Economic feasibility and efficiency enhancement approaches for in situ upgrading of low-maturity organic-rich shale from an energy consumption ratio perspective

The technical feasibility of in situ upgrading technology to develop the enormous oil and gas resource potential in low-maturity shale is widely acknowledged.However,because of the large quantities of energy required to heat shale,its economic feasibility is still a matter of debate and has yet to be convincingly demonstrated quantitatively.Based on the energy conservation law,the energy acquisition of oil and gas generation and the energy consumption of organic matter cracking,shale heat-absorption,and surrounding rock heat dissipation during in situ heating were evaluated in this study.The energy consumption ratios for different conditions were determined,and the factors that influence them were analyzed.The results show that the energy consumption ratio increases rapidly with increasing total organic carbon(TOC)content.For oil-prone shales,the TOC content corresponding to an energy consumption ratio of 3 is approximately 4.2%.This indicates that shale with a high TOC content can be expected to reduce the project cost through large-scale operation,making the energy consumption ratio after consideration of the project cost greater than 1.In situ heating and upgrading technology can achieve economic benefits.The main methods for improving the economic feasibility by analyzing factors that influence the energy consumption ratio include the following:(1)exploring technologies that efficiently heat shale but reduce the heat dissipation of surrounding rocks,(2)exploring technologies for efficient transformation of organic matter into oil and gas,i.e.,exploring technologies with catalytic effects,or the capability to reduce in situ heating time,and(3)establishing a horizontal well deployment technology that comprehensively considers the energy consumption ratio,time cost,and engineering cost.

Elasticity Ratio of Resource Consumption and the Resource Consumption

Today the resources are becoming scarcer, which should not be regarded as unexhausted any more. Correspondingly, the production would be constrained by the scarcity of resources clearly. Then the economic researchers would pay much more attention to reducing the consumption of natural resources in the future. Therefore this paper brings foreword the conception of elasticity ratio of resource consumption based on the concept of elasticity and analyzes the relationship between the parameters. For the certain relationships between the elasticity ratio of resource consumption and resource consumption, this paper will try to reveal, to keep economy growing while resource consumption reducing, what conditions should be met as to the relationships among resource productivity, its growth rate, energy saving efficiency, economic growth rate and elasticity ratio of resource consumption. This paper proves the relationship between the China＇s energy consumption and economy growth using statistic data from 1978 to 2003.

Reducing energy consumption optimization selection of path transmission routing algorithm in opportunistic networks

Opportunistic networks are random networks and do not communicate with each other among respective communication areas.This situation leads to great difficulty in message transfer.This paper proposes a reducing energy consumption optimal selection of path transmission(OSPT) routing algorithm in opportunistic networks.This algorithm designs a dynamic random network topology,creates a dynamic link,and realizes an optimized selected path.This algorithm solves a problem that nodes are unable to deliver messages for a long time in opportunistic networks.According to the simulation experiment,OSPT improves deliver ratio,and reduces energy consumption,cache time and transmission delay compared with the Epidemic Algorithm and Spray and Wait Algorithm in opportunistic networks.

MIMO Spectral Efficiency over Energy Consumption Requirements: Application to WSNs

This paper presents the evaluation of the “capacity to the total energy consumption per bit ratio” of multiple antennas systems with distributed fashion. We propose an adequate geometric channel modeling for the wireless communication system which operates in indoor propagation environment with scatterers. The channel model is derived in function of both the line of sight (LOS) and the non line of sight (NLOS) components. The aim of this paper is to study the limits in the gain concerning the capacity to the total energy consumption ratio when additional antennas are implemented in the communication system. To do so, we have evaluated by simulations both the capacity and the total energy consumption per bit. Then, we have determined the capacity to the total energy consumption ratio. Finally, the computational capacity to the total energy ratio is obtained for different system configurations. We have shown that the gain in capacity increases with the number of antennas but it stills be limited by the total energy consumption. The limits for increasing the number of transmit antennas are determined in function of the separation distances between the transmitter and the receiver sides of the communication system. Optimal power allocation strategy via water-filling algorithm has been carried out for evaluating the capacity to energy ratio. We find by simulation that optimal power allocation brings a gain in the addressed metric reaching a level of about 1.7 at transmit signal to noise ratio of 8 dB if comparing to the case when transmit energy is equally split among transmit antennas.

某公立医院医用耗材SPD管理模式实践探索

目的:建设医用耗材SPD物流管理模式,提升医院医用耗材管理水平。方法:采用传统耗材管理模式与医用耗材SPD管理模式相比较的方法;通过医用耗材SPD物资管理系统与HIS收费系统互通、射频识别技术、智能屋和智能柜等对医院医用耗材进行精细化管理。结果:运用医用耗材SPD管理模式有效减少了医护人员管理耗材工作量,提升了工作效率,降低了耗材库存资金占用量与耗材管理成本,有效降低了耗占比。结论:SPD管理模式可有效提升医用耗材特别是低值耗材精细化管理水平,实现降本增效,促进医院高质量发展。

三轴分级循环加卸载下爆破损伤顶板砂岩能量耗散试验研究

为探究不同围压环境爆破荷载损伤砂岩在循环加卸载作用下能量耗散演化规律,利用三轴试验加载装置系统对三种不同损伤度的砂岩试件开展不同围压下的分级循环加卸载试验,并结合电子数码显微镜获取不同损伤度试件细观结构,分析爆破荷载损伤、围压及加载级数对试件能量耗散及破裂破碎形态的影响规律。结果表明:(1)爆破荷载作用会对岩体造成损伤,单轴压缩荷载下振动损伤、爆破损伤试件峰值强度降幅分别为5.53%、18.87%,单轴分级循环加卸载作用对未损伤、振动损伤试件产生劣化,对爆破损伤试件产生强化作用;(2)爆源近端岩体损伤程度较高,在外荷载作用下率先发生破坏,围压的存在显著降低试件的破裂破碎程度,试件呈剪切、拉伸及压碎破坏多种模式共存;(3)循环加卸载过程中第1次循环加载试件所获取总能量及塑性变形能最大,循环次数的增加使试件塑性变形能及耗散能整体均呈现减小趋势,围压及循环加载级数的增大使试件在循环加载过程中各能量均随之增加;(4)分级循环加卸载过程中Ⅱ级循环加卸载试件耗能比要低于Ⅰ级与Ⅲ级,爆破损伤、振动损伤及未损伤试件在Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级循环加卸载过程中耗能比均值分别为15.73%、12.47%、13.95%,13.49%、12.44%、13.46%,12.07%、8.69%、11.56%,爆破荷载损伤改变岩体内部结构使得试件在循环加卸载作用下耗能占比更加显著。

强度比对类复合岩样冲击破碎特征的影响

为了保证复合地层中施工效率及工程安全,揭示动荷载作用下复合岩层的力学特征,通过分离式霍普金森压杆对三种不同强度比的类复合岩样进行动态巴西劈裂试验,基于破碎分形理论,探究强度比、应变率、入射角对类复合岩样的破碎程度及能耗特性的影响。试验结果表明:层理面倾角对类复合岩样破碎形态有较大影响,当应变率为146.36 s^(-1)时,沿层理面加载试样易发生劈裂拉伸破坏,且强度比越低试样破坏所需吸收的能量越少;当入射角为0°时,类复合岩样分形维数随着强度比的增大而增大,但当入射角为90°时强度比为1.5的复合岩样分形维数最大;类复合岩样吸收的能量主要用于裂纹扩展,单位体积内试样吸收的能量越大,试样越破碎,即类复合岩样分形维数与能耗密度呈正相关。

某酒店制冷机房运行策略优化

对华东地区某酒店制冷机房运行策略进行了优化,利用能耗模拟软件对多种运行方案进行了仿真分析。结果表明:原方案仅对冷水泵采用变频控制,制冷机房能效比为4.62;优化方案1采取传统变频方式,对冷水泵、冷却水泵、冷却塔风机采用变频控制,制冷机房能效比达到5.32,与原方案相比提升了15.1%;优化方案2通过对冷水机组、冷水泵、冷却水泵、冷却塔风机进行优化控制,制冷机房能效比为5.48,与原方案相比能效比提升了18.6%,且每年可减少约79 t碳排放量,节能效果显著。

基于CFD流场模拟的大型卧式反应釜结构研究

近年来,加压浸出湿法冶金工程在向更大规模的发展道路受到了配套装备大型化带来的技术制约。为了适应加压浸出工艺关键核心设备-卧式反应釜的规模大型化发展,更好地保证该设备在使用过程中的可靠性与高效性。本文采用CFD流体模拟软件,针对某项目使用的300立卧式反应釜,研究其在不同长径比下的流场分布情况以及搅拌器功率消耗大小与长径比的关系。研究表明适当增加长径比有利于改善水平方向的流场特性,减小长径比有利于改善垂直方向的流场特性,减小长径比有利于搅拌功率的降低。当长径比取1.08或1.13,能够有效提高卧式反应釜内的反应效率,降低成本和系统能耗。

医疗报销比例与居民就医行为——基于CHIP2018的实证分析

我国现已基本建立全民医疗保障体系,但医疗报销比例在不同群体之间存在较大差异,制约了个体的医疗消费需求。本文基于CHIP2018数据,使用县级空间加权平均报销比例作为工具变量,采用IV-Heckman、IV-o Probit等方法考察了医疗报销比例对居民就医行为的影响及作用机制。研究发现,提高医疗报销比例有助于释放居民门诊与住院就医需求,进而显著提高了个体医疗消费总支出。异质性分析发现,医疗报销比例的变动对农村居民和低收入群体的就医选择行为促进作用最大,但城镇居民和高收入群体的医疗消费支出增长更多。未来我国医疗保险制度改革需要在提高医疗保险实际报销比例的同时,逐步消除城镇职工基本医疗保险制度与城乡居民基本医疗保险制度之间的系统性差异,从而实现公平适度保障人民群众基本医疗保障权益的目标。

混合联肢部分外包组合剪力墙基于两阶段耗能的塑性设计方法研究

混合联肢部分外包组合剪力墙结构是一种典型的两阶段耗能结构体系。依据现行设计规范设计的混合联肢部分外包组合剪力墙结构对结构弹塑性阶段的整体性能缺乏考虑,在设防地震和罕遇地震作用下结构的屈服顺序难以控制。基于混合联肢部分外包组合剪力墙结构体系“小震不坏,中震可修,大震不倒”的三水准抗震设防性能目标,提出结构两阶段耗能的塑性设计方法。以目标位移和理想破坏模式作为预测结构弹塑性受力状态性能目标,针对不同地震水准下的性能目标,考虑耦连比对结构合理耗能机制的影响,将结构的能力曲线等效为三线型,改进了传统基于能量平衡的塑性设计方法,保证结构在设防地震及罕遇地震下实现理想屈服顺序,避免薄弱层产生。采用建议的设计方法设计了一个12层结构算例,并采用ABAQUS对算例进行推覆分析和弹塑性时程分析。结果表明,采用基于两阶段耗能的塑性设计方法预测的中震及大震下结构顶点位移角与数值分析结果误差分别为0.5%和12.1%,最大层间位移角满足结构弹塑性层间位移角的要求。算例结构能够实现“强节点弱构件、强墙肢弱连梁”合理的屈服顺序,保证结构预期的失效机制和不同地震水准作用下的性能目标,验证了基于两阶段耗能的塑性设计方法的有效性。

基于BP神经网络的耗占比预测研究

目的运用反向传播(Backward Propagation,BP)神经网络建立合适的耗占比预测模型,帮助医院管理部门评估各科室耗材使用是否合理。方法选取安徽医科大学第一附属医院2021年1月至2023年5月的运营数据构建数据集,通过训练集训练网络模型,通过验证集及测试集评价模型性能。结果建立BP神经网络模型并对耗占比进行预测,模型在验证集上的解释方差为0.998604,平均绝对误差为0.006219;在测试集上评价指标略有下降,解释方差为0.962396,平均绝对误差为0.027858,各评价指标仍优于其他模型。结论基于BP神经网络的耗占比预测模型可实现科室、总收入、药占比、出入院人次等指标的非线性关系描述,可对耗占比进行准确预测,为医院对各科室耗材的考核评估提供了量化的数据支撑。

房地产限贷政策松绑如何提升居民消费质量?——基于中国家庭收入调查(CHIPs)的实证分析

提升居民消费水平和消费质量是坚持“以人民为中心”的重要体现,也是经济发展提质增效的有效支撑。房地产市场与居民消费息息相关,房地产市场的调控政策会对居民消费产生重要影响。我们通过构建居民消费决策和租买选择模型,分析了房地产限贷政策对居民消费的影响机制,并使用2013年和2018年中国家庭收入调查数据进行了实证检验。结果表明:首套房首付比例要求的降低有助于提升有购房(换房)需求家庭的消费水平和消费质量,尤其会促进交通、通信、教育、文化、娱乐等服务型消费;而二套房首付比例要求的提升有助于促进居民消费。首套房限贷政策松绑对消费的促进作用在购房意愿较强(人均租房面积较小)、财富水平较低或者没有当地户籍的家庭中更为明显。

立管间接蒸发冷却器与机械制冷复合空气处理机组干湿工况运行模式能耗分析

在达到同样送风要求的前提下,为了研究立管间接蒸发冷却与机械制冷复合机组在数据中心运行时干湿两种模式的运行能耗,搭建了实验台,在室外干球温度为3-7℃范围内,对其不同干湿模式的运行能耗进行了测试并分析。实验结果表明,在达到同样送风要求的前提下,且干湿模式产生的制冷量相同的情况下,湿模式的能效比明显大于干模式的能效比,建议加大湿模式的运行时长。

Effects of the Resident Basic Medical Insurance Reform on Household Consumption in China

This paper investigates the causal relationship between the Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance(URRBMI)reform and household consumption in urban China using data from the Chinese Household Income Project survey and employing combination of the propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods.The results yield three conclusions.First,the reform affected both the amount and share of household consumption.Specifically,the reform led to an increase in total household consumption,encompassing both medical and nonmedical expenditures.Among these,the proportion of medical consumption increased,while the proportion of nonmedical consumption reduced.Second,the impact of the URRBMI reform varied across consumption categories within nonmedical expenditure.Specifically,consumption for education and entertainment industries are positively impacted by the URRBMI reform in terms of both quantity and proportion.Third,low-income households benefit more from the URRBMI reform compared to middle-and high-income households.The main channels through which the URRBMI reform affects household consumption were the price effect and the crowding out effect on precautionary savings.

基于IGNITE软件的摩托车油耗仿真优化研究

降低车辆油耗是减少CO_(2)排放的一种重要手段。以Ricardo车辆性能计算软件IGNITE为平台,构建了某摩托车车辆性能计算模型,并进行了试验验证。在验证模型的基础上,利用优化软件HEEDS工具,将末级速比和各档位速比设定为优化变量,对摩托车排放测试循环(WMTC)中的油耗进行了优化,获得了油耗与各优化变量之间的相关性系数,明确了各优化速比对降低油耗的具体贡献量以及未来的优化方向。同时,根据优化分析的结果,确定了实现最低WMTC油耗时的优化变量参数配置。通过进一步的优化计算,发现了低WMTC油耗的循环轨迹规律:在低负荷时,由于摩擦损失占比较大,循环工况的轨迹倾向于在低速区域运行;随着负荷的增大,摩擦损失的占比逐渐减小,而热效应的占比则相应增大,循环轨迹会向燃烧效率更高的中速段移动;沿着等功率曲线,循环工况的总体趋势是向高负荷率区域运行。

吉林油田典型集输接转站场提质提效研究

吉林油田地面工程系统中接转站存在高能耗问题。通过分析接转站的主要工作流程,计算出每个流程中用能环节的能耗占比,找出接转站产生高能耗的主要原因为加热炉的能耗过高。对加热炉出口温度进行调整,降低加热炉能耗,最终达到接转站能耗降至最低的效果。优化计算结果表明,当海118接转站冬季、夏季外输流程加热炉出口温度分别为43.8℃和37.2℃,冬季、夏季掺输流程加热炉出口温度分别为51℃和44℃时,接转站全年能耗最低,可减少使用碳307 t/a;当新民6接转站冬季、夏季外输流程加热炉出口温度分别为44.4℃和44.2℃,冬季、夏季掺输流程加热炉出口温度分别为54.5℃和49.5℃时,接转站全年能耗最低,可减少使用碳375 t/a;当让47接转站冬季、夏季外输流程加热炉出口温度分别为47.9℃和46.6℃,冬季、夏季掺输流程加热炉出口温度分别为57℃和56℃时,接转站全年能耗最低,可减少使用碳333 t/a。

螺杆组合对阻燃HIPS产品性能及能耗影响的研究

采用不同长径比的双螺杆挤出机制备HIPS阻燃料,对阻燃HIPS的阻燃性能进行了比较,通过测量挤出机的功率来计算其能耗并测试了试样的抗拉强度。结果表明,在一定的长径比范围内,大长径比耗能相对最低,能够节省大量能源,有利于工业化生产。

考虑REGS和可调热电比的综合能源系统优化调度

在“双碳”目标背景下,针对热电联产机组“以热定电”模式导致的弃风问题,文章提出了一种考虑可再生增强型地热系统(Regenerative Enhanced Geothermal System,REGS)和可调热电比的综合能源系统(Integrated Energy System,IES)优化调度模型。首先,构建干热岩提取循环等模型,分析了能量分配系数对于REGS作为源端的热电可调节机理;其次,研究了REGS配合光热电站和热电联产机组耦合运行机制,分析了耦合运行改善热电比的机理,并引入广义机组热电比控制模型;再次,以购能成本、运行成本、运维成本、弃风成本及碳税成本之和最小构建目标函数进行优化求解;最后,利用西北某地区实际数据进行算例分析,验证了所提模型能够提高系统经济性和风电消纳率,减少碳排放。

聚合物注入站注聚单耗影响因素分析及节能措施研究

聚合物驱油技术已经成为大庆油田持续稳产的主力技术,其中注聚系统能耗是注入过程中最主要的能耗点,而注聚单耗是衡量耗电量的重要指标。通过分析注聚泵容积效率、不同压力损失、回流比等对注聚单耗的影响,采取注聚泵结构优化、加装变频器等技术措施,并通过加强注聚泵日常维护、控制采暖温度等管理措施,实现了注入体系平稳、连续注入,进一步保证了开发效果,优化注聚泵结构后聚合物注入站注聚单耗由原来的2.36 kWh/m3降为1.44 kWh/m3。达到了降低注聚单耗的目的。