Change is a constant part of our life...It is almost a klise. It is everywhere, and we should know, how it can happen to us, and how to act it. This article is the first part of a year-long study, that aims to fmd, wh...Change is a constant part of our life...It is almost a klise. It is everywhere, and we should know, how it can happen to us, and how to act it. This article is the first part of a year-long study, that aims to fmd, which factors can be a part of a successful lifestyle change, especially for conscious consumption. We consume ridiculously much, over the level, we need. Half of the world is hungry, and the other half is trying to lose some weight. If we can create a model, like an equation f.e. Double self confidence and one good family background are equal to 10 percent of success lifetime change, which is probable not, but if we can find something like that, it would change the theory of lifestyle changing in modem consumption society. This article shows our lifestyle changing model theory, and a study, which presents, its appearance in practise.展开更多
On-road emission and fuel consumption （FC） levels for Euro Ⅲ and Ⅳ buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas （CNG） were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on appro...On-road emission and fuel consumption （FC） levels for Euro Ⅲ and Ⅳ buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas （CNG） were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system （PEMS）. The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro Ⅲ diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power （VSP）. They all were the lowest when VSP 〈 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.展开更多
文摘Change is a constant part of our life...It is almost a klise. It is everywhere, and we should know, how it can happen to us, and how to act it. This article is the first part of a year-long study, that aims to fmd, which factors can be a part of a successful lifestyle change, especially for conscious consumption. We consume ridiculously much, over the level, we need. Half of the world is hungry, and the other half is trying to lose some weight. If we can create a model, like an equation f.e. Double self confidence and one good family background are equal to 10 percent of success lifetime change, which is probable not, but if we can find something like that, it would change the theory of lifestyle changing in modem consumption society. This article shows our lifestyle changing model theory, and a study, which presents, its appearance in practise.
基金supported by the State Key Laboratory of Engines (No. 200906)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40805053)
文摘On-road emission and fuel consumption （FC） levels for Euro Ⅲ and Ⅳ buses fueled on diesel and compressed natural gas （CNG） were compared, and emission and FC characteristics of buses were analyzed based on approximately 28,700 groups of instantaneous data obtained in Beijing using a portable emissions measurement system （PEMS）. The experimental results revealed that NOx and PM emissions from CNG buses were decreased by 72.0% and 82.3% respectively, compared with Euro IV diesel buses. Similarly, these emissions were reduced by 75.2% and 96.3% respectively, compared with Euro III diesel buses. In addition, CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC of Euro IV diesel buses were reduced by 26.4%, 75.2%, 73.6%, 11.4%, 79.1%, and 26.0%, respectively, relative to Euro Ⅲ diesel buses. The CO2, CO, HC, NOx, PM emissions and FC factors all decreased with bus speed increased, while increased as bus acceleration increased. At the same time, the emission/FC rates as well as the emission/FC factors exhibited a strong positive correlation with the vehicle specific power （VSP）. They all were the lowest when VSP 〈 0, and then rapidly increased as VSP increased. Furthermore, both the emission/FC rates and emission/FC factors were the highest at accelerations, higher at cruise speeds, and the lowest at decelerations for non-idling buses. These results can provide a base reference to further estimate bus emission and FC inventories in Beijing.
