared with baseline.RESULTS The study population included 93 patients(62 VS/UWS and 31 MCS).The postinjury interval range was 28-634 d.Median follow-up was 20 mo(interquartile range,12-37 mo).At the endpoint,33 transitioned to an emergence from MCS or full consciousness,eight had a locked-in syndrome,and there were 35 patients remaining in a VS/UWS and 11 in an MCS.Seven(including one locked-in syndrome)patients(7.5%)died within 12 mo of injury.Compared with the unresponsive group(n=52)at 12 mo,the responsive group(n=41)had a higher proportion of males(87.8%vs 63.5%,P=0.008),shorter time from injury(median,40.0 d vs 65.5 d,P=0.006),higher frequency of vascular etiology(68.3%vs 38.5%,P=0.007),higher Glasgow coma scale score at admission(median,9 vs 6,P<0.001),higher coma recovery scale-revised score at admission(median,9 vs 2.5,P<0.001),at 1 mo(median,14 vs 5,P<0.001),and at 3 mo(median,20 vs 6,P<0.001),lower frequency of VS/UWS(36.6%vs 90.0%,P<0.001),and more favorable Glasgow outcome scale outcome(P<0.001).CONCLUSION Patients with severe DoC,despite having strong predictors of poor prognosis,might recover consciousness after a prolonged time of rehabilitation.An accurate initial diagnosis of patients with DoC is critical for predicting outcome and a long-term regular follow-up is also important.展开更多
What rural households think and what kind of strategies they take, the basic driving force in land use activities, contribute greatly to the increase of their own revenues, the development of agricultural yields, and ...What rural households think and what kind of strategies they take, the basic driving force in land use activities, contribute greatly to the increase of their own revenues, the development of agricultural yields, and even the prosperity of rural areas. Differentiation in rural household behaviors and their consciousness in land use activities is widespread in rural China nowadays. It is important to understand the changing characteristics and laws of land use behaviors of rural households driven by their consciousness, so as to regulate their land use activities. In most empirical studies of land use change at rural household level, the land use consciousness, which acts directly on land use behaviors, is often neglected. In our research, the changes of land use behaviors of rural households are analyzed, through identifying how the land use consciousness affect the land use objectives, land management scales and land inputs of all the rural households in Bailin Village of Chongqing Municipality in the western mountainous China. Also, how the land use consciousness of different rural households comes into being under external stimuli is examined and the self-adjustment process of their consciousness according to their own conditions is also discussed. Finally, broad policy instruments are suggested to promote the rationalization of rural households′ land use consciousness and the standardization of their land use behaviors.展开更多
This paper proposes a hypothesis about automatic nerve signal transmission and conscious primacy. If stimulated suddenly, people are initially unaware of the stimulation. Without conscious guidance, nerve signals are ...This paper proposes a hypothesis about automatic nerve signal transmission and conscious primacy. If stimulated suddenly, people are initially unaware of the stimulation. Without conscious guidance, nerve signals are automatically transmitted via the strongest neural connections, thereby producing fast and involuntary behavior. Upon awareness of the stimulation, conscious primacy plays a role, and nerve signals are transmitted in consciously guided directions, thereby generating cognition and voluntary behaviors. When we repeat an action in a special environment, it will become a habit. This is because when nerve signals are repeatedly transmitted to action cells in a specific environment, neural connections between the specific environment and the action are strengthened. Upon return to this specific environment, nerve signals will be automatically transmitted, producing a stereotyped habit behavior without conscious thought. Facial expression, for example, is controlled by both emotion and cognition. Prior to emotional awareness of sudden stimulation, nerve signals are automatically transmitted, producing microexpressions consistent with emotion. Upon awareness, control switches from emotion to cognition, producing flexible facial expressions consistent with consciousness. The automatic nerve signal transmission and conscious primacy hypothesis suggests a new mechanism for producing different behaviors, reveals the essential difference and mutual transformation of stereotyped and flexible behaviors, and opens a new field for ethological study.展开更多
文摘The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of norm-consciousness and resilience on the prevention of youth risk behaviors among Japanese high school students. Data of a national survey, Japan Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2011, was used for this analysis. The subjects were 9778 students (5027 males, 4751 females) in grades 10-12 in 102 schools randomly selected from among high schools throughout Japan. When multiple regression analysis was carried out using four subdomains of norm-consciousness and three subdomains of resilience as the independent variables and nine risk behaviors as the dependent variables, the subdomains of norm-consciousness showed significant positive standardized partial regression coefficients for eight risk behaviors for both males and females. In particular, “current alcohol use” and “ever had sexual intercourse” showed the largest standardized partial regression coefficients for the norm-consciousness in school, and “current cigarette use” showed that for the norm-consciousness in community. The subdomains of resilience showed significant positive standardized partial regression coefficients for five risk behaviors for males and for six those for females. The results of this study suggest that the norm-consciousness is an important protective factor to comprehensively prevent risk behaviors among Japanese adolescents. It is expected to be effective to enhance the norm-consciousness particularly in school and community. In addition, resilience should also be emphasized as a factor to prevent specific risk behaviors.
基金Supported by Major Project of National Social Science Fund of China(14AZD002)
文摘Farmer is the main body of rural environmental behavior,and cultivation of farmers' ecological consciousness and behavior is important to rural environmental governance and rural eco-civilization construction. In this paper,agricultural waste recycling is studied based on individual behavior theory. We analyze status quo of agricultural waste recycling by farmers,and point out the importance of farmer behavior in eco-environment governance,thereby excavating influence factors of agricultural waste recycling by farmers from perceived benefits and perceived risks. On this basis,countermeasures and measures of cultivating farmers' environmental protection behavior and ecological consciousness are proposed.
文摘Cognitive and behavioral research on religion has focused most in the last years on aspects which could be deemed ＂unconscious＂： inner mechanisms, innate patterns, or hidden cognitive structures broadly shared by humans. Very often, the ongoing research programs resort to computational models of mind in which the conscious side of that experience is mainly ignored. It becomes urgent to fill in the perceived gap, suggesting some lines of study that are able to account for the conscious dimensions of religion. An opportunity is offered by the new paths recently opened by extensive experimental research on conscious aspects of human experience and the value that leads authors to attribute to these features. Seizing on this opportunity, the paper reviews the state of the question and the available literature on conscious and unconscious aspects of mind and behavior. Taking it a step further, the paper tries to apply these general principles to the specific study of religious mind and behavior. Furthermore, some lines for future research are proposed as a result of the suggested program.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81371194 and No.81873723.
文摘BACKGROUND Recent innovations in intensive care have improved the prognosis of patients with severe brain injuries and brought more patients with disorders of consciousness(DoC).Data are lacking regarding the long-term outcomes of those patients in China.It is necessary to study the long-term outcomes of patients with prolonged DoC in light of many factors likely to influence crucial decisions about their care and their life.AIM To present the preliminary results of a DoC cohort.METHODS This was a two-center prospective cohort study of inpatients with vegetative state(VS)/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome(UWS).The study outcomes were the recovery from VS/UWS to minimally conscious state(MCS)and the long-term status of patients with prolonged DoC considered in VS/UWS or MCS for up to 6 years.The patients were evaluated using the Glasgow coma scale,coma recovery scale-revised,and Glasgow outcome scale.The endpoint of follow-up was recovery of full consciousness or death.The changes in the primary clinical outcome improvement in clinical diagnosis were evaluated at 12 mo compared with baseline.RESULTS The study population included 93 patients(62 VS/UWS and 31 MCS).The postinjury interval range was 28-634 d.Median follow-up was 20 mo(interquartile range,12-37 mo).At the endpoint,33 transitioned to an emergence from MCS or full consciousness,eight had a locked-in syndrome,and there were 35 patients remaining in a VS/UWS and 11 in an MCS.Seven(including one locked-in syndrome)patients(7.5%)died within 12 mo of injury.Compared with the unresponsive group(n=52)at 12 mo,the responsive group(n=41)had a higher proportion of males(87.8%vs 63.5%,P=0.008),shorter time from injury(median,40.0 d vs 65.5 d,P=0.006),higher frequency of vascular etiology(68.3%vs 38.5%,P=0.007),higher Glasgow coma scale score at admission(median,9 vs 6,P<0.001),higher coma recovery scale-revised score at admission(median,9 vs 2.5,P<0.001),at 1 mo(median,14 vs 5,P<0.001),and at 3 mo(median,20 vs 6,P<0.001),lower frequency of VS/UWS(36.6%vs 90.0%,P<0.001),and more favorable Glasgow outcome scale outcome(P<0.001).CONCLUSION Patients with severe DoC,despite having strong predictors of poor prognosis,might recover consciousness after a prolonged time of rehabilitation.An accurate initial diagnosis of patients with DoC is critical for predicting outcome and a long-term regular follow-up is also important.
基金Under the auspices of Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.XDJK2013B023)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(No.LQ13D010003)
文摘What rural households think and what kind of strategies they take, the basic driving force in land use activities, contribute greatly to the increase of their own revenues, the development of agricultural yields, and even the prosperity of rural areas. Differentiation in rural household behaviors and their consciousness in land use activities is widespread in rural China nowadays. It is important to understand the changing characteristics and laws of land use behaviors of rural households driven by their consciousness, so as to regulate their land use activities. In most empirical studies of land use change at rural household level, the land use consciousness, which acts directly on land use behaviors, is often neglected. In our research, the changes of land use behaviors of rural households are analyzed, through identifying how the land use consciousness affect the land use objectives, land management scales and land inputs of all the rural households in Bailin Village of Chongqing Municipality in the western mountainous China. Also, how the land use consciousness of different rural households comes into being under external stimuli is examined and the self-adjustment process of their consciousness according to their own conditions is also discussed. Finally, broad policy instruments are suggested to promote the rationalization of rural households′ land use consciousness and the standardization of their land use behaviors.
文摘This paper proposes a hypothesis about automatic nerve signal transmission and conscious primacy. If stimulated suddenly, people are initially unaware of the stimulation. Without conscious guidance, nerve signals are automatically transmitted via the strongest neural connections, thereby producing fast and involuntary behavior. Upon awareness of the stimulation, conscious primacy plays a role, and nerve signals are transmitted in consciously guided directions, thereby generating cognition and voluntary behaviors. When we repeat an action in a special environment, it will become a habit. This is because when nerve signals are repeatedly transmitted to action cells in a specific environment, neural connections between the specific environment and the action are strengthened. Upon return to this specific environment, nerve signals will be automatically transmitted, producing a stereotyped habit behavior without conscious thought. Facial expression, for example, is controlled by both emotion and cognition. Prior to emotional awareness of sudden stimulation, nerve signals are automatically transmitted, producing microexpressions consistent with emotion. Upon awareness, control switches from emotion to cognition, producing flexible facial expressions consistent with consciousness. The automatic nerve signal transmission and conscious primacy hypothesis suggests a new mechanism for producing different behaviors, reveals the essential difference and mutual transformation of stereotyped and flexible behaviors, and opens a new field for ethological study.
