Influence of Transportation Accessibility on Urban-rural Income Disparity and Its Spatial Heterogeneity

Transportation accessibility has been treated as an important means of reducing the urban-rural income disparity.However,only a few studies have examined the effects of different types of transportation accessibility on urban-rural income disparity and their spatial heterogeneity.Based on data from 285 prefecture-level(and above)Chinese cities in 2000,2005,2010,2015,and 2020,this study uses spatial econometric models to examine how highway accessibility and railway accessibility influence the urban-rural income disparity and to identify their spatial heterogeneity.The result reveals that highway accessibility and railway accessibility have‘coreperiphery’ring-like circle structures.The urban-rural income disparity exhibits strong spatial clustering effects.Both highway accessibility and railway accessibility are negatively associated with urban-rural income disparity,and the former having a greater effect size.Moreover,there is a substitution effect between highway accessibility and railway accessibility in the whole sample.Furthermore,these associations differ in geographic regions.In the central region,highway accessibility is more important in reducing the urban-rural income disparity,but its effect is weakened with the increase of railway accessibility.In the western region,railway accessibility has a larger effect on narrowing the urban-rural income disparity,and this effect is strengthened by the increase of highway accessibility.We conclude that improving transportation accessibility is conducive to reducing the urban-rural income disparity but its effect is spatial heterogenetic.Highways and railways should be developed in a coordinated manner to promote an integrated transport network system.

A Study on the Factors Influencing the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas Based on State-space Model

The increasingly widening income gap between urban and rural areas is affected by many factors. Using the stepwise regression analysis,we find that urbanization level,socio-economic development,education level,financial development scale and financial development efficiency have the greatest impact on the income gap between urban and rural areas. By cointegration test,it is found that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between these five variables and the income gap between urban and rural areas. We build the state-space model to research the dynamic impact of these factors on the income gap between urban and rural areas. The results show that by improving the level of urbanization,we can effectively narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas,while socio-economic development,the improvement of education level,expansion of financial development scale and financial development efficiency all significantly expand the income gap between urban and rural areas.

Gap between Urban and Rural Economic Development in Less Developed Areas——A Case of Northern Jiangsu Area,China

Taking northern Jiangsu area as an example,economic disparity between urban and rural areas is described according to the data in 2000-2009 Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook.Result shows that there are significant differences in the rural and urban economic development in less developed areas,which are mainly reflected in the differences in per capita income,living standard,and Engel coefficient.Reasons for urban and rural economic disparity in less developed areas are analyzed.The asymmetry and immobility of rural and urban resources have objectively caused the income gap between urban and rural residents;urban industrial development,which is faster than agricultural development,has widened the income gap between urban and rural residents;and the differences in comparative labor productivity in rural and urban areas have enlarged their income gap.Countermeasures to minimize the urban and rural economic development gap are put forward,such as deepening the reform,realizing the free flow of economic resources between urban and rural areas,developing rural areas through urban development,exerting the function of urban areas in the coordinated development of urban and rural areas,paying attention to the agriculture and rural areas,and improving the comparative labor productivity of agriculture.

An Empirical Analysis on the Impact of Rural Financial Development on the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents in Heilongjiang Province

The high-quality development of rural finance is an important support for rural revitalization.In recent years,it continuously expands the investment in rural finance in Heilongjiang Province,and optimizes the rural financial service system and mechanism.The overall income level and living conditions of rural residents have been significantly improved,but there still exists income gap between urban and rural residents.Therefore,based on analyzing and combing current situation and problems of rural financial development and urban-rural income gap in Heilongjiang Province,multiple linear regression model is used to study the impact of rural financial development on the income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.The research results show that the scale of rural financial development in Heilongjiang Province will enlarge the income gap between urban and rural residents,while rural financial development efficiency and urbanization level reduce income gap between urban and rural residents in Heilongjiang Province.Based on the above conclusions,some policy suggestions to promote the equalization of urban and rural income in Heilongjiang Province are puts forward in this paper.

Urban-rural Income Gap Needs Urgent Reduction

Since the late 1970s, with the rapid growth of China’s economy, the income levels of both urban and rural residents have risen significantly, and their standard of living has fundamentally improved. However, a disparity in income growth between the two exists, and the disparities in relative and absolute income have experienced a period of long-term expansion, which has led to the long-time widening of the consumption gap. There are several indicators of these disparities: the proportion of urban and rural consumption compared to the national level, the changes measured by the Engel’s coefficient, residents’ possession of consumer durables in the countryside, etc. The expanding disparity in consumption between urban and rural residents is neither conducive to meeting aggregate domestic demand, nor to upgrading the industrial structure. In this regard, measures must be taken to curb the expanding urban and rural income gap, so as to help rural incomes grow more quickly and further promote China’s economic growth and social stability.

The Influence of the Urban-Rural Income Disparity on the Industrial Structure—Taking the Yangtze River Delta Region as an Example

In this paper, the effect of the mediation effect is mainly used to test and analyze the regression model, and most scholars have studied the impact of the modernization of the industrial structure on the income gap. However, this paper is from another perspective, based on the social background of high-quality development, the main study is the impact mechanism of urban and rural income gap on the industrial structure, taking the Yangtze River Delta as the main research object, and specifically selecting 22 central cities in the Yangtze River Delta region, which is also one of the highlights of this study. The regression model is constructed by using the intermediary effect, and the four intermediary variables of fiscal expenditure (M1), fixed asset investment (M2), number of patent applications (M3), and total import and export (M4) are selected, which represent the role of the government, fixed asset investment, scientific and technological level and opening-up level, and study and analyze the inherent influence mechanism between each variable. Before doing specific research, I consulted the papers and literature of many other outstanding scholars, among which Cheng Yuhong and Cheng Chi’s “The Influence Mechanism of industrial structure of urban and rural income gap” [1] has great reference value for this paper. According to the research results, under the background of high-quality development in the Yangtze River Delta region, the expansion of the income gap between urban and rural areas will inhibit the upgrading of the industrial structure, so it is necessary to focus on building a new type of urbanization, accelerating the construction of an urban innovation system, optimizing the rural employment structure to narrow the income gap between urban and rural areas, and providing impetus for the continuous upgrading of the industrial structure.

产业转型升级、城乡收入差距与居民消费

居民消费是畅通国内大循环的关键环节和重要引擎,产业转型升级优化了消费供给。本文实证分析了产业转型升级对居民消费的直接影响,以及通过城乡收入差距所产生的间接影响。研究发现,经济高质量发展期间,产业转型升级显著促进居民消费;城乡收入差距在产业转型升级和居民消费间的中介效应显著,产业转型升级会通过缩小城乡收入差距间接促进居民消费;产业转型升级对居民消费的影响以及城乡收入差距的中介效应均存在区域异质性,西部地区的直接影响和中介影响均强于中部和东部地区。因此,应该通过供给侧为居民提供丰富、高质量的商品,满足人民日益增长的消费需求;通过产业转型升级带动就业,提高劳动力收入,缩小城乡收入差距,同时积极防范部分地区在实施产业转型升级政策时出现扩大城乡收入差距等问题。

乡村旅游发展对海南城乡收入差距影响的实证研究

共同富裕是中国式现代化的重要特征,缩小城乡收入差距实现城乡共同富裕是海南自由贸易港推进中国式现代化建设的必然要求。基于2014—2022年海南18个市县面板数据的实证研究,研究表明乡村旅游发展明显缩小了海南城乡收入差距,且这一结论在处理内生性、替换核心解释变量测度等稳健性检验中仍然成立;进一步的区域异质性检验发现,在经济发展水平较高区域和“三极”地区,发展乡村旅游对缩小城乡收入差距的效应更加显著。海南应大力推进乡村旅游建设,统筹乡村旅游布局空间优化,以实现乡村旅游引领海南乡村振兴和协调城乡发展的绿色共同富裕之路。

数字普惠金融的收入增长与收入差距缩小效应研究——来自新疆的经验证据

文章在城乡二元经济结构、金融发展与收入平等理论分析基础上,利用2011—2020年新疆地州面板数据,借助分位数回归和广义空间模型,研究新疆数字普惠金融对城乡居民收入增长的异质性及差距缩小效应。结果表明:数字普惠金融对于城乡居民收入增长具有异质性,且在不同收入水平的情况下,增长效应有差异;数字普惠金融对城乡收入差距有缩小效应,但是空间溢出效应不显著。分维度研究发现,覆盖广度和使用深度对城乡差距的缩小作用显著,但空间溢出效应均不显著。基于此,提出应加快边疆地区农村数字普惠金融建设规模与速度;合理配置金融资源,增强“一圈一带一群”中心城市对落后地区的辐射作用;加快现代化建设,推进城乡一体化发展。

现代化产业体系构建与农民农村共同富裕:影响机理与实证检验

基于2008—2021年中国31个省、市、自治区(不包含港澳台)面板数据,运用主成分分析法与优序图分析相结合的方法测算现代化产业体系构建水平,并研判现代化产业体系构建对农民农村共同富裕的影响。实证分析结果显示:现代化产业体系构建可有效赋能农民农村共同富裕。传导机制分析显示,现代化产业体系构建能够通过扩大财税规模、增加创业活动、缩小城乡数字鸿沟,赋能农民农村共同富裕。异质性检验证实,现代化产业体系构建对农民农村共同富裕的赋能作用在东部地区更为显著。空间效应分析显示,现代化产业体系构建对农民农村共同富裕具有正向空间溢出效应。针对于此,未来应构建现代乡村产业体系、激发农村创业创新活力、推动区域产业协调发展,加速推进农民农村共同富裕。

空气质量改善能缩小城乡居民消费差距吗?——兼论绿色发展对共同富裕的促进作用

厘清空气质量对城乡居民消费差距的影响作用,有助于理解中国式现代化进程中绿色发展与共同富裕目标的协同推进。从医疗和防御性支出、规避行为以及劳动生产率等视角阐释了空气质量影响城乡居民消费差距的理论机制,并使用2005—2020年中国省际面板数据对其影响作用进行了实证检验。研究发现:空气质量改善会显著缩小城乡居民消费差距,这一结论在使用逆温天数作为工具变量进行内生性处理,以及更换空气污染物指标、考虑空间自相关等方式进行稳健性检验后依然成立;该作用通过缩小城乡居民消费倾向差距以及城乡居民收入差距两条渠道产生;此外,空气质量对城乡居民消费差距的影响作用还存在空间溢出效应。研究结果表明,推动绿色发展改善空气质量,能够缩小城乡居民消费差距,从而助力共同富裕目标的实现。

数字经济、空间效应与城乡居民消费差距

缩小城乡居民消费差距是畅通国内大循环的重要手段,也是实现共同富裕目标的必然要求。基于2011~2020年省级面板数据,本文研究数字经济对城乡居民消费差距的影响效应、作用机制及空间溢出效应。发现数字经济对城乡居民消费差距具有缩小作用,但该缩小作用存在消费类型和农村居民人力资本异质性。具体来说,较之生存型消费差距,数字经济对城乡居民发展享乐型消费差距的缩小作用更明显;较之低农村居民人力资本地区,数字经济对高农村居民人力资本地区城乡居民消费差距的缩小作用更强。机制分析发现,数字经济通过促进乡村产业振兴和弥合城乡数字鸿沟缩小城乡居民消费差距。进一步的空间计量分析表明,数字经济还能通过空间溢出效应缩小周边地区的城乡居民消费差距。据此,建议缩小区域间的数字经济发展差距、补齐乡村产业的数字化短板和消弭城乡数字鸿沟,以增强数字经济发展的城乡居民消费差距缩小效应。

人力资本对服务消费水平的提升效应——基于城乡居民服务消费差距视角

人力资本积累是增加收入、推动消费升级、提升服务消费水平和缩小城乡居民服务消费差距的重要力量。本文利用空间杜宾模型实证研究人力资本对城乡居民服务消费差距的影响,并分析研发资本存量、发明专利申请量和中国城市创新力指数影响城乡居民服务消费差距的作用机制,为进一步释放城乡居民消费潜力、提高服务消费水平和缩小服务消费差距提供政策设计依据。研究发现:第一,人力资本积累可以提高服务消费水平和缩小城乡居民服务消费差距,并且具有空间溢出效应。中部地区人力资本对城乡居民服务消费差距缩小效果最大且对其他区域城乡居民服务消费差距缩小的空间溢出效应最突出。第二,技术创新水平在人力资本对城乡居民服务消费差距的影响中具有间接机制作用,因而可以通过提高研发资本存量和发明专利申请量缩小差距。为进一步缩小城乡服务消费差距,需要从加强人力资本投资、提高企业竞争力和供需匹配能力、适度调节进口贸易占比、提升居民数字消费能力、提高研发资本存量占比等方面发力。

数字经济赋能城乡融合的内在逻辑与实现路径

在数字经济迅猛发展的时代背景下,其对城乡融合的推动作用愈发显著,如何利用数字经济加速城乡融合已成为当前亟待探讨的重要议题。数字经济在推动城乡融合发展的进程中,通过多维度的深度融合机制发挥了至关重要的作用。具体而言,数字经济在促进人口流动与融合、推动经济结构优化与升级、实现空间布局的均衡与协调、提升社会服务的普及水平,以及改善生态环境与推动可持续发展等方面,均展现出显著的成效,为城乡一体化提供了坚实的支撑。然而,在数字经济赋能城乡融合的过程中也面临着数字鸿沟、创新动力不足、人才短缺等挑战与问题。因此,应当从加快数字经济发展均衡化进程、提升全社会数字创新意识与能力、强化数字高端人才培养与引进等方面入手,加快数字经济赋能城乡融合的进程,实现城乡融合发展的战略目标。

农村人力资本对城乡收入差距的影响研究

教育差距是中国城乡收入差异最主要的影响因素之一,而高等教育是培养优秀人力资源的重要途径,在提高农民文化水平与劳动技能中,教育资源的投入起到了显著作用,并且有效提高了其劳动生产率,促进农民增收就业,进而缩小城乡人均收入的差异。利用我国2008—2020年的31个省(市)的省级面板数据,运用普通最小二乘法(OLS)探究农村人力资本对城乡收入差距的影响,利用中介效应模型检验了农村人力资本投入在粮食安全提高的影响下是否能有效缩小城乡收入差距。研究表明:①农村人力资本投入对缩小城乡收入差距起到了显著作用,其中中部地区的作用最大,而东、西部地区相较于中部地区的效果较弱。②在农村人力资本与城乡收入差距产生的效应中,粮食生产起到了积极的中介作用,这一点在中部地区最为明显。据此,提出相应的政策建议,以期为推动农业发展水平进步、农村地区振兴、农民收入切实提高提供参考,最终促进中国经济的快速、均衡和可持续发展。

数字金融对城乡居民收支差距的影响与机制研究

数字金融为缩小城乡居民收支差距提供了新路径。本文基于2011—2020年我国省级面板数据,实证分析了数字金融对城乡收支差距的影响;通过构建中介效应模型,实证分析了影响机制。研究发现:数字金融能够显著缩小城乡收支差距;数字金融每提高1个单位,城乡收入之比和城乡消费支出之比分别缩小0.0012和0.0015;数字金融通过提高农村居民财产性收入、扩大农村居民发展型消费和享受型消费,进而缩小城乡收支差距。基于研究结论,本文提出应在农村地区进一步推广发展数字金融,引导鼓励农民使用数字金融,同时在发展过程中注意城乡协调,多措并举拓宽农民增收渠道,丰富农村消费市场。

农村人口老龄化对城乡消费差距的影响——以长江经济带为例

基于2012—2021年长江经济带省级面板数据,构建OLS模型分析该经济带农村人口老龄化对城乡消费差距的影响。结果表明,长江经济带农村人口老龄化对该经济带城乡消费差距有显著的缩小效应,对城镇居民和农村居民的人均消费支出则有显著的扩大效应,且对城镇居民人均消费支出的扩大效应小于对农村居民人均消费支出的扩大效应。区域回归结果表明,农村人口老龄化对长江经济带各区域城乡消费差距均有显著的缩小效应,且对中游城乡消费差距的缩小效应更强,对上游的缩小效应次之,下游最小。

政府社会保障和就业支出对城乡收入差距的影响:机制与证据

城乡二元结构是制约城乡一体化发展的一大障碍,而政府社会保障和就业支出是促进城乡融合发展、畅通城乡要素流动和缩小城乡差距的重要政策工具。文章基于2003—2018年中国地级市面板数据,系统分析社会保障和就业支出对城乡居民收入分配的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明:社会保障和就业支出的增加有利于促进城乡劳动力流动,提高城镇化水平,进而缩小城乡居民收入差距。今后应进一步优化社会保障和就业支出结构以及相关政策,增强城乡居民参保意识,健全农业转移人口市民化长效机制,提升社会保障和就业支出的有效性、及时性,更好地推动城乡融合发展。

城市舒适性对城乡居民消费差距的影响效应研究

利用2003—2019年的城市数据,通过构建城乡两部门模型和城市舒适性评价指标体系,从理论和实证角度研究城市舒适性对城乡消费差距的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,城市舒适性的提升对城乡消费差距有着显著的缩小作用,且这一结果在调整指标赋权方法、城市消费差距计算方法以及控制内生性问题后依然稳健。在作用机制方面,城市舒适性主要通过提升农村居民消费水平来实现城乡消费差距的缩小,且城市舒适性对房价、居民收入水平和集聚均有着显著的正向影响。在不同类型的城市舒适性对城乡消费差距的影响方面,出行舒适性可能是缩小城乡消费差距的最主要推动力,且出行舒适性同样通过提升农村居民消费水平来缩小城乡消费差距。上述结论为地方政府在进行公共支出中重视对城市舒适性的提升,进而推动居民生活质量的提升和城乡融合发展提供了政策启示。