A simplified model of direct-contact heat transfer in desalination system utilizing LNG cold energy

With the increasingly extensive utilization of liquefied natural gas （LNG） in China today, sustainable and effective using of LNG cold energy is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, the utilization of LNG cold energy in seawater desalination system is proposed and analyzed. In this system, the cold energy of the LNG is first transferred to a kind of refrigerant, i.e., butane, which is immiscible with water. The cold refrigerant is then directly injected into the seawater. As a result, the refrigerant droplet is continuously heated and vaporized, and in consequence some of the seawater is simultaneously frozen. The formed ice crystal contains much less salt than that in the original seawater. A simplified model of the direct-contact heat transfer in this desalination system is proposed and theoretical analyses are conducted, taking into account both energy balance and population balance. The number density distribution of two-phase bubbles, the heat transfer between the two immiscible fluids, and the temperature variation are then deduced. The influences of initial size of dispersed phase droplets, the initial temperature of continuous phase, and the volumetric heat transfer coefficient are also clarified. The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the available experimental data of the R114/water system.

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer and Deformation of Initial Shell in Soft Contact Continuous Casting Mold Under High Frequency Electromagnetic Field

Heat transfer and deformation of initial solidification shell in soft contact continuous casting mold under high frequency electromagnetic field were analyzed using numerical simulation method; the relative electromagnetic parameters were obtained from the previous studies. Owing to the induction heating of a high frequency electromagnetic field （20 kHz）, the thickness of initial solidification shell decreases, and the temperature of strand surface and slit copper mold increases when compared with the case without the electromagnetic filed. The viscosity of flux de- creases because of the induction heating of the high frequency electromagnetic field, and the dimension of the flux channel increases with electromagnetic pressure; thus, the deformation behavior of initial solidification shell was different before and after the action of high frequency electromagnetic field. Furthermore, the abatement mechanism of oscillation marks under high frequency electromagnetic field was explained.

A Cell Model to Describe and Optimize Heat and Mass Transfer in Contact Heat Exchangers

A cell model to describe and optimize heat and mass transfer in contact heat exchangers for utilization of exhaust gases heat is proposed. The model is based on the theory of Markov chains and allows calculating heat and mass transfer at local moving force of the processes in each cell. The total process is presented as two parallel chains of cells (one for water flow and one for gas flow). The corresponding cells of the chains can exchange heat and mass, and water and gas can travel along their chains according to their transition ma-trices. The results of numerical experiments showed that the most part of heat transfer occurs due to moisture condensation from gas and the most intense heat transfer goes near the inlet of gas. Experimental validation of the model showed a good correlation between calculated and experimental data for an industrial contact heat exchanger if appropriate empirical equations were used to calculate heat and mass transfer coefficient. It was also shown that there exists the optimum height of heat exchanger that gave the maximum gain in heat energy utilization.

Transient Heat Transfer Study of Direct Contact Condensation of Steam in Spray Cooling Water

We conducted a transient experimental investigation of steam–water direct contact condensation in the absence of noncondensible gas in a laboratory-scale column with the inner diameter of 325 mm and the height of 1045 mm. We applied a new analysis method for the steam state equation to analyze the molar quantity change in steam over the course of the experiment and determined the transient steam variation. We also investigated the influence of flow rates and temperatures ofcooling water on the efficiency ofsteam condensation. Our experimental results show that appropriate increasing of the cooling water flow rate can significantly accelerate the steam condensation. We achieved a rapid increase in the total volumetric heat transfer coefficient by increasing the flow rate of cooling water, which indicated a higher thermal convection between the steam and the cooling water with higher flow rates. We found that the temperature ofcooling water did not play an important role on steam condensation. This method was confirmed to be effective for rapid recovering ofsteam.

Heat transfer of liquid metal alloy on copper plate deposited with film of different surface free energy

Liquid metal alloys(LMAs) are the potential candidates of thermal interface materials(TIMs) for electronics cooling.In the present work, buffer layers of Ag, Ti, Cu, Ni, Mo, and W were deposited on polished Cu plates by DC magnetron sputtering, the contact angles of de-ionized water and diiodomethane on the buffer layers were measured by an easy drop shape analyzer and the surface free energies(SFEs) of the buffer layers were calculated by the Owens–Wendt–Kaelble equation. Samples were prepared by sandwiching the filmed Cu plates and LMAs. The thermal properties of the samples were measured by laser flash analysis method. The SFE of the buffer layer has a strong influence on the interface heat transfer, whereas the measurement temperature has no obvious effect on the thermal properties of the samples. As the SFE of the buffer layer increases, the wettability, thermal diffusivity, and thermal conductivity are enhanced, and the thermal contact resistance is decreased.

Developments in the understanding of gas–solid contact efficiency in the circulating fluidized bed riser reactor:A review

In the last several decades, circulating fluidized bed reactors have been studied in many aspects including hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer and gas–solid two phase contacting. However, despite the abundance of review papers on hydrodynamics, there is no summary paper on gas–solid contact efficiency to date, especially on high density circulating fluidized beds(CFBs). This paper gives an introduction to, and a review of the measurement of contact efficiency in circulating fluidized bed riser. Firstly, the popular testing method of contact efficiency including the method of heating transfer experiment and hot model reaction are discussed, then previous published papers are reviewed based on the discussed methods. Some key results of the experimental work are described and discussed. Gas–solid contact efficiency is affected by the operating conditions as well as the particle size distribution. The result of the contact efficiency shows that the CFB riser is far away from an ideal plug flow reactor due to the characteristics of hydrodynamics in the riser. Lacunae in the available literature have been delineated and recommendations have been made for further work.

A NOTE FOR ANALYSIS OF THERMOMECHANICAL CONTACT PROBLEMS

A discussion about the bifurcation and non-uniqueness of solutions in theanalysis of thermo-mechanical contact problems with initial gap is given. Without loss ofgenerality, a mechanical contact problem coupled with steady heat transfer is studied and an exampleof non-uniqueness of solutions caused by the thermo-mechanical mechanism is presented. Theimportant work is that the non-uniqueness of solutions, which is different from that found in theanalysis of the traditional frictional contact problems, is studied in detail. The possibleoscillation and non-convergence problems in the iteration process of the numerical computation arediscussed, and an enhanced algorithm is put forward to overcome the difficulties.

Effect of contact thermal resistance on temperature distributions of concrete-filled steel tubes in fire

To predicate the temperature distribution of concrete-filled steel tubes(CFSTs) being exposure to fire,a finite element analysis model was developed using a finite element package,ANSYS.A suggested value of contact thermal resistance was therefore proposed with the supporting of massive numbers of collected test data.Parametric analysis was conducted subsequently towards the cross-sectional temperature distribution of CFST columns in four-side fire,in which the exposure time,width of the cross section,steel ratio were taken into account with considering contact thermal resistance.It was found that contact thermal resistance has little effect on the overall temperature regulation with the exposure time,the width of cross-section or the change of steel ratio.However,great temperature dropping at the concrete adjacent to the contact interface,and gentle temperature increase at steel tube,exist if considering contact thermal resistance.The results of the study are expected to provide theoretical basis for the fire resistance behavior and design of the CFST columns being exposure to fire.

航天器用界面导热填料应用状态接触传热系数分析

为解决航天器用RKTL-DRZ-2型导热脂及RKTL-DRNJ-1型导热凝胶2种新开发导热填料无实际应用状态下接触传热系数数据的问题,采用试验方法对其接触传热系数进行研究,得到在航天器上设备典型尺寸及不同固定螺钉分布情况下的接触传热系数。试验结果表明:在相同安装状态下,与目前常用的RKTL-DRZ-1型导热脂相比,RKTL-DRZ-2型导热脂对界面接触传热性能改善效果较好,RKTL-DRNJ-1型导热凝胶较差。此外,获取了保证导热填料填充效果的实施经验,并给出了导热填料的选用建议。试验分析结论可应用于选用导热填料时的航天器热设计及热控实施。

A new thermomechanical coupled FDEM model for geomaterials considering continuum-discontinuum transitions

A new thermomechanical(TM)coupled finite-discrete element method(FDEM)model,incorporating heat conduction,thermal cracking,and contact heat transfer,has been proposed for both continuous and discontinuous geomaterials.This model incorporates a heat conduction model that can accurately calculate the thermal field in continuousediscontinuous transition processes within a finite element framework.A modified contact heat transfer model is also included,which accounts for the entire contact area of discrete bodies.To align with the finite strain theory utilized in the FDEM mechanics module,the TM coupling module in the model is based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient.The proposed model has been applied to various scenarios,including heat conduction in both continuous and discontinuous media during transient states,thermal-induced strain and stress,and thermal cracking conditions.The thermal field calculation model and the TM coupling model have been validated by comparing the numerical results with experiment findings and analytical solutions.These numerical cases demonstrate the reliability of the proposed model convincingly,making it suitable for use across a wide range of continuous and discontinuous media.

纳米流体材料在喷雾冷却中的研究进展

从喷雾冷却技术机理出发,引入纳米流体以解决传热极限问题。论述纳米流体制备的相关研究,针对性地分析纳米流体喷雾冷却技术的科学性及可行性,提出了针对技术机理的优化方案并罗列了目前最新应用案例。揭示此项技术在传热领域的前瞻性,为纳米流体喷雾冷却技术的发展提供了研究思路。

蒸汽-水膜直接接触冷凝数值模拟研究

蒸汽-水膜直接接触冷凝界面能质传递机理是混合式冷凝器优化设计的基础,以蒸汽-水膜直接接触冷凝为研究对象,基于流体体积(VOF)方法构建了界面相变冷凝能质传递模型,分析了蒸汽质量流量(0.002~0.010 kg/s)、冷却水质量流量(0.30~0.83 kg/s)及流动方向对蒸汽-水膜直接接触冷凝换热的影响。结果表明:冷凝传热系数随蒸汽和冷却水质量流量的增大而增大,相较而言蒸汽质量流量对冷凝换热影响较弱;相比于顺流流动,蒸汽-水膜错流流动时换热效果较好,逆流流动由于相间作用力增加,水膜形状不规则,增大了水膜破碎风险。

混合板换热器板片结构对流道内触点分布及流动换热性能的影响

混合板式换热器作为余热利用系统中高效节能设备,其换热性能对系统效率及稳定性有重要影响。该研究基于RNG k-?湍流模型,对M型和H型板式换热器流道内流动及传热过程展开数值模拟,研究板片结构对板间触点分布的影响,及雷诺数Re和板片组合对横向流道内流动及换热特性的影响规律。结果表明:M型板间触点呈“方格”,H型呈“菱形”,且H型流流体速度较大、温度场分布较均匀。随Re数增大,压降△P及平均努塞尔数■均增大;Re数较低时,H型的■明显提高,且△P增幅较小;而高Re数(Re=6000)时,与M型相比,H型■的增幅仅为△P的25%左右。随波纹间距s减小,触点数明显增多,△P和■均增大;s为12~16 mm较合适。研究结果为混合板式换热器的设计及优化提供理论依据。

蒸汽直接接触冷凝换热特性实验分析

[目的]为支撑小型模块式反应堆安全壳抑压装置设计与优化,开展蒸汽直接接触冷凝换热特性分析。[方法]利用抑压模拟实验装置对蒸汽直接接触冷凝换热现象进行热工及可视化实验,分析不凝性气体份额、蒸汽质量流速、冷却水过冷度对冷凝换热特性的影响。[结果]结果表明,增加不凝性气体份额会减弱蒸汽冷凝换热;蒸汽质量流速、冷却水过冷度会从多方面影响蒸汽冷凝换热。[结论]所提出的蒸汽直接接触冷凝换热模型预测值与实验值的偏差在±20%以内,能够较为准确地描述蒸汽直接接触冷凝换热的物理过程。

制冷装置柔性接触式密封机构性能提升的关键技术研究进展

柔性接触式密封机构在制冷装置中起到重要的隔热隔湿作用。针对装配状态下刚-柔多体接触对其性能提升带来的技术挑战,从柔性接触式密封机构技术特点和总体发展出发,综述了影响其性能提升的测量、建模等关键性问题的研究现状,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。结果表明:基于反向热平衡的热传递测量技术精度不足,引入滤波算法可降低热流信号噪声波动;现有示踪气体技术未考虑湿空气在刚柔接触界面中的流动扩散,应运用界面微观检测及接触动力学理论来明确流动型式,构建匹配的示踪源和检测回路;对柔性接触式密封机构热流固耦合建模研究尚处于空白,仅建立了传热数值模型与流动平均解析方程,可采用数值计算温度、变形场与解析计算渗流参数的迭代算法来建立耦合模型。未来,除开展测量与建模的基础研究外,还需突破“尺寸效应”技术瓶颈,实现密封组件间的良好配合,应用超低导热材料和电磁感应技术,以提升密封机构的隔热隔湿作用。

铝合金在接触固溶处理工艺中的界面传热系数

采用有限元模拟和反演优化(IO)方法测定7075铝合金在不同压力、表面粗糙度和温度下接触固溶处理过程中的界面传热系数(IHTC)值,并分析这些因素对IHTC的影响。结果表明:随着压力的增加,IHTC值先增加,然后保持稳定;IHTC值随表面粗糙度的增大而减小;随着板温的升高,瞬时IHTC值先增大后减小。基于压力、表面粗糙度和温度的综合影响规律,建立多因素影响的IHTC理论模型。使用此模型能较好地预测不同条件下合金的瞬时IHTC值。

SV型直接接触换热器换热过程的数值模拟

为研究SV静态混合器对液-液直接接触沸腾换热过程混合及传热的影响规律,分析了相同高度下SV静态混合器长径比对直接接触沸腾换热过程的影响。搭建了直接接触换热实验平台,验证了数值模拟结果的可行性与准确性。结果表明,实验结果与模拟结果误差在3%以内;与长径比为0.5和2.0的2种混合器相比,长径比为1.0的SV静态混合器压力降最高降低了18 Pa,湍流动能大于0.002 m2/s2,容积换热系数最高提高了9.7%;压力降和容积换热系数随着长径比的减小而增大,存在最佳长径比1.0使湍流动能达到最大值。综上所述,适当减小SV混合元件长径比有利于增强换热,对直接接触换热器结构参数设计具有指导意义。

欧拉-拉格朗日迭代固-液相变算法

在固-液相变过程中,外力可导致固体相变材料在液体相变材料中产生相对运动并严重影响相变流动传热。提出一种欧拉-拉格朗日迭代固-液相变算法,创新地将预测固体相对运动的拉格朗日迭代外置耦合于预测相变流动传热的欧拉迭代,能够稳定准确地耦合计算固-液相变的流动传热和固体相变材料的相对运动。采用本算法研究了方腔内的接触熔化过程,探讨不同糊状区系数和重力加速度对本算法的影响规律。结果表明,本算法预测液相体积分数的平均误差为4.93%,固体相对运动预测数值振荡降低51.42%。对于石蜡材料,推荐使用的糊状区系数为1010。增大重力加速度会提高熔化速率并加快相对运动,但对整体趋势影响较小。研究结果可作为相变储能装置的设计参考。

水基氧化铝纳米流体液滴蒸发过程特性仿真研究

纳米流体作为一种新型高效的能量输运工质,可以显著提高空调换热器的传热性能。对纳米流体液滴蒸发特性的研究可为其在蒸发器中的强化传热应用提供理论支撑。仿真研究纳米流体液滴的蒸发可以节约实验资源,快速分析各因素对液滴蒸发的影响规律。综合考虑液滴蒸发过程中的恒接触半径(CCR)和恒接触角(CCA)2种蒸发模式,建立了基于动态接触角的纳米流体液滴蒸发模型。仿真研究了水基氧化铝纳米流体液滴蒸发过程中纳米颗粒初始质量分数、基板类型和基板温度对液滴蒸发特性的影响。研究表明,纳米颗粒初始质量分数越大,沉积在三相线处的纳米颗粒越多,接触半径的变化范围越小,液滴的导热性能越强,蒸发速率越快。PDMS基板上纳米流体液滴的蒸发过程包括CCR和CCA 2种模式,而Al基板上仅存在CCR模式;Al基板上纳米流体液滴的平均蒸发速率是PDMS基板上的2.3倍。相比纳米颗粒初始质量分数,基板温度对蒸发速率的影响更为显著,基板温度从室温每升高5℃,PDMS基板和Al基板液滴平均蒸发速率分别升高33%和43%。

固体界面间接触导热的机理和应用研究

固体界面间的接触导热在许多高技术应用场合具有重要的应用背景。从接触热阻的形成机理出发 ,概述了接触导热机理研究的发展过程 ,论述了应用研究的内容和现状 ,提出了几种增加和减小接触热阻的方法 ,并指出了进一步研究的方向。