Functional Language Analysis:A Linguistically-informed Approach to Content Area Reading Instruction

As the educational knowledge that students have to learn becomes more specialized and complex in colleges and universities,the language that constructs such knowledge also becomes more technical,dense,abstract and complex.In order to effectively engage with the texts of disciplinary learning,college students must develop new reading skills and strategies that go beyond those they have learned in the elementary and secondary schools.This article describes an approach to content area reading instruction,Functional Language Analysis,that enables teachers to help their students comprehend and critique the advanced texts of tertiary schooling.

40 Years of Applied Linguistics: Investigating Content Areas, Research Methods, and Statistical Techniques

This review study was designed to map out the research trends through an intensive text analysis of 1,366 research articles （RAs） of applied linguistics during the past 40 years （from 1976 to 2015）. RAs were coded and analyzed by four analysts to identify their content of research, research methods, and statistical procedures. It was found that there has been an increase in the number and the average length of articles. The average length has been on the rise from 8.09 pages in 1976-1985 to 14.38 during 2006-2015. The extensive review of the RAs also revealed a broad range of themes that belonged to 34 research domains. SLA, Technology 8： Language Learning, Language Teaching Methodology, Language Testing, and Psycholinguistics were the most widely researched areas. The qualitative method with 33.97% was the dominant research method in the journals. Regarding the statistical techniques, it was illustrated that descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, ANOVA, and t-test were the most commonly used procedures in the applied linguistic RAs.

Investigating spatial and temporal variations of soil moisture content in an arid mining area using an improved thermal inertia model

Mining operations can usually lead to environmental deteriorations. Underground mining activities could cause an extensive decrease in groundwater level and thus a dramatic variation in soil moisture content（SMC）. In this study, the spatial and temporal variations of SMC from 2001 to 2015 at two spatial scales（i.e., the Shendong coal mining area and the Daliuta Coal Mine） were analyzed using an improved thermal inertia model with a long-term series of Landsat TM/OLI（TM=Thematic Mapper and OLI=Operational Land Imager） data. Our results show that at large spatial scale（the Shendong coal mining area）, underground mining activities had insignificant negative impacts on SMC and that at small spatial scale（the Daliuta Coal Mine）, underground mining activities had significant negative impacts on SMC. Trend analysis of SMC demonstrated that areas with decreasing trend of SMC were mainly distributed in the mined area, indicating that underground mining is a primary cause for the drying trend in the mining region in this arid environment.

Varietal Difference in Leaf Nitrogen Content and Leaf Area and Their Effects to Ripening Rate During Mature Period of japonica Rice

Employing the pot experiment of the complete random block design with 6 replications,four varieties of japonica rice (Fujisaka 5,Honenwase,Akitakomachi and Taichung 65) were used to study the varietal differences in leaf nitrogen content(LNC) and leaf area during mature period,their relation and effects to the ripening rate.The results showed that(1) thee were varietal differences in LNC at the heading stage and the LNC decrease rate during the matue period,the high LNC at the heading stage was related to the rapid LNC decrease.(2) There were two phases of the leaf area changing process during the mature period,first was the stable,and second was the decreased phase.There was varietal difference in the critical time of phase 1 and phase 2.The hign leaf area in the phase 1 was in relation to the rapid leaf area decrease in the phase 2.It was not found that there was relation between the leaf quality and quantity.(3)It wa unfavorable to the ripening rate for the high leaf area at the heading stage and the rapid decrease of the leaf area during the mature period.(4)It was put forward that the super high yield rice variety should possess the not very high leaf area and high LNC at the heading stage,slow senescence in the leaf area during the mature period.

Technical Study on Extraction of Procyanidins in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Using Sub-critical Fluid 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane( R134a)and Content Determination from Different Producing Areas

[Objectives] To study the optimal conditions for extracting procyanidins fromLycium ruthenicum Murr. with sub-critical fluid R134 a( 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in 1 L extraction kettle. [Methods]Taking the extraction rate of procyanidins as an indicator,the influence of pressure,temperature,and extraction time on extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. Ruthenicum Murr. was studied by single factor experimental methods and orthogonal array design. [Results]The order of factors affecting extraction rate of procyanidins was extraction temperature > extraction pressure > extraction time. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. ruthenicum Murr. was the highest with extraction pressure of 1. 2 MPa,extraction temperature of 50℃ and extraction time of 90 min. The content of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr. from different producing areas was determined by vanillin-HCl method under the optimal conditions. [Conclusions] The method has the advantages of easy operation,good selectivity,low extraction temperature and high extraction efficiency,which is suitable for extraction of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr.

Content Determination of Total Flavonoids in Tetracera asiatica from 10 Different Production Areas in Guangxi

[Objectives] To determine the content of total flavonoids in Tetracera asiatica from different production areas in Guangxi and provide a basis for improving the quality standards of crude drug. [Methods] Using 50% ethanol as extractor,NaNO_2-Al(NO_3)_3-NaOH as chromogenic system and rutin as the reference substance,the content of total flavonoids from the crude drug was determined. [Results] A method for determining the content of total flavonoids was established,the content of total flavonoids was 11.35-21.35 mg·g^(-1),and the average content was 17.64 mg·g^(-1). [Conclusions] The method had high repeatability and stability,and the method was simple,rapid and sensitive and suitable for quantitative analysis.

Settlement Area of Cr Content Decided by Source and Topographic Features

Based on the investigation data of Jiaozhou Bay waters in 1981,change range,horizontal distribution and vertical change of Cr content in surface and bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay were studied. The results showed that at change scale,Cr contents from surface and bottom layers had same change range in Jiaozhou Bay waters of August; at space scale,Cr contents from surface and bottom layers had converse change trend;at vertical scale,Cr contents from surface and bottom layers had similar change. At regional scale,Cr content from surface layer was more than that from bottom layer in Jiaozhou Bay waters except stations A3 and A6; at stations A6 and A3,Cr content from surface layer was less than that from bottom layer. It illustrated that high settlement area of bottom Cr content was in estuary of Haibo River and sunken waters of bay mouth.Therefore,the source and special topographic features decided high settlement area of Cr content in Jiaozhou Bay waters.

光学遥感在区域灌溉监测中应用的研究进展

农业干旱、灌溉用水效率低等问题严重制约着中国农业生产的发展.及时准确地获取田间水分信息是建立区域灌溉管理系统的前提和基础,传统的水分信息监测方法应用范围小、效率低,无法满足现代农业的需求,而遥感技术提供了一个相对高效精准的技术方法.分别介绍了作物需水量的计算方法和灌溉面积监测技术,其中作物需水量的计算介绍了土壤水分系数估算法和植被指数反演法,这2种方法都利用作物系数法对作物需水量进行计算,主要区别在于计算参数的获取方式;灌溉面积监测总结了基于光谱特征空间反演、冠层温度反演、蒸散发模型反演和植被指数反演4种方法,通过蒸散发模型和植被干旱指数反演灌溉面积是目前应用较为广泛的方法.在此基础上,构建基于田间水分信息的区域灌溉管理体系,以达到精准灌溉、科学决策的目的.

北京山区黄栌叶片水分和光能利用效率季节变化及影响因子

未来气候变化将影响光合环境资源供给,尤其是水分和光能。为深入了解植物对气候变化的适应性,使用LI-6800便携式光合仪,于2021年5-10月份(完全展叶期)测定了北京山区广布灌木黄栌(Cotinus coggygria)叶片的光响应曲线,分析其水分利用效率(WUE=最大净光合速率[P_(nmax)]/气孔导度[g_(s)])和光能利用效率(LUE)的季节变化特征及影响因子。结果显示:黄栌叶片WUE在5-6月份呈下降趋势,7-10月份比较稳定;LUE在5-7月份呈上升趋势,8-10月份比较稳定。WUE和LUE的生长季平均值分别为98.25μmol/mol和0.06 mol/mol,变异系数分别为22%和17%,两者呈负相关(R^(2)=0.86;P<0.01)。环境因子中,WUE和LUE主要受土壤含水量(SWC)影响,WUE随SWC增加呈线性降低趋势,而LUE随SWC增加呈线性增加趋势。SWC每增加0.1 m^(3)/m^(3),P_(nmax)和g_(s)分别线性增加4.23μmol m^(-2)s^(-1)和0.07 mol m^(-2)s^(-1),即g_(s)对SWC变化的敏感性比P_(nmax)高。光合有效辐射(PAR)对WUE和LUE的影响不显著。生物因子中,比叶面积(SLA)是影响WUE和LUE的主要因子,WUE随SLA上升而上升,LUE随SLA上升而下降。叶氮含量(LNC)与WUE和LUE均不显著相关。SWC和SLA双因子线性回归模型均可以较好模拟WUE和LUE的季节变化,解释度分别为91%和71%,且其中SWC的标准回归系数较大,说明SWC是影响WUE和LUE变异的主导因子。结果表明SWC是限制黄栌叶片WUE和LUE的主要环境因子,SLA是调控WUE和LUE的关键生物因子,其中SWC起主要调控作用。研究结果利于深入了解北京山区灌木生态功能对未来气候变化的响应。

基于QCT探究腰椎骨密度、肝脏脂肪含量及血尿酸水平的相关性

目的基于QCT(quantitative computed tomography)对腰椎骨密度(bonemineral density,BMD)、腹内脂肪面积(visceral fat area,VFA)、肝脏脂肪含量以及血尿酸(serum uric acid,SUA)的相关性进行研究分析。方法选取本院2022年6月至2022年12月行中上腹部扫描的住院中老年患者233例,年龄41-80岁,其中男性119人,女性114人;对以上纳入研究人群的年龄、体重、身高、SUA等项目数据进行收集及整理,并计算出对应的体质指数(BMI);采用GE 256排Revolution CT扫描仪,并应用QCT测量软件测量腰椎骨密度、肝脏脂肪含量、VFA。结果腰椎BMD与SUA呈正相关,与肝脏脂肪含量、年龄、VFA呈负相关,P<0.05,均具有统计学意义;肝脏脂肪含量与年龄、BMI、VFA、SUA呈正相关,P<0.05,其统计学差异均具有意义;SUA与VFA、BMI呈正相关,P<0.05,均具有统计学意义。结论肝脏脂肪含量及年龄是影响腰椎BMD的危险性因素,SUA可能是影响骨代谢的保护性因素。随着SUA水平的升高,肝脏脂肪含量也随之增加,可能SUA是非酒精性脂肪性肝病(nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)发生的独立危险因素。

基于高光谱的景电灌区盐渍化土壤水、盐估算研究

高光谱定量遥感技术是大尺度盐渍化调查的理想手段之一,但现有研究大多为含盐量单因子的分析,野外水盐同时存在的状态下光谱响应特征尚未明确。本文以甘肃景电灌区盐渍化土壤为研究对象,以土壤含水率、电导率和野外实测光谱数据为信息源进行盐渍土壤的水分、盐分光谱响应特征提取。利用相关系数法筛选敏感波段,并通过多元线性回归法建立估算模型。结果表明:(1)水盐同时存在状态下,12种光谱变换与含水率的相关系数大多高于电导率,水分对盐渍土光谱的影响作用更强烈;(2)导数光谱可以增强光谱曲线的细微变化,本次研究中R′、SR′、logR′和CR′与土壤含水率、电导率均具有较高的相关性;(3)基于特征波段建立的回归模型中,通过反射率一阶导数R′建立的线性回归模型的稳定性和预测精度较好,光谱反射率对于盐渍土含水率、电导率均有一定的指示作用,可以用于土壤盐渍化程度的估测。

基于超分辨率重建与机器学习的油菜苗情监测方法

为优化养分管理和确保植株正常生长,以无人机遥感技术高效且非破坏采集田间作物苗情信息,监测油菜苗期的叶面积指数(LAI)与叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)。针对无人机因飞行高度与图像分辨率相互制约,监测效率与监测精度难以兼顾的问题,采用超分辨率重建方法,融合较低飞行高度拍摄高分辨率影像,重建较高飞行高度拍摄影像,建模完成后可通过拍摄飞行影像监测LAI和SPAD。试验设置3个氮肥梯度、3个播期、3个种植密度处理,在苗期利用无人机分别采集20m及40m 2个飞行高度的油菜苗影像,采用SRRestnet方法,对40m影像进行超分辨率重建。基于20m、40m及40m重建影像中提取的3种特征组合,利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、随机森林(RF)、支持向量回归(SVR)3种机器学习方法对LAI和SPAD进行监测。结果表明,超分辨率重建后的图像在表型苗情监测中表现出良好效果,PLSR监测LAI、RF监测SPAD的监测精度最高,且40m重建图像的作业效率相比于20m图像提高48.6%。

我国体教融合进程中的政策工具选择与优化研究

基于“政策主体—政策工具—政策领域”三维分析框架,采用内容分析法对我国第1个国家体教融合政策文本进行研究,以期为未来体教融合相关政策优化提供参考。我国体教融合政策工具选择的特征与问题:能力建设、系统变革等工具频繁使用,政策资源的部际流动不均衡;象征与劝诫工具指向缺乏全面性,对大众价值观念的引导亟需加强;政府、学校层面的政策工具丰富,社会政策重视社会组织与市场力量的协同;家庭政策工具较为匮乏,“政家校社联动”治理效能未能充分激活;部门协同治理机制覆盖面有限,课余训练与竞赛、场地设施等方面的政策工具不足;体育师资培养与保障政策的工具力度不强,较少关涉教师编制、职称评定等关键领域。据此提出我国体教融合政策工具的优化策略:注重政策资源部际流动的双向性与平衡性,增强象征与劝诫工具指向的全面性;提高家庭政策工具的使用频次,完善政府主导下的“家校社协同”治理机制;加强对特定政策领域使用工具的效力,提升政策工具与政策领域间的适配性。

高原牧区不同害鼠胃肠内容物对D型肉毒神经毒素的破坏强度分析

为探明高原牧区不同害鼠胃肠内容物对D型肉毒毒素的破坏强度与害鼠对毒素的敏感性之间的关系,采用霍恩氏法测定了D型肉毒毒素对高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)、高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)及青海松田鼠(Neodon fuscus)的灌胃半数致死剂量(LD50),并测定3种害鼠胃肠内容物及其上清液与D型肉毒毒素作用后的毒素残留量。结果表明:D型肉毒毒素对高原鼠兔、高原鼢鼠及青海松田鼠的LD50分别为5110、5840、50100 MLD/kg。害鼠胃肠内容物对毒素的破坏强度由高到低依次是青海松田鼠、高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔。3种害鼠胃肠内容物对D型肉毒毒素的破坏作用存在差异,且LD50与毒素残留量之间呈正相关性。胃肠道环境差异是导致不同害鼠对D型肉毒毒素产生敏感性差异的原因之一,研究结果对今后选育高效、特异性D型肉毒毒素生物灭鼠剂具有指导意义。

6个橡胶树新品种在德宏州的区域性试验研究

为筛选出适宜德宏植胶区的橡胶树新品种,引进了热研879、热垦628、热研73397、IAN873、热垦525、湛试32713这6个橡胶树新品种,在瑞丽市进行生产性试种,并对引进品种的茎围、产量、干胶含量、死皮率、抗寒性等指标进行了评价。结果表明:(1)开割前热垦628、热研73397、IAN873的茎围增粗表现较好,第8年达开割标准;开割后湛试32713,热垦628、热研73397和热垦525的茎围平均净增粗较高、速生特性好。(2)平均株次干胶产量表现为热研879极显著高于对照,热垦628显著高于对照;单位面积干胶产量以热垦628与热研879较高,均与对照之间差异极显著;热垦628的平均干胶含量较低,显著低于对照,其他品种与对照之间差异不显著。(3)死皮率表现为热垦628>湛试32713>IAN873>热研879>热研525>云研77-4(CK)>热研73397,4、5级死皮率表现为热垦525>热垦628>热研73397>IAN873>热研879>湛试32713>云研77-4(CK)。(4)热垦628和湛试32713的抗寒性表现较好,IAN873、热研879和热垦525的抗寒性表现较差。鉴于6个橡胶品种在德宏州种植的综合表现,立地环境较好林段可优先选择种植高产品种热研879,以往有轻微寒害发生的林段可选择高产抗寒品种热垦628。

基于PROSAIL模型和Sentinel-2数据的陕北煤炭矿区植被叶绿素含量监测

为满足煤炭矿区植被叶绿素含量高精度动态监测需求,该文以陕北大柳塔矿区为研究区,首先分析PROSAIL模型对矿区典型植被欧李、野樱桃的适用性,然后根据PROSAIL辐射传输模型建立查找表,结合基于正则化的代价函数对欧李、野樱桃叶绿素含量进行反演,并利用SNAP软件反演结果与地面实测数据对PROSAIL模型反演结果进行验证,最后利用所构建模型反演得到2016—2019年大柳塔矿区植被叶绿素含量空间分布。结果表明:PROSAIL模型模拟光谱与地面实测光谱的绝对偏差平均值最大为0.016,该精度满足植被参数反演;PROSAIL模型反演得到的欧李、野樱桃叶绿素含量与地面实测数据的决定系数、均方根误差和相对均方根误差分别为0.679、1.926和4.625%,优于SNAP软件反演结果,反演得到的大柳塔矿区叶绿素含量时空变化与实际植被生态修复情况和土地利用覆盖类型一致。研究结果可为矿区植被叶绿素反演和生态修复效果评估提供技术参考。

采煤沉陷区地裂缝对土壤含水率的影响

为了探究地裂缝对深层土壤含水率的影响,以陕北某煤炭基地煤矿区为研究对象,利用统计分析方法分析动态地裂缝和边缘地裂缝对浅层(0.1~0.3 m)和深层(0.5~6.0 m)土壤含水率的影响,并基于克里金插值法解析土壤含水率的时空变化规律.研究结果表明:①竖直方向上,深度为0~2.0 m时,动态地裂缝区和边缘地裂缝区的土壤含水率均低于未扰动区的值;深度为2.0~6.0m时,各区土壤含水率差异不明显,表明地裂缝对土壤含水率的影响深度约为0~2.0 m,即地裂缝对浅层土壤含水率的影响较大,对更深层土壤含水率的影响相对较小.②水平方向上,动态地裂缝区土壤含水率整体低于闭合区,而1年边缘裂缝区土壤含水率整体高于2年边缘裂缝区,表明地裂缝会对土壤含水率的空间分布产生较大影响.综合来看,地表塌陷与地裂缝的出现改变了土壤的结构状态,加速了土壤水分的蒸发,降低了土壤持水性.

亚热带树种在未成林造林地的凋落物量和周转与叶片性状的关系

【目的】测定亚热带树种的叶片功能性状、凋落叶质量、凋落物量和周转期,揭示叶片性状对凋落物量和周转的影响,为杉木采伐后如何选择造林树种以改善土壤肥力提供科学依据。【方法】选取在二代杉木林采伐迹地营造的17种亚热带树种,测定其在3年生未成林造林地的凋落物量和周转期,同时测定各树种的叶片功能性状(比叶面积、干物质含量、氮含量等)和凋落叶质量(碳氮比、单宁含量、可溶性糖含量等),建立叶片性状与凋落物量和周转期的回归关系。【结果】17种树种中,米老排凋落物量最高(6.67 t·hm^(-2)a^(-1)),杉木凋落物量最低(0 t·hm^(-2)a^(-1));江南桤木凋落叶周转期最短(0.09年);深山含笑凋落叶周转期最长(1.09年)。凋落物量随比叶面积增加而增加,随叶氮含量增加而降低;凋落叶周转期随凋落叶碳氮比和单宁含量增加而增加,随凋落叶最大持水率增加而降低。【结论】在亚热带未成林造林地中,凋落物量受比叶面积和叶氮含量的影响,凋落叶周转期受凋落叶碳氮比、单宁含量和最大持水率的影响;杉木在未成林造林地阶段的凋落物归还量极少。经营亚热带人工林时,要考虑种植比叶面积和凋落叶最大持水能力较高、凋落叶单宁含量和碳氮比较低的树种,以提高林地凋落物归还量和周转速率,改善退化人工林的土壤肥力。

希拉穆仁荒漠草原围封区植物群落土壤有机碳研究

[目的]明晰各植物群落土壤有机碳含量,以期为草原保护提供理论依据。[方法]以希拉穆仁荒漠草原围封区6种植物群落(短花针茅、洽草、羊草、克氏针茅、银灰旋花、蒙古韭)为研究对象,对0—30 cm土层各植物群落土壤机械组成、土壤有机碳含量和根系特征进行研究。[结果](1) 6种植物群落0—30 cm土层土壤机械组成主要以粉粒和极细砂为主,其平均值分别介于26.50%~54.62%和16.90%~34.08%。(2) 6种植物群落根系生物量随土层深度逐渐减小,且根系生物量总量介于229.21~731.71 g/m^(2)。由根系分布特征判断,短花针茅群落各土层根系呈“E”型分布,其他植物群落均呈“V”型分布。(3)各植物群落土壤有机碳含量随土层深度逐渐降低。0—30 cm平均有机碳含量介于6.07~11.75 g/kg。(4)根系生物量、土壤有机碳含量与黏粒含量呈极显著正相关,与粉粒含量呈显著正相关,表明土壤粉粒、黏粒含量越多,植物群落根系生物量和土壤有机碳越丰富。[结论]围封可以有效促使土壤有机碳增加,但有机碳对不同植被群落的响应有所差异,草原有机碳储量准确度应根据草原植被群落特征而定。

晋西黄土区典型造林整地措施对土壤水分动态的影响

【目的】探究晋西黄土区典型造林树种和水平阶整地措施对0~180 cm土层土壤水分动态的影响,为植被恢复及流域综合治理提供参考依据。【方法】以晋西黄土残塬区蔡家川流域典型工程措施水平阶以及主要造林树种刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia和侧柏Platycladusorientalis为研究对象,于2019年5—9月生长季开展土壤水分定位监测,并采用配对试验,对自然坡面刺槐林地与侧柏林地土壤水分进行同步观测,分析不同植被和水平阶整地综合影响下的土壤水分特征及对降雨事件的响应,评价典型工程措施对不同植被土壤含水量的影响。【结果】生长季不同植被类型、水平阶整地前后的土壤含水量的变化与降雨量的变化密切相关,不同样地平均土壤含水量由高到低依次为水平阶侧柏林地(18.68%)、自然坡面侧柏林地(16.19%)、水平阶刺槐林地(16.10%)、自然坡面刺槐林地(15.42%)。较之自然坡面,水平阶整地措施能够分别提高侧柏林地和刺槐林地土壤含水量15.38%、4.41%。根据土壤水分垂直变化特征,水平阶整地可以提升土壤水分的活跃层、次活跃层深度:水平阶侧柏林地活跃层、次活跃层深度范围为0~80 cm,相对于自然坡面侧柏林地提升深度33%;水平阶刺槐林地活跃层、次活跃层深度范围为0~140 cm,相对于自然坡面刺槐林地提升深度40%。【结论】土壤含水量的动态变化与降雨量、工程措施、植被作用关系密切,水平阶是开展黄土残塬小流域生态恢复的有效工程措施,且水平阶侧柏林地提升效果要优于水平阶刺槐林地。图3表3参37.