Dynamic mechanical characteristics and application of constant resistance energy-absorbing supporting material

In deep underground engineering,rock burst and other dynamic disasters are prone to occur due to stress concentration and energy accumulation in surrounding rock.The control of dynamic disasters requires bolts and cables with high strength,high elongation,and high energy-absorbing capacity.Therefore,a constant resistance energy-absorbing(CREA)material is developed.In this study,the dynamic characteristics of the new material are obtained via the drop hammer tests and the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar(SHPB)tests of the new material and two common bolt(CB)materials widely used in the field.The test results of drop hammer test and SHPB test show that the percentage elongation of CREA material is more than 2.64 and 3.22 times those of the CB material,and the total impact energy acting on CREA material is more than 18.50 and 21.84 times,respectively,indicating that the new material has high elongation and high energy-absorbing capacity.Subsequently,the CREA bolts and cables using the new material are developed,which are applied in roadways with high stress and strong dynamic disturbance.The field monitoring results show that CREA bolts and cables can effectively control the surrounding rock deformation and ensure engineering safety.

Numerical simulation of rockburst disaster and control strategy of constant resistance and large deformation anchor cable in Gaoloushan tunnel

The Gaoloushan Tunnel in Longnan City,Gansu Province,China,frequently experiences rockburst disasters due to high in-situ stress.Managing rockburst in deep-buried tunnels remains a challenging issue.This paper employs RFPA(Rock Failure Process Analysis)software to establish a calculation model of constant resistance and large deformation(CRLD)anchorages and analyzes the effects of different support methods and pre-stress levels on rockburst.We simulate the process of tunnel rockburst disasters and find that ordinary anchor support incurs rockburst on the right arch waist and arch top,forming a V-shaped explosion pit.CRLD anchor support has several advantages in rockburst control,such as more uniform stress distribution in the surrounding rock,a uniform distribution of plastic zones,less noticeable damage to the tunnel,and effective control of the arch top displacement.The effectiveness of the CRLD anchor support under varying pre-stress conditions shows that a higher prestress results in a smaller plastic zone of the surrounding rock and arch top displacement and a lower number of acoustic emission signals,which better explains the excavation compensation effect.Moreover,adding long anchorages in the deep surrounding rock area can better control rockburst and reduce surrounding rock deformation.Based on these findings,we propose a comprehensive control system that combines long and short anchorages and provides the optimal scheme based on calculations.Therefore,by using high-prestress CRLD anchor support and the combination of long and short anchorages at critical positions,we can enhance the integrity of the surrounding rock,effectively absorb the energy released by the surrounding rock deformation,and reduce the incidence of rockburst disasters.

Supporting characteristics analysis of constant resistance bolts under coupled static-dynamic loading

To study the tensile mechanical properties of constant resistance bolts, the RFPA(Rock Failure Process Analysis) statics software is used to perform a uniaxial tensile test on a constant resistance bolt. The numerical test results show that the plastic strain value is 12 times the magnitude of the elastic strain. During plastic deformation, the fluctuation in the stress magnitude is relatively stable, indicating that the bolt has good constant resistance characteristics. The numerical test results are in good agreement with the laboratory test results of M.C. He, and the accuracy and reliability of the numerical test method are verified. Therefore, the RFPA software with coupled static-dynamic loading is further adopted to study the supporting effects of traditional bolts and constant resistance bolts under coupled staticdynamic loading. The numerical comparison of the test results show that the constant resistance bolts can effectively control the deformation amount and rate of the laneway surrounding rock, reduce the total and rate of increase in the accumulated acoustic emissions,decrease the stress on the units in the model and protect the stability of the laneway. This paper verifies that a constant resistance bolt has better impact resistance mechanical properties than those of a traditional bolt and provides an effective way to control rock burst and soft rock that is prone to large deformation damage.

A new energy-absorbing bolt used for large deformation control of tunnel surrounding rock

In order to control the large deformation of tunnel surrounding rock,a new energy-absorbing bolt is developed.This bolt can be transformed into a rigid support when the deformation of the surrounding rock reaches the length of the sleeve tube,thus preventing the surrounding rock from continuing to deform.Moreover,this bolt has a simple structure and is easy to manufacture and assemble.Then the static tensile test is conducted on the bolt specimen to test its working performance.The test results show that when the cone angle of the cone block is small,the load–displacement curve of the bolt contains three stages;when the cone angle is large,the load–displacement curve contains only two stages.Meanwhile,both the average constant resistance and the maximum absorbed energy increase linearly with the increase of cone angle.On this basis,ignoring the influence of shear stress,and it is supposed that the thickness of the sleeve tube is constant,then the theoretical calculation formula of constant resistance for the new bolt is derived,and the rationality of the formula is verified using the static tensile test results.It is found that the error of the calculated result is less than 15%when the cone angle does not exceed 15.At last,the numerical simulation method is used to analyze the performance of the new bolt.The simulation results indicate that the generation of shear stress and the change of tube thickness during the movement of the cone block are two important factors that cause theoretical errors.

Neural network prediction of the shunt current in resistance spot welding

An error back propagation （BP） neural network prediction model was established for the shunt current compensation in series resistance spot welding. The input variables for the neural network consist of the resistivity of the material, the thickness of workpiece and the spot spacing, and the shunt rate is outputted. A simplified calculation for the shunt rate was presented based on the feature of the constant-current resistance spot welding and the variation of the resistance in resistance spot welding process, and then the data generated by simplified calculation were used to train and adjust the neural network model. The neural network model proposed was used to predict the shunt rate in the spot welding of 20# mlid steel （in Chinese classification） （in 2. 0 mm thickness） and 10# mild steel （in 1.5 mm and 1.0 mm thickness）. The maximum relative prediction errors are, respectively, 2. 83%, 1.77% and 3.67%. Shunt current compensation experiments were peoCormed based on the neural network prediction model proposed to check the diameter difference of nuggets. Experimental results show that maximum nugget diameter deviation is less than 4% for both 10# and 20# mlid steels with spot spacing of 30 mm and 50 mm.

STUDY ON THE CREASE RESISTANCE TREATMENT OF THE NATURAL SILK WITH RESIN FINISHING (The first part)

In this paper we systematically inspect the crease resistance effect of several typicalkinds of resin,and try to probe into amore resonable method of the natural silks resinfinish.By inspecting the variation of the static visco-elastic constant and the degree ofcrosslinking caused by the different dinds of resin,the difference of degree of drafting andthe diffetence of precuring and curing,we may expound the crease resistance effect of theresin finish in mechanism.

Accurate Extraction of Effective Gate Resistance in RF MOSFET

This paper describes the gate electrode resistance of MOSFET and non-quasi-static (NQS) effect for RF operation. The vertical current paths between the silicide layer and poly-silicon are considered in the gate electrode. The vertical current paths are not effective in long-channel devices, but become more significant in short-channel devices. The gate resistance including vertical current paths can reproduce the practical RF characteristics well. By careful separation of the above gate electrode resistance and the NQS effect, the small-signal gate-source admittance can be analyzed with 130-nm CMOS process. Elmore constant (κ) of the NQS gate-source resistance is about five for long-channel devices, while it decreases down to about three for short-channel devices.

千米深井切顶卸压自成巷支护技术及应用

为了解决深部复杂条件下的切顶卸压自成巷难题,以红阳三矿703工作面运输巷道为研究对象,从恒阻大变形锚索超前支护、切顶巷内支护、切顶巷旁支护三个方面研究了切顶卸压沿空成巷支护技术,并对现场试验巷道顶板受力以及巷道围岩变形量进行了监测。结果表明:在超前工作面实施爆破切顶能够极大降低巷道所受应力,成巷区巷道顶板整体下沉量较小,巷中顶板最大下沉量约385 mm,平均下沉量约280 mm,巷中底鼓最大值545 mm,碎石巷帮无明显侧鼓现象,实体煤帮无明显片帮现象,满足安全和使用要求,巷道围岩变形在可控范围内,留巷效果良好。

恒流源三侧向电阻率测井模块研制及应用

为进一步提高砂岩型铀矿地层电阻率参数在测井解释中的应用效果,尤其是对泥砂泥交互薄层的精细测量与识别,研究了基于OPA547放大器的恒流源三侧向电阻率测井模块,通过设计以OPA547为恒流激励源的数字激励控制电路,实现了正弦激励信号的恒流输出;设计了正弦检测信号的恒流反馈电路,实现恒流源的负反馈稳定输出;设计了交流电压检测电路,实现了交流信号的低通滤波与信号半波整流;最后,在实验室利用标准刻度器进行了研制模块的系数刻度,且在砂岩型铀矿钻孔进行了实际测井应用对比。经对比分析,研制的恒流源三侧向电阻率测井模块能够与砂岩铀矿综合测井中的其他参数组合使用,输出激励电流可调,对岩性及岩性界面具有较高的识别能力,对于交互薄层、钙质夹层等地层岩性变化的响应显示明显。

Development of the rolling extrusion rock bolt with constant resistance and large deformation

With the increasing excavation depth of underground engineering,engineering problems such as large deformation and rock burst caused by high geo-stress brings new challenges to the excavation and reinforcement of surrounding rock in deep underground engineering.The traditional rock bolt is prone to brittle fracture under high geo-stress due to its low elongation.Therefore,this work aims to develop a novel energy-absorbing bolt with constant resistance and large displacement to reinforce the surrounding rock with a risk of large deformation or rockburst.The novel energy-absorbing bolt refereed as rolling extrusion rock bolt(RE bolt)is mainly consists of sleeve tube with a variable cross-section,energy absorption slider with steel balls embedded,steel bar connected with the energy absorption slider.The rolling extrusion is adopted to produce the resistance force of the RE bolt,which avoids the sudden attenuation of resistance force and the abrasion of the energy absorption slider.The static pull test is conducted to study the resistance force and deformation characteristics of the RE bolt with different specifications.Results imply that the RE bolt has higher resistance force,larger deformation capacity and energy absorption capacity.The work of this study provides an effective solution for the reinforcement of surrounding rock in deep rock engineering.

非通航孔桥梁防船撞系统恒阻力装置研究

为给非通航孔桥梁防船撞系统拦截过程提供稳定持续的阻力,提出了一种利用耗能索持续协同大变形和连续破断输出稳定阻力的恒阻力装置。恒阻力装置由主绳、耗能索、破断环及其它连接件组成,与自适应浮筒、拦截网、系泊浮体等装置共同组成非通航孔桥梁自适应恒阻力船舶拦阻系统,有效拦截偏航船舶,保护非通航孔桥梁和来撞船舶的安全。通过理论分析研究该装置的阻力输出特性,建立该装置的阻力输出力学模型与计算方法,并通过拉伸破坏试验验证计算方法的准确性,进一步对影响装置阻力输出的耗能索的初始间距、长度及伸长率进行分析。结果表明:恒阻力装置能够有效地输出稳定且持续的阻力;耗能索初始间距越小,恒阻力装置阻力输出越大,阻力输出越稳定;耗能索长度或伸长率越大,恒阻力装置阻力输出越大,阻力输出越稳定。该装置已应用于力洋港大桥非通航孔区桥梁防撞中,有效地保护了大桥的安全。

复合扩管式锚索恒阻器的研发与试验研究

深部高应力、软弱围岩、强烈采动影响等条件下的巷道围岩频繁出现大变形,此类围岩大变形支护可控性普遍较差,常规锚索因其较低的延伸率无法适应巷道大变形而大量破断或锚固失效,导致巷道出现冒顶隐患。针对此类问题,研发了一种与常规锚索配合使用的复合扩管式恒阻器,其结构主要由止进端盖、扩径管、一体式托盘和锥式锁具组成,通过锥式锁具克服扩径管“扩胀—摩削”所产生的近似恒定的复合阻力,实现围岩大变形过程中的锚索支护阻力恒定,通过理论分析、数值模拟和静力拉伸试验等综合研究方法,系统分析和试验了复合扩管式恒阻器的力学特性和工作稳定性,掌握了该恒阻器扩径增量、锁具锥角对扩径管变形及恒阻器复合阻力的影响规律。试验结果表明:恒阻器复合阻力主要分为阻力快升段和近恒定阻力段2个过程,且近恒定阻力段作为主要阶段达到试验全程的85%~90%;锁具锥角、扩径增量直接影响了扩径管变形及恒阻器力学特性,锁具锥角小于20°时,扩径管变形均匀且恒阻器复合阻力发挥稳定,而扩径增量则决定了恒阻器复合阻力的大小,可通过调整扩径增量获取需要的锚索恒阻力;Ф17.8 mm锚索条件下,当锁具锥角为15°、扩径增量为5 mm时,恒阻器恒定阻力约为265.92 kN,Ф21.8 mm锚索条件下,当锁具锥角为15°,扩径增量为8 mm时,恒阻器恒定阻力约为424.15 kN,且工作状态稳定可靠,可较好的符合大变形巷道的恒阻支护要求。此外,该恒阻器还具有工作稳定性强、恒阻行程及阻力可调、结构简单、安装便捷等特点,是大变形巷道围岩控制技术的有效补充。

膨胀型防火涂层“新-老”涂层体系的热阻

在既有老化涂层上涂覆新涂层形成“新-老”复合涂层体系,复合涂层的热阻并非既有涂层热阻与补涂涂层热阻的简单叠加.基于隔热性能试验的温度测量结果,计算复合涂层体系的等效热阻常数,通过对不同试件等效热阻常数的对比分析,考察补涂涂层对既有涂层和复合涂层热阻的影响规律.结果表明:既有涂层热阻随补涂涂层厚度增加而降低,当补涂涂层厚度大于1.0 mm时,既有涂层热阻的贡献率不超过20%,计算复合涂层热阻时可忽略不计;当补涂涂层厚度较薄(0.5 mm)且既有涂层老化时间较短(≤21循环),或既有涂层有面漆时,建议考虑既有涂层热阻的贡献(贡献率>20%).当补涂涂层与既有涂层类型不同时,复合涂层体系的热阻更大,隔热性能更好.

电学计量中的量子标准与自然常数

介绍了库仑定律和安培定律在电学单位制中发挥的作用,依据机械功率与电功率等效的原理,选择电流单位安培(A)作为基本物理单位,并介绍了实用单位制和电学实物计量标准。阐述了三种电学计量的量子标准原理和溯源到自然常数的途径,分析了真空磁导率在安培定律公式中发挥的作用,探讨了电学量子三角形与欧姆定律兼容的问题。指出基本电荷量常数不是简单地从约瑟夫森常数K_(J-90)和冯·克里青常数R_(H-90)推导而来,而是由精细结构常数公式计算出来的,能量守恒原理是单位制中的第一性原理,是力学和电学计量单位的纽带。提出量子点之间的位移电流对单电子隧道泵有一定的影响,真空磁导率不再是理想的常数,真空磁导率的变化将成为后来理论界研究的重点。

井下油基泥浆电阻率和介电常数测量方法与测量探头设计

随着油气勘探的发展,油基泥浆应用越来越广泛,适用于油基泥浆环境的电成像仪器也获得了大量应用。油基泥浆电阻率与介电常数对电成像仪器的测量影响很大,需要利用探头附近油基泥浆电阻率和介电常数数据对成像测量结果进行补偿。介绍了一种实时测量井下油基泥浆电阻率与介电常数的方法及其探头的设计,利用发射电极、接收电极及充满在环形间隙的油基泥浆形成同轴圆柱电容器,建立油基泥浆电阻率与电容器等效电阻的定量关系及油基泥浆介电常数与电容的定量关系,从而确定油基泥浆电阻率与介电常数。该技术为补偿油基泥浆对电成像测量数据的影响提供了理论依据和技术支持。

跨断层切顶卸压自成巷顶板变形机理及控制技术研究

针对跨断层切顶卸压自成巷顶板变形大不易支护的问题,以棋盘井煤矿东区11101工作面运输巷为工程背景,探究跨断层切顶卸压自成巷顶板变形机理,研究“切顶卸压+恒阻锚索”支护对跨断层切顶卸压自成巷顶板变形的控制效果。建立力学分析模型研究断层及切顶卸压自成巷顶板各相关参数对巷道直接顶应力的影响,将切顶卸压自成巷顶板变形过程划分为4个阶段,研究巷道顶板各阶段及总垂直位移量计算方法并给出计算公式,并将相关参数代入公式求解跨断层切顶卸压自成巷顶板垂直位移量;利用3DEC数值模拟软件建立跨断层切顶卸压自成巷数值计算模型,研究断层附近巷道顶板应力应变演化规律及恒阻锚索控制效果,研究结果表明:数值模拟上下盘巷道顶板变形数据与理论分析所得数据结果误差分别为1.14%、4.04%;恒阻锚索能够有效减小巷道顶板变形,与未使用恒阻锚索模型相比,上盘巷道切缝侧顶板垂直位移量减小至16.8%,下盘巷道切缝侧顶板垂直位移量减小至50.7%;上下盘巷道顶板在工作面回采过巷道测点断面过程中出现不同程度的应力集中,其中上盘巷道顶板的垂直应力集中值大于下盘巷道,分别为5.72 MPa和4.48 MPa;恒阻锚索通过减缓断层附近巷道顶板变形速率,待巷旁碎石帮充填完成后与碎石帮共同对巷道顶板变形进行控制;将11101工作面运输巷围岩位移监测数据与理论模型计算结果相比较,误差均在10%以内,证明“切顶卸压+恒阻锚索”支护方式对跨断层巷道顶板变形具有良好的控制效果。

利用复电阻率(CR)法多参数区分金属矿异常和碳质干扰异常的探索与实践

安徽省勘查技术院(原地质矿产部第一综合物探大队)20世纪80年代引进频谱激电法仪器设备,开展了大量的水槽模型和物性标本研究工作,利用复电阻率多参数区分不同极化物质属性进行了长期研究和探索,总结了不同极化物质的复电阻率参数随着体积含量、颗粒、形状、产状变化的规律,以及相同极化物质的复电阻率参数随着装置、埋深、测量位置变化的规律,特别是在利用复电阻率时间常数参数区分和识别碳质异常方面取得了积极进展,并在内蒙古种蓄场勘查项目中得到验证。本文通过大量的物性研究及勘查实践表明,不同的极化物质复电阻率参数存在规律性差异,利用复电阻率多参数综合定性解释区分金属矿异常和碳质干扰异常是可行的,对其他地区激电异常的定性解释具有较高的借鉴和参考意义。

耐盐抗高温水基钻井液增黏剂的合成与性能评价

以N-乙烯基甲酰胺(NVF)、二乙烯苯(DVB)与丙烯酰胺(AM)等单体为主要原料,经过自由基聚合制备抗高温共聚物增黏剂DT。通过FTIR与1H NMR测定了聚合物体系的结构以及通过热失重分析了聚合物体系的热性能。评价了聚合物在不同温度高温老化前后的黏度变化。结果表明,增黏剂DT在240℃、15%NaCl的基浆中黏度保持率87.1%;在200~240℃的温度下具有不同的抗老化周期;在含有25%NaCl的基浆中,200℃下的黏度保持率130%;高温高压流变实验表明,含DT的钻井液在150~180℃的温度范围内具有恒流变,有利于稳定高温下钻井液的黏度和强度。

缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆抗冲击特性及其治理岩爆潜力研究

深部岩体非线性大变形特性引发的岩爆灾害一直是岩土工程的世界性难题,严重制约了工程建设的施工进度和工程安全,加强对岩爆防治措施的深入研究刻不容缓。基于钢管挤压变形原理,提出了一种新型的缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆,该种锚杆可在容许较大的变形量的同时提供较高的恒阻力。在前期研究的基础上,通过落锤冲击试验探索了缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆的抗冲击性能。试验结果表明:在整个冲击过程中,缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆的工作阻力稳定在150~180 kN范围内,恒阻特性显著;缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆吸收能量大、效率高,单次可吸收冲击能量为53kJ;在冲击过程中,试件压缩率仅减小了0.54%~1.43%,变形情况较为稳定。缩管式恒阻大变形锚杆具有良好的抗冲击特能,可为地下工程建设过程中岩爆灾害的治理提供有力的技术支撑。

耐高温透明阻燃聚酰亚胺介电薄膜的制备及性能

通过4-溴苯并环丁烯与苯基二氯膦反应,再经过氧化得到二苯并环丁烯基苯基膦氧(DBPPO),其熔点为107℃,熔融态具有优异的加工性能。DBPPO可以自聚,也可与双马来酰亚胺(BMI-2B)共聚得到膦氧聚酰亚胺。通过改变DBPPO和BMI-2B的物质的量比,制备了一系列的膦氧聚酰亚胺,采用宽频介电阻抗松弛谱仪、热重分析仪、紫外-可见分光光度计和微型燃烧量热仪对其介电性能、热稳定性、光学性能和阻燃性能等进行了研究。结果表明,当DBPPO和BMI-2B的物质的量比为1∶1时,制备的膦氧聚酰亚胺PI-11的介电常数为3.53,介电损耗正切值(1 MHz)为0.052,5%热失重温度为478℃,800 nm透光率为94.5%。此外,PI-11燃烧过程中总释放热与BMI-2B相比降低了45.7%,表明该物质具有很好的阻燃性能。