Optimization of Extraction Process for Total Flavonoids from Penthorum chinense Pursh and Comparison of Their Contents from Different Parts

[Objectives]This study was conducted to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from Penthorum chinense Pursh and compare their contents from different parts.[Methods]Single factor and orthogonal experiments were designed to optimize the extraction process of total flavonoids from P.chinense Pursh with the volume fraction of ethanol,the ratio of material to liquid,heating reflux extraction time and extraction times as factors,and the content of total flavonoids as the index.A verification test was carried out.The optimized extraction process was adopted to compare the contents of total flavonoids from different parts of P.chinense Pursh.[Results]The best extraction process was extracting the powder of P.chinense Pursh for 2.0 h with 20 times of 55%ethanol by reflux twice.Under this condition,the contents of total flavonoids were 3.63%,8.90%,11.28%,and 4.36%from stems,leaves,flowers and whole grass of P.chinense Pursh,respectively.[Conclusions]The process is reasonable,feasible and stable,and can effectively extract total flavonoids from P.chinense Pursh.The contents of total flavonoids from different parts of P.chinense Pursh were quite different,and the value was higher in the leaves and flowers,so the proportions of leaves and flowers should be paid attention to in the industrial processing of P.chinense Pursh.

Evaluation of Total Polyphenol and Flavonoid Contents of Fresh and Dried Pepper (Piper nigrum) from the Ivory Coast

The growing interest in the potential biological activity of polyphenols and flavonoids has highlighted necessity to assess their content in fresh and dried pepper from Ivory Coast. The total polyphenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu test and the total flavonoid content was also measured spectrophotometrically using the aluminum chloride colorimetric test. The results obtained indicate the total polyphenol levels of fresh and dried peppers are higher in the samples collected in Danane (0.8 ± 0.05 mg GAE/100g) and in Azaguie (0.4 ± 0.08 mg GAE/100g). The lowest concentrations were obtained with fresh and dried pepper samples collected in N’douci (0.22 ± 0.02 mg GAE/100g) and in PK 103 (0.22 ± 0.02 mg GAE/100g). The highest content of total flavonoids was revealed in the locality of PK 103 (1.85 ± 0.62 mg EC/100g) followed by the locality of Maféré (1.37 ± 0.25 mg EC/100g) respectively for black pepper and green pepper. Then, the lowest flavonoid contents were obtained in the dried pepper of Lopou (0.57 ± 0.03 mg EC/100g) and the fresh pepper of PK 103 (0.47 ± 0.03 mg EC/100g). The results obtained highlight the importance of these black spices as promising sources of phenolic compounds and could be used in pharmaceutical treatments and in food.

Experimental and numerical investigation on failure characteristics and mechanism of coal with different water contents

Water injection, as a widely used technique to prevent coal burst, can restrain the fractured coal seam and released the energy storage. In this study, laboratory tests were frstly carried out on standard coal specimens with fve diferent water contents (i.e., 0%, 0.6%, 1.08%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.3%). The failure mode, fragment size, and energy distribution characteristics of coal specimens were investigated. Experimental results show that strength, elastic strain energy, dissipated energy, brittleness index, as well as impact energy index decrease with increasing water content. Besides, the failure mode transitions gradually from splitting ejection to tensile-shear mixed failure mode as water content increases, and average fragment size shows positively related to water content. Moreover, scanning electron microscope tests results indicate that water in coal sample mainly causes the mineral softening and defects increase. Furthermore, a numerical model containing roadway excavation was established considering the water on coal burst prevention. Modelling results revealed that water injection can reduce degree of coal burst and ejection velocity of coal blocks, while it will raise up the depth of crack zone and surface displacement of roadway. Combined with laboratory tests and numerical results, the micro mechanism, energy mechanism, and engineering signifcance of water injection on coal burst prevention were fnally analyzed.

Carbon,Nitrogen,and Sulfur Contents in Marine Phytoplankton Cells and Biomass Conversion

In this study,we isolated and cultured phytoplankton along the coast of China and measured the cellular carbon,nitrogen,and sulfur contents under four temperatures.The results showed that the contents of the cellular elements varied widely among different phytoplankton.We found that temperature is one of the important factors affecting the carbon,nitrogen,and sulfur contents in phytoplankton cells;however,the degree of influence of temperature is different for different kinds of phytoplankton.By measuring the nitrogen content in cells,we found that the C:N ratio indirectly measured in the experiment fluctuated in the range of 3.50-8.97,and the average C:N ratio was 5.52.In this experiment,we accurately measured the cell elemental contents at different temperatures and transformed the cell count results into carbon,nitrogen,and sulfur contents to express the biomass.This method ensures that the contribution of species that are small in number but with a large cell volume in biomass is considered.Moreover,this method comprehensively considers the interspecific differences of species and the uneven distribution of elements in phytoplankton cells,which is of significance in the estimation of marine carbon and nitrogen budget.The distribution of nitrogen content in marine phytoplankton can well indicate the marine eutrophication caused by human activities.Climate change can affect the community structure and element composition of marine phytoplankton,meanwhile marine carbon and nitrogen element can regulate the climate to a certain extent.

The lateral pressure coefficient at rest of expansive soils in landfill at various vertical stresses and moisture contents

When expansive soils in the original location are artificially transferred to landfill in different seasons,and subject to engineering activities afterwards,the corresponding deformation and stability of retaining structures become unpredictable.This necessitates the determination of lateral pressure coefficient at rest(k_(0) value)for expansive soils in landfill.Considering compaction,excavation of expansive soils,as well as construction of landfill in different seasons,series of stepwise loading and unloading consolidation tests at various moisture contents were carried out in this work to explore the evolution characteristics of k_(0) value and assess the dependence of k_(0) value on vertical stress and moisture content.Besides,scanning electron microscope(SEM)was used to track the change in microstructural features with vertical stresses.The results indicated that the k_(0) value of expansive soil shows a pronounced nonlinearity and is inextricably linked with vertical stress and moisture content,based on which a prediction formula to estimate the variation in k_(0) value with vertical stress during loading stage was proposed;there is a significant exponential increase in k_(0) value with overconsolidation ratio(OCR)during unloading stage,and OCR dominates the release of horizontal stress of expansive soil;SEM results revealed that with an increase in vertical stress,the anisotropy of expansive soil microstructure increases dramatically,causing a significant directional readjustment,which is macroscopically manifested as an initially rapid increase in k_(0) value;but when vertical stress increases to a critical value,the anisotropy of microstructure increases marginally,indicating a stable orientation occurring in the soil microstructure,which causes the k_(0) value to maintain a relatively stable value.

Thermal expansion behavior of sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets with different Co contents and orientations

The thermal expansion behavior of sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets is a crucial parameter for production and application.However, this aspect has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, three different sintered Nd–Fe–B magnets with varying Co content(Co = 0, 6, 12 wt%) were prepared using the conventional powder metallurgy method, and four magnets oriented under different magnetic fields were prepared to compare. The thermal expansion behavior for the magnets was investigated using a linear thermal dilatometry in the temperature range of 20℃–500℃. It was found that, the coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE) increases with the increase of Co contents, while the anisotropy of thermal expansion decreases.The introduction of Co leads to continuous changes from negative to positive thermal expansion in the vertically oriented direction, which is important for the development of zero thermal expansion magnets. The thermal expansion of nonoriented magnets was found to be isotropic. Additionally, the anisotropy of thermal expansion increases with the increase of orientation degree. These results have important implications for the development of sintered Nd–Fe–B with controllable CTE.

In-situ gas contents of a multi-section coal seam in Sydney basin for coal and gas outburst management

The gas content is crucial for evaluating coal and gas outburst potential in underground coal mining. This study focuses on investigating the in-situ coal seam gas content and gas sorption capacity in a representative coal seam with multiple sections (A1, A2, and A3) in the Sydney basin, where the CO_(2) composition exceeds 90%. The fast direct desorption method and associated devices were described in detail and employed to measure the in-situ gas components (Q_(1), Q_(2), and Q_(3)) of the coal seam. The results show that in-situ total gas content (Q_(T)) ranges from 9.48 m^(3)/t for the A2 section to 14.80 m^(3)/t for the A3 section, surpassing the Level 2 outburst threshold limit value, thereby necessitating gas drainage measures. Among the gas components, Q_(2) demonstrates the highest contribution to Q_(T), ranging between 55% and 70%. Furthermore, high-pressure isothermal gas sorption experiments were conducted on coal samples from each seam section to explore their gas sorption capacity. The Langmuir model accurately characterizes CO_(2) sorption behavior, with ft coefcients (R^(2)) greater than 0.99. Strong positive correlations are observed between in-situ gas content and Langmuir volume, as well as between residual gas content (Q_(3)) and sorption hysteresis. Notably, the A3 seam section is proved to have a higher outburst propensity due to its higher Q_(1) and Q_(2) gas contents, lower sorption hysteresis, and reduced coal toughness f value. The insights derived from the study can contribute to the development of efective gas management strategies and enhance the safety and efciency of coal mining operations.

Changes in Soil Organic Matter,Nitrogen and Phosphorus Contents during Decomposition of Pear Branches

[Objectives]To investigate the changes in soil organic matter,nitrogen and phosphorus content in the decomposition process of Korla fragrant pear branches by indoor mixed culture.[Methods]The branches of Korla fragrant pear in the orchard were collected and returned to the field for a period of 150 d for indoor mixed culture.[Results]Different ages of Korla fragrant pear branches have different effects on soil nutrient content during the simulated return to field decomposition process.Compared with the control in the same period,the treatment of returning to field reached a significant level(P<0.05).Compared with the control,the average values of organic matter,total nitrogen and available phosphorus content in treatment 1 and treatment 2 increased by 2.16 times and 1.93 times,61%and 59%,5.88 times and 6.88 times,respectively;compared with the control,the average increase performance of the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content of the two treatments was basically the same,and the treatment 2 was the best;compared with the control,the average total phosphorus content of treatment 1 and treatment 2 increased but not significantly.[Conclusions]The contents of soil organic matter,nitrogen and phosphorus were all increased during the decomposition of pear branches,and the overall improvement effect of 10-year-old trees was better than that of 5-year-old trees.Returning the pruned branches to the field can provide a reliable theoretical basis for solving the problem of organic fertilizer shortage in orchards,and also can ensure technical support for improving soil fertility and improving the rhizosphere micro-environment of pear trees.

SPA-H钢低氧出钢的生产技术实践

针对生产SPA-H钢冶炼中低氧控制出钢技术开展研究,分析了相关热力学理论及低氧出钢必要性,确定了SPA-H钢合理低氧范围应为(198~333)×10^(-6)。为实现低氧控制开展了技术改进,合理控制转炉终渣成分,合理排产,实行灵活的溅渣护炉措施;改进冶炼制度,采用“一批料”模式或留少量料模式,改进氧枪工作参数,降低平均枪位,优化枪位控制,保证低枪位拉碳时间,终点温度按照1680℃控制,碳按照0.06%~0.11%控制;采用碳—氧修正模型、转炉质谱仪等辅助手段。改进后,平均终点氧含量降低,氧含量80%控制在选定合理范围,磷、硫、碳及锰含量控制水平均有提升。

高效液相色谱法测定阿维巴坦钠起始物料(2S,5R)-5-[(苄氧基)氨基]哌啶-2-羧酸乙酯的含量

目的:建立测定阿维巴坦钠起始物料(2S,5R)-5-[(苄氧基)氨基]哌啶-2-羧酸乙酯含量的方法。方法:采用Hypersil ODS2色谱柱(4.6 mm×250.0 mm, 5.0μm),流动相A为0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢铵溶液,流动相B为乙腈,流动相A到流动相B(50∶50)运行时间11 min,流速为1.0 mL/min,波长为210 nm,柱温为40℃,进样量为10μL。结果:阿维巴坦钠起始物料(2S,5R)-5-[(苄氧基)氨基]哌啶-2-羧酸乙酯都得到良好的分离。结论:高效液相色谱法灵敏、快速、准确、可靠,可用于阿维巴坦钠起始物料(2S,5R)-5-[(苄氧基)氨基]哌啶-2-羧酸乙酯含量测定。

深部矿山不同埋藏深度岩石拉压力学特性试验研究

岩石的物理力学特性随埋藏深度增大会发生变化。本文以云南某矿山900~1200 m深度范围内4个不同埋藏深度的矿体上下盘围岩(灰质白云岩)为研究对象,开展了不同含水条件下(自然状态和饱水状态)的单轴压缩和巴西劈裂试验,探明深部岩石力学基本物理力学特性随埋深的变化规律。研究结果表明:在研究的深度范围内,岩石基本物理成分组成及结构相似,随着岩石埋藏深度的增加,岩石试样的密度、纵波波速、单轴抗压强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量等均略微增大,而泊松比呈先增大后减小的趋势。含水条件对岩石的力学特性影响显著,不同埋藏深度的岩石试样进行饱水处理后其抗压强度、抗拉强度和弹性模量均明显减小,泊松比显著增大,其中岩石单轴抗压强度对水的敏感性高于其他参数对水的敏感性,各参数对水的敏感性排序为:抗压强度>弹性模量>泊松比>抗拉强度。本研究很好地揭示了深部矿山不同埋藏深度围岩的拉压力学特性变化规律。

壳源氦气成藏主控因素及资源评价方法研究

当前国内外尚无系统的氦气资源评价方法以及针对性的参数取值标准。通过天然气和氦气的成藏要素对比,明确了载体气和壳源氦气的异源同储、同源同储和同源异储3类共生关系,以及壳源氦气成藏的8个关键因素。构建了4类10种氦气资源分级分类评价方法,其中含量法包括5个亚类,统计法包括1个亚类,类比法包括3个亚类,成因法1个亚类,初步解决了氦气资源定量计算的难题。结果表明:高氦气含量的气藏一般为常压及低压气藏,氦气含量与氦源岩类型、铀钍含量和氦源岩规模3个参数呈正向关系,而与离主断裂距离、埋深和生烃强度3个参数呈负相关,适度的基底构造活动有利于氦气释放及富集。基于8类氦气成藏主控因素与氦气含量的定量关系,建立了氦气含量类比法。基于异源同储不同序的原理,构建了氦气资源规模序列法;基于放射性元素衰变释氦机理,建立了氦气成因法。氦气资源评价方法在国内外得到了较为广泛的应用,研究成果将为我国氦气储量规模发现提供了有效支撑。

人工智能生成内容的著作权法之辩

根据输入指令与输出内容的比例关系,可将人工智能生成内容依次分为孪生内容、伴生内容和原生内容。人工智能生成内容主要涉及三个著作权法问题。一是机器阅读的法律性质问题,法定许可说能更好地兼顾著作权专有属性与公有属性,实现权利行使与限制的动态平衡。二是生成内容的可著作权性问题,需要结合内容类型并考虑输入指令的潜在影响。同比例复制的孪生内容不属于作品,差异化表达的伴生内容属于演绎作品,创造性表现的原生内容属于原创作品。三是生成内容的著作权归属问题,除另有协议外,需要结合内容类型并考虑所有者、使用者的贡献程度。孪生内容因不属于作品,无人享有著作权;所有者、使用者对伴生内容的形成均有重大贡献,基于概括合作行为与意识,所有者、使用者共同享有著作权;只有所有者对原生内容的形成具有重大贡献,所有者单独享有著作权。

大豆籽粒Ve含量的全基因组关联分析

维生素E(Ve)是大豆油中一种天然抗氧化剂,是评价大豆油营养价值的重要指标。本研究利用含有264份的大豆自然群体在2021年和2022年测定了籽粒中α-、γ-和δ-生育酚含量,并进行全基因组关联分析(Genome-wide association study,GWAS)。本研究共检测到199个与大豆Ve含量显著关联的SNP位点,其中9个可在2个环境或者2个性状被重复检测到,分别位于3号、7号、11号、12号、13号、15号、17号和18号染色体上。其中位于7号染色体上的显著关联信号是控制α-生育酚含量的主效位点,可在2年环境中被检测到,表型变异解释率为9.83%。对该位点候选基因进行筛选,获得一个编码myb转录因子的基因Glyma.07G054000,可能是这个位点的效应基因。另外,在12号染色体上得到2个编码γ-生育酚甲基转移酶的基因Glyma.12G014200和Glyma.12G014300,有可能是影响Ve含量的重要基因。本研究结果有助于解析大豆籽粒Ve含量的遗传基础及其调控机制,为大豆品质遗传改良奠定了基础。

市售348批次化妆品中锂等37种元素的含量测定及分析

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱检测法对贵州省9个市(州)线下实体经营企业的100批次祛斑美白类、62批次宣称隔离功效的彩妆类、30批次爽身粉及156批次涂抹式面膜类化妆品中锂等37种元素进行含量测定并对数据进行分析。质量浓度范围在0~100μg/L(汞为0~4μg/L)时,37种元素线性相关系数均大于0.999,回收率为88.7%~115.3%,检出限为0.004~4μg/kg,定量限为1~80μg/kg。结果发现,含元素种类较多且含量较高的产品,成分中大多含有土壤、矿物及植物提取物。

机构投资者持股会助推企业“漂绿”吗--基于重污染企业社会责任报告披露的实证研究

以中国A股上市的455家重污染企业为样本,探究机构投资者与企业“漂绿”的关系。实证结果表明,机构投资者持股比例越高,企业发布社会责任报告的可能性越大,但报告内容披露的完整程度会降低,即机构投资者持股助推企业“漂绿”。机制分析表明,机构投资者持股可以通过提升公司盈利能力,助推企业“漂绿”,但通过降低公司负债水平来抑制企业“漂绿”。进一步分析发现,2016年绿色金融政策发布后,机构投资者持股对企业“漂绿”的助推效果减弱;机构投资者持股对国企“漂绿”行为的助推效果不明显。建议提升对公司绿色治理的监督力度,促使公司减少“漂绿”行为,更好地维护投资者的利益和社会效益。

不同EMS处理时间对大豆诱变后代主要品质含量变化影响分析

为探究不同EMS处理时间对大豆诱变后代主要品质含量变化的影响,文章利用0.5%EMS溶液处理大豆高蛋白品系公交1057-1,分别浸泡4、7和10 h(清水冲洗处理为对照),对播种后获得的连续4代诱变后代主要品质含量变化进行分析。结果表明,与对照相较,经EMS处理后的植株成活率随处理时间延长而降低。其中,经EMS-4处理后的植株成活率最高,为43.5%;经EMS-10处理后的植株成活率最低,仅为16.0%。不同EMS处理时间对大豆诱变后代的蛋白质含量影响显著,对脂肪含量影响不明显。其中经EMS-4处理的诱变后代蛋白质含量高于其他3组处理;经EMS-4处理后的M2代蛋白质含量发生显著分离,并出现超亲个体,脂肪含量变化不显著。

元宝枫色素含量、分布及超微结构与叶色的关系

【目的】探究元宝枫叶片颜色属性与不同叶色叶片各组织中色素含量和分布,以及与细胞超微结构的关系,为明确元宝枫叶片呈色的内部机制提供细胞学依据,为揭示红叶植物变色机制提供参考。【方法】分析元宝枫叶片颜色属性,测定各颜色叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和花色素苷含量,观察叶片各组织中色素分布情况,使用透视电镜观察叶肉细胞的叶绿体和其他细胞器的超微结构。【结果】元宝枫不同叶色叶片色素含量、分布和超微结构均存在差异。1)红叶花色素苷含量极显著(P<0.05)高于黄叶和绿叶,叶绿素含量较低。黄叶叶绿素含量最低,类胡萝卜素含量显著(P<0.05)高于红叶,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素含量比值显著高于绿叶和红叶(P<0.05)。绿叶叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量显著(P<0.05)高于黄叶和红叶,花色素苷含量显著(P<0.05)低于红叶,与黄叶之间无显著差异。相关分析表明,元宝枫叶片色素含量比值均与叶绿素含量呈负相关关系。2)元宝枫叶片上下表皮细胞均无色素分布,花色素苷主要分布于栅栏组织。红叶花色素苷分布明显,绿叶和黄叶花色素苷分布较少。黄叶类胡萝卜素分布明显,在海绵组织也有花色素苷分布。3)嫩绿色叶片叶绿体尚在发育中;绿叶细胞发育成熟,有淀粉粒。叶片变红后,叶绿体中核糖体减少,全红叶片中出现叶绿体解体的残留物;黄叶中叶绿体受损,细胞中有嗜锇颗粒;尖端变褐的叶片细胞中有大量嗜锇颗粒,有些细胞基本为空腔。【结论】元宝枫彩叶未发生结构变异,其颜色变化是因为在叶片变红过程中,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量降低尤其叶绿素含量下降迅速,而花色素苷含量上升,其内部花色素苷与叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的比值上升造成的,属于色素型彩叶。叶片花色素苷主要分布于栅栏组织,在变红前就已产生,随其含量上升,最终在叶色上呈现出来。在叶色变化过程中,叶绿体逐渐解体,出现衰老症状,为衰老期型彩叶。黄叶生长势差,叶色从绿转黄,不能呈现红色,衰老速度较红叶更快。

人工智能生成内容确权模式的嬗变与数据财产权的确立

人工智能生成内容已深入应用到社会生产生活当中。在数据确权制度诞生之前,各国立法、司法和理论界大多主张以著作权法保护人工智能生成的数据。由于狭义著作权确权模式饱受“独创性”诟病,转而走向邻接权确权模式。然而,透过人工智能生成内容的技术和法律本质可以看出,该客体和邻接权的保护客体以及设立目的并无相关之处,盲目扩大邻接权的保护范围不仅会遭到理论与制度的挑战,而且在司法实践中也会捉襟见肘。因此,必须走出著作权保护模式的藩篱和迷雾,直面人工智能生成内容的本质,构建具有合理性的新型财产权制度。从数据视野来看,人工智能生成内容的技术本质为数据,法律本质为数据财产。随着数据时代的到来以及数据立法的展开,人工智能生成内容的数据财产权确权模式必然浮出水面。数据财产权确权模式是依托于数据法律制度的出现与发展提出的,是立足于人工智能生成内容的数据本质形成的,是基于人工智能生成内容的数据财产法律属性揭示的确权模式选择。在综合考量产业目的、盈利模式、风险成本、商业实践以及使用者目的来看,人工智能生成内容的权利主体应当为服务使用者而不是服务提供者,权利保护应适用“财产规则”和“禁易规则”。

新兴林粮——黄精产业发展战略研究

当前,全球粮食安全形势复杂严峻,与饮食相关的慢性疾病普遍存在,“以健康为中心”“营养多元”“食物即药物”等观点成为普遍共识;利用农业生物多样性来探寻高产且有营养的新一代作物成为国际潮流,黄精具有明显的特色和优势。本文从充分发挥黄精潜能的角度出发,系统总结了黄精食药用历史、黄精林粮营养与功效的物质基础、黄精资源分布与粮食生产潜力。现有研究发现,黄精不含淀粉,富含结构复杂、易降解、有能量的果聚糖等营养功效物质,能够服务生命健康;适合林下栽培或与玉米套种,不占良田、不争林地,产能潜力极大,可用于保障粮食安全;适合广大农户种植和加工,经济效益良好,有利于实现共同富裕。为解决黄精林粮产业存在的基础科学研究薄弱、应用技术支撑不足、文化传承与政策支持滞后等问题,需加强黄精基础科学研究、强化黄精全产业链应用技术研究,同时将黄精生产列入木本粮油政策资金保障体系,将黄精应用纳入医疗保健与人口健康规划,将黄精产业列为乡村振兴和共同富裕的重要举措,构建完备的黄精全产业链创新应用体系。