Mega-Constellations Based TT&C Resource Sharing: Keep Reliable Aeronautical Communication in an Emergency

With the development of the transportation industry, the effective guidance of aircraft in an emergency to prevent catastrophic accidents remains one of the top safety concerns. Undoubtedly, operational status data of the aircraft play an important role in the judgment and command of the Operational Control Center(OCC). However, how to transmit various operational status data from abnormal aircraft back to the OCC in an emergency is still an open problem. In this paper, we propose a novel Telemetry, Tracking,and Command(TT&C) architecture named Collaborative TT&C(CoTT&C) based on mega-constellation to solve such a problem. CoTT&C allows each satellite to help the abnormal aircraft by sharing TT&C resources when needed, realizing real-time and reliable aeronautical communication in an emergency. Specifically, we design a dynamic resource sharing mechanism for CoTT&C and model the mechanism as a single-leader-multi-follower Stackelberg game. Further, we give an unique Nash Equilibrium(NE) of the game as a closed form. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed resource sharing mechanism is effective, incentive compatible, fair, and reciprocal. We hope that our findings can shed some light for future research on aeronautical communications in an emergency.

Thermosphere joint observations by TM-1 constellations and Swarm-B during the April 2023 geomagnetic storm

The response of thermosphere density to geomagnetic storms is a complicated physical process.Multi-satellite joint observations at the same altitude but different local times(LTs)are important for understanding this process;however,until now such studies have hardly been done.In this report,we analyze in detail the thermosphere mass density response at 510 km during the April 23−24,2023 geomagnetic storm using data derived from the TM-1(TianMu-1)satellite constellation and Swarm-B satellites.The observations show that there were significant LT differences in the hemispheric asymmetry of the thermosphere mass density during the geomagnetic storm.Densities observed by satellite TM02 at nearly 11.3 and 23.3 LTs were larger in the northern hemisphere than in the southern.The TM04 dayside density observations appear to be almost symmetrical with respect to the equator,though southern hemisphere densities on the nightside were higher.Swarm-B data exhibit near-symmetry between the hemispheres.In addition,the mass density ratio results show that TM04 nightside observations,TM02 data,and Swarm-B data all clearly show stronger effects in the southern hemisphere,except for TM04 on the dayside,which suggest hemispheric near-symmetry.The South-North density enhancement differences in TM02 and TM04 on dayside can reach 130%,and Swarm-B data even achieve 180%difference.From the observations of all three satellites,large-scale traveling atmospheric disturbances(TADs)first appear at high latitudes and propagate to low latitudes,thereby disturbing the atmosphere above the equator and even into the opposite hemisphere.NRLMSISE00 model simulations were also performed on this geomagnetic storm.TADs are absent in the NRLMSISE00 simulations.The satellite data suggest that NRLMSISE00 significantly underestimates the magnitude of the density response of the thermosphere during geomagnetic storms,especially at high latitudes in both hemispheres.Therefore,use of the density simulation of NRLMSISE00 may lead to large errors in satellite drag calculations and orbit predictions.We suggest that the high temporal and spatial resolution of direct density observations by the TM-1 constellation satellites can provide an autonomous and reliable basis for correction and improvement of atmospheric models.

Uniquely Decomposable Constellation Group-Based Sparse Vector Coding for Short Packet Communications

Sparse vector coding(SVC)is emerging as a potential technology for short packet communications.To further improve the block error rate(BLER)performance,a uniquely decomposable constellation group-based SVC(UDCG-SVC)is proposed in this article.Additionally,in order to achieve an optimal BLER performance of UDCG-SVC,a problem to optimize the coding gain of UDCG-based superimposed constellation is formulated.Given the energy of rotation constellations in UDCG,this problem is solved by converting it into finding the maximized minimum Euclidean distance of the superimposed constellation.Simulation results demonstrate the validness of our derivation.We also find that the proposed UDCGSVC has better BLER performance compared to other SVC schemes,especially under the high order modulation scenarios.

Local-State Routing in Satellite Constellation Networks from the Perspective of Complex Network

Routing algorithms in satellite constellation networks usually make use of the local state information to adapt to the topology and traffic dynamics,since it’s difficult to obtain the global states in time due to the spatial large-scale feature of constellation networks.Furthermore,they use different range of local states and give these states distinct weights.However,the behind design criterion is ambiguous and often based on experience.This paper discusses the problem from the perspective of complex network.A universal local-state routing model with tunable parameters is presented to generalize the common characteristics of local-state routing algorithms for satellite constellation networks.Based on this,the impacts of localstate routing algorithms on performance and the correlation between routing and traffic dynamics are analyzed in detail.Among them,the tunable parameters,the congestion propagation process,the critical packet sending rate,and the network robustness are discussed respectively.Experimental results show that routing algorithms can achieve a satisfactory performance by maintaining a limited state awareness capability and obtaining the states in a range below the average path length.This provides a valuable design basis for routing algorithms in satellite constellation networks.

A Performance Evaluation Platform for Mega Satellite Constellation Network

With the rapid development of satellite technology, mega satellite constellations have become a research hotspot. A large number of related techniques have been developed on orbit topology, network routing, energy balance and resource control. However, it is difficult to accurately compare the performance of similar studies due to differences in the means of validation. Especially for invulnerability studies in many military applications, a unified evaluation system is essential. This paper proposes a network evaluation system for mega satellite constellations. Evaluation parameters include orbit topology, communication network, energy balance and invulnerability. Different application algorithms and traffic models were used to validate the specific system. .

Networked TT&C for Mega Satellite Constellations:A Security Perspective

Satellite constellations are promising in enabling the global Internet.However,the increasing constellation size also complicates tracking,telemetry and command(TT&C)systems.Traditional groundbased and space-based approaches have encountered significant obstacles due to,e.g.,the limited satellite visible arc and long transmission delay.Considering the fast development of intersatellite communications,synergy among multiple connected satellites can be exploited to facilitate TT&C system designs.This leads to networked TT&C,which requires much less predeployed infrastructures and even performs better than traditional TT&C systems.In this paper,we elaborate system characteristics of networked TT&C compared with traditional ground-based and spacebased TT&C,and propose the unique security challenges and opportunities for networked TT&C,which includes secure routing and trust mechanisms.Furthermore,since networked TT&C is a novel scenario with few relevant researches,we first investigate the current researches on secure routing and trust mechanisms for traditional terrestrial and satellite networks,and then accordingly deliver our security perspectives considering the system characteristics and security requirements of networked TT&C.

A Unified Bit-to-Symbol Mapping for Generalized Constellation Modulation

Gray mapping is a well-known way to improve the performance of regular constellation modulation,but it is challenging to be applied directly for irregular alternative.To address this issue,in this paper,a unified bit-to-symbol mapping method is designed for generalized constellation modulation(i.e.,regular and irregular shaping).The objective of the proposed approach is to minimize the average bit error probability by reducing the hamming distance(HD)of symbols with larger values of pairwise error probability.Simulation results show that the conventional constellation modulation(i.e.,phase shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM)with the proposed mapping rule yield the same performance as that of classical gray mapping.Moreover,the recently developed golden angle modulation(GAM)with the proposed mapping method is capable of providing around1 d B gain over the conventional mapping counterpart and offers comparable performance to QAM with Gray mapping.

Low Altitude Satellite Constellation for Futuristic Aerial-Ground Communications

This paper discusses the significance and prospects of low altitude small satellite aerial vehicles to ensure smooth aerial-ground communications for next-generation broadband networks.To achieve the generic goals of fifthgeneration and beyondwireless networks,the existing aerial network architecture needs to be revisited.The detailed architecture of low altitude aerial networks and the challenges in resource management have been illustrated in this paper.Moreover,we have studied the coordination between promising communication technologies and low altitude aerial networks to provide robust network coverage.We talk about the techniques that can ensure userfriendly control and monitoring of the low altitude aerial networks to bring forth wireless broadband connectivity to a new dimension.In the end,we highlight the future research directions of aerial-ground communications in terms of access technologies,machine learning,compressed sensing,and quantum communications.

Improving the spaceborne GNSS-R altimetric precision based on the novel multilayer feedforward neural network weighted joint prediction model

Global navigation satellite system-reflection(GNSS-R)sea surface altimetry based on satellite constellation platforms has become a new research direction and inevitable trend,which can meet the altimetric precision at the global scale required for underwater navigation.At present,there are still research gaps for GNSS-R altimetry under this mode,and its altimetric capability cannot be specifically assessed.Therefore,GNSS-R satellite constellations that meet the global altimetry needs to be designed.Meanwhile,the matching precision prediction model needs to be established to quantitatively predict the GNSS-R constellation altimetric capability.Firstly,the GNSS-R constellations altimetric precision under different configuration parameters is calculated,and the mechanism of the influence of orbital altitude,orbital inclination,number of satellites and simulation period on the precision is analyzed,and a new multilayer feedforward neural network weighted joint prediction model is established.Secondly,the fit of the prediction model is verified and the performance capability of the model is tested by calculating the R2 value of the model as 0.9972 and the root mean square error(RMSE)as 0.0022,which indicates that the prediction capability of the model is excellent.Finally,using the novel multilayer feedforward neural network weighted joint prediction model,and considering the research results and realistic costs,it is proposed that when the constellation is set to an orbital altitude of 500 km,orbital inclination of 75and the number of satellites is 6,the altimetry precision can reach 0.0732 m within one year simulation period,which can meet the requirements of underwater navigation precision,and thus can provide a reference basis for subsequent research on spaceborne GNSS-R sea surface altimetry.

Influence of topography on the fine structures of stratospheric gravity waves:An analysis using COSMIC-2 temperature data

We derive the potential energy of gravity waves(GWs)in the upper troposphere and stratosphere at 45°S-45°N from December 2019 to November 2022 by using temperature profiles retrieved from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology,Ionosphere,and Climate-2(COSMIC-2)satellite.Owing to the dense sampling of COSMIC-2,in addition to the strong peaks of gravity wave potential energy(GWPE)above the Andes and Tibetan Plateau,we found weak peaks above the Rocky,Atlas,Caucasus,and Tianshan Mountains.The land-sea contrast is responsible for the longitudinal variations of the GWPE in the lower and upper stratosphere.At 40°N/S,the peaks were mainly above the topographic regions during the winter.At 20°N/S,the peaks were a slight distance away from the topographic regions and might be the combined effect of nontopographic GWs and mountain waves.Near the Equator,the peaks were mainly above the regions with the lowest sea level altitude and may have resulted from convection.Our results indicate that even above the local regions with lower sea level altitudes compared with the Andes and Tibetan Plateau,the GWPE also exhibits fine structures in geographic distributions.We found that dissipation layers above the tropopause jet provide the body force to generate secondary waves in the upper stratosphere,especially during the winter months of each hemisphere and at latitudes of greater than 20°N/S.

基于遗传算法的TT&C测控资源优化调度(英文)

TT&C测控资源调度是一个涉及卫星、测控站以及调度准则等多方面因素的复杂优化问题。针对这一优化问题,根据测控调度的一般原则和优化准则,建立了相应的优化模型,并给出了基于遗传算法求解该问题的方法和步骤;最后,通过两个示例分析,演示验证了该方法对于解决一般测控调度问题的有效性。

带局部交互的多星TT&C调度合作协同进化

针对现有合作协同进化机制较少利用局部协同信息的问题,通过对多星TT&C资源调度的合作协同进化求解进行改进,在全局协同的基础上加强局部交互,为每个个体设定一个表明其与所有相邻子种群合作效果的进化性能指标——局部交互值,将该值作为选择操作中衡量个体优劣的尺度之一,以局部交互值与各子适应度之和的差值决定个体变异率,使变异具有自适应性,从而减少由子种群代表个体选择的非全局性造成的优秀个体丢失现象。仿真实验结果表明该方法能较好地提高求解质量。

航天TT&C调度的拉格朗日松弛策略

根据航天遥测、跟踪和指挥(TT&C)调度的测控需求,建立航天测控调度问题的0-1整数规划模型,运用(λ,ν)、(μ,ν)和(λ,μ)3种策略对模型中的约束进行松弛,通过次梯度优化算法求得每种松弛问题的上界。利用2个场景验证上界(目标函数值)的有效性,调度结果表明,3种松弛策略中以次梯度优化算法得到的上界差别最小。

Constellation玻切机使用中的维护与保养

玻切机是用于眼前段(超声乳化白内障吸出术和白内障摘除术)和眼后段(玻璃体视网膜术)手术不可或缺的基本设备,也是最昂贵的手术设备之一。最新一代Constellation玻切机自2010年上市以来,一直以高安全、高效率、高智能化占居全球玻切设备市场第一,受到了广大医护人员的欢迎。Constellation玻切机的正常运行直接影响着手术的效率和效果,所以对Constellation玻切机使用中的维护与保养显得尤为重要。

TT＆C站的距离零值标校及其误差分析

本文对采用上行调频、下行调相、多侧音测距体制的TT＆C站的距离零值标校方法、标校设备进行了讨论,并对标校误差进行了分析。

TT&C系统中测距误差的频率特性分析法

以往的文献中,多用群时延来分析TT&C的测距误差,这种方法不够准确和全面。本文采用幅、相频率特性和相位波动特性来分析TT&C信道中的测距误差。详细讨论了由于信道频率特性和相位波动特性变化产生的测距误差,给出了测距侧音相位的数学表达式。运用这些公式可以计算出这些因素对测距漂移误差的影响,提高测距精度。

Satellite Constellation Design with Adaptively Continuous Ant System Algorithm

The ant system algorithm （ASA） has proved to be a novel meta-heuristic algorithm to solve many multivariable problems. In this paper, the earth coverage of satellite constellation is analyzed and a n ＋ 1^ -fold coverage rate is put forward to evaluate the coverage performance of a satellite constellation. An optimization model of constellation parameters is established on the basis of the coverage performance. As a newly developed method, ASA can be applied to optimize the constellation parameters. In order to improve the ASA, a rule for adaptive number of ants is proposed, by which the search range is obviously enlarged and the convergence speed increased. Simulation results have shown that the ASA is more quick and efficient than other methodV211.71s.

Sensor management of LEO constellation based on covariance control

This paper studies the multi-sensor management problem for low earth orbit(LEO) infrared warning constellation used to track a midcourse missile. A covariance control approach, which selects sensor combinations or subset based on the difference between the desired covariance matrix and the actual covariance of each target, is used for sensor management, including some matrix metrics to measure the differentia between two covariance matrices. Besides, to meet the requirements of the space based warning system, the original covariance control approach is improved. Simulation results demonstrate that the covariance control approach is able to provide a better tracking performance by providing a well-designed desired covariance and balance tracking performance goals with system demands.

Analysis of detection capabilities of LEO reconnaissance satellite constellation based on coverage performance

In the design problem of low earth orbit(LEO) reconnaissance satellite constellation, optimization of coverage performance is the design goal in most current methods. However,in the using process, the user only concerns with the detection capabilities rather than coverage performance. To establish the relationship between these two aspects, the reconnaissance processes of normal stochastic targets are considered and the mathematic models of detection processes are built. The indicators of coverage performance are used to evaluate the detection probability and expectation of detection time delay, which are important factors in reconnaissance constellation estimation viewed from military intelligence discipline. The conclusions confirmed by the final simulation will be useful in LEO reconnaissance constellation design, optimization and evaluation.

COVERAGE PERFORMANCES ANALYSIS ON COMBINED-GEO-IGSO SATELLITE CONSTELLATION

The Combined-GEO-IGSO constellation is the combination of Geostationary Earth Orbit(GEO) satellite and Inclining GeoSynchronous Orbit(IGSO) satellite.The Combined-GEO-IGSO constellation can integrate the advantages of GEO and IGSO to achieve regional coverage.In order to discuss the performances of the Combined-GEO-IGSO constellation,the performances of coverage,elevation,diversity,and transmission are simulated in China and surrounding regions by Satellite Tool Kit(STK).The simulation results show that:the combined constellation can reach higher multi-satellite coverage and higher communication elevation in China and surrounding areas;the Doppler shift,delay,and propagation loss of this constellation have little impact on the system.As regional coverage constellation,the Combined-GEO-IGSO is feasible.