SGT-Net: A Transformer-Based Stratified Graph Convolutional Network for 3D Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation

In recent years,semantic segmentation on 3D point cloud data has attracted much attention.Unlike 2D images where pixels distribute regularly in the image domain,3D point clouds in non-Euclidean space are irregular and inherently sparse.Therefore,it is very difficult to extract long-range contexts and effectively aggregate local features for semantic segmentation in 3D point cloud space.Most current methods either focus on local feature aggregation or long-range context dependency,but fail to directly establish a global-local feature extractor to complete the point cloud semantic segmentation tasks.In this paper,we propose a Transformer-based stratified graph convolutional network(SGT-Net),which enlarges the effective receptive field and builds direct long-range dependency.Specifically,we first propose a novel dense-sparse sampling strategy that provides dense local vertices and sparse long-distance vertices for subsequent graph convolutional network(GCN).Secondly,we propose a multi-key self-attention mechanism based on the Transformer to further weight augmentation for crucial neighboring relationships and enlarge the effective receptive field.In addition,to further improve the efficiency of the network,we propose a similarity measurement module to determine whether the neighborhood near the center point is effective.We demonstrate the validity and superiority of our method on the S3DIS and ShapeNet datasets.Through ablation experiments and segmentation visualization,we verify that the SGT model can improve the performance of the point cloud semantic segmentation.

Learning Context-based Embeddings for Knowledge Graph Completion

Purpose:Due to the incompleteness nature of knowledge graphs(KGs),the task of predicting missing links between entities becomes important.Many previous approaches are static,this posed a notable problem that all meanings of a polysemous entity share one embedding vector.This study aims to propose a polysemous embedding approach,named KG embedding under relational contexts(ContE for short),for missing link prediction.Design/methodology/approach:ContE models and infers different relationship patterns by considering the context of the relationship,which is implicit in the local neighborhood of the relationship.The forward and backward impacts of the relationship in ContE are mapped to two different embedding vectors,which represent the contextual information of the relationship.Then,according to the position of the entity,the entity’s polysemous representation is obtained by adding its static embedding vector to the corresponding context vector of the relationship.Findings:ContE is a fully expressive,that is,given any ground truth over the triples,there are embedding assignments to entities and relations that can precisely separate the true triples from false ones.ContE is capable of modeling four connectivity patterns such as symmetry,antisymmetry,inversion and composition.Research limitations:ContE needs to do a grid search to find best parameters to get best performance in practice,which is a time-consuming task.Sometimes,it requires longer entity vectors to get better performance than some other models.Practical implications:ContE is a bilinear model,which is a quite simple model that could be applied to large-scale KGs.By considering contexts of relations,ContE can distinguish the exact meaning of an entity in different triples so that when performing compositional reasoning,it is capable to infer the connectivity patterns of relations and achieves good performance on link prediction tasks.Originality/value:ContE considers the contexts of entities in terms of their positions in triples and the relationships they link to.It decomposes a relation vector into two vectors,namely,forward impact vector and backward impact vector in order to capture the relational contexts.ContE has the same low computational complexity as TransE.Therefore,it provides a new approach for contextualized knowledge graph embedding.

Content Characteristics of Knowledge Integration in the eHealth Field:An Analysis Based on Citation Contexts

Purpose:This study attempts to disclose the characteristics of knowledge integration in an interdisciplinary field by looking into the content aspect of knowledge.Design/methodology/approach:The eHealth field was chosen in the case study.Associated knowledge phrases(AKPs)that are shared between citing papers and their references were extracted from the citation contexts of the eHealth papers by applying a stem-matching method.A classification schema that considers the functions of knowledge in the domain was proposed to categorize the identified AKPs.The source disciplines of each knowledge type were analyzed.Quantitative indicators and a co-occurrence analysis were applied to disclose the integration patterns of different knowledge types.Findings:The annotated AKPs evidence the major disciplines supplying each type of knowledge.Different knowledge types have remarkably different integration patterns in terms of knowledge amount,the breadth of source disciplines,and the integration time lag.We also find several frequent co-occurrence patterns of different knowledge types.Research limitations:The collected articles of the field are limited to the two leading open access journals.The stem-matching method to extract AKPs could not identify those phrases with the same meaning but expressed in words with different stems.The type of Research Subject dominates the recognized AKPs,which calls on an improvement of the classification schema for better knowledge integration analysis on knowledge units.Practical implications:The methodology proposed in this paper sheds new light on knowledge integration characteristics of an interdisciplinary field from the content perspective.The findings have practical implications on the future development of research strategies in eHealth and the policies about interdisciplinary research.Originality/value:This study proposed a new methodology to explore the content characteristics of knowledge integration in an interdisciplinary field.

Rural-urban Migration, Rural Household Income and Local Geographical Contexts——A Case of Northwestern Guangxi, China

This paper aims to examine New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM) in the northwestern Guangxi, China and investigate the relationships among rural-urban migration, rural household income and local geographical contexts. Stratified sampling and typical case study were adopted and 236 questionnaires were collected from four vil- lages, Daxin, Lixin, Longhe and Yongchang. We analyzed the rural-urban migration rate, household income and local geographical factors, focusing on the ratio of remittance income to total household income. Data descriptions and sta- tistical methods, such as Pearson Chi-square test, Contingency coefficient, Eta, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, multiple comparisons (LSD test, Tamhane T2, Dunnett T3 and Dunnet C test) were used. The results are as follows. Rural households’ income is diversified in survey villages so the motivation of rural-urban migration in the study area can be partly explained by NELM. The migration rate of households (the percentage of households with migrants in survey households) in survey villages varies from 50% to 86%, while the proportion of remittance income to house- hold income is in the range of 30% to 80%. In the village of Yongchang, with the least average arable land area per household, the remittance income plays a vital role in household income (80%). And the statistical findings show that the proportion is significantly and negatively correlated with arable land area per household. The conclusion is that di- rect effect of migration, i.e., the contribution of remittance to household income, is negatively correlated with the con- tribution of resources to local income.

Using shape contexts method for registration of contra lateral breasts in thermal images

AIM: To achieve symmetric boundaries for left and right breasts boundaries in thermal images by registration. METHODS: The proposed method for registration consists of two steps. In the first step, shape context, an approach as presented by Belongie and Malik was applied for registration of two breast boundaries. The shape context is an approach to measure shape similarity. Two sets of finite sample points from shape contours of two breasts are then presented. Consequently, the correspondences between the two shapes are found. By finding correspondences, the sample point which has the most similar shape context is obtained. RESULTS: In this study, a line up transformation which maps one shape onto the other has been estimated in order to complete shape. The used of a thin plate spline permitted good estimation of a plane transformation which has capability to map unselective points from one shape onto the other. The obtained aligningtransformation of boundaries points has been applied successfully to map the two breasts interior points. Some of advantages for using shape context method in this work are as follows:(1) no special land marks or key points are needed;(2) it is tolerant to all common shape deformation; and(3) although it is uncomplicated and straightforward to use, it gives remarkably powerful descriptor for point sets significantly upgrading point set registration. Results are very promising. The proposed algorithm was implemented for 32 cases. Boundary registration is done perfectly for 28 cases.CONCLUSION: We used shape contexts method that is simple and easy to implement to achieve symmetric boundaries for left and right breasts boundaries in thermal images.

Improving Reading Skills

How do you get information from an article as much and fast as possible while you are reading? It is a very important thing for us——Chinese readers. Reading is an important element in our English study. Mastering reading skills will help increase our reading speed and comprehend what we read. Now several reading skills are to be discussed in this paper.

Language Variation Identified in Downton Abbey

This paper aims to identify and justify a sociolinguistic issue， language variation according to different contexts and addressees， reflected in an episode of Downton Abbey， a British-American television series which depicts the life of the aristocratic Crawley family and their household servants in the early 1900s. At the beginning of the body part， the issue is illustrated through the description of the settings where related conversations take place. Then，rationales of introducing such a sociolinguistic issue will be presented in the following section.

Writing Haiku in a Second Language： Perceptions, Attitudes, and Emotions of Second Language Learners

The aim of the current study is to discuss the value of poetry writing in an L2 （second language） by investigating perceptions, attitudes, and emotions of 20 EFL （English as a Foreign Language） college freshmen regarding writing Japanese poetry, haiku in English. This paper first discussed issues and uses of literature in L2 contexts and addressed the current empirical inquiry into L2 haiku writing as a method for L2 learning. The study was designed as a qualitative research which investigated the participants＇ reflection on writing L2 haikus for six weeks in an EFL college writing course. The data obtained was analyzed by using the coding system and showed that writing haiku in the target language was a challenging but valuable task for L2 learning among the EFL students. Especially haiku composition allowed them to develop their L2 linguistic awareness

Chinese Students’ Adaptation of Social Intercourse Influenced by Different Cultural Contexts of China and America in American Universities

1 Statement of the Purpose (1) Statement of the purpose The purpose of the research isto study Chinese studends' adaptation of social intercourse influenced by different cultural contexts of China and America in American universities.And the study will also try to find out the exact problems and obstacles during Chinese students' adapting period in American universities.

What Makes a Good Second Language Learner from the Point of Majority Language Contexts

The reason to choose this topic is because among three types of context in natural second language learning settings,majority language contexts are undoubtedly the most important type to help L2 learners enhance their proficiencies of target languages in an effective way.The first part of the paper is review of the researches that have been conducted concerning majority language contexts.From following chapters,analysis will be made on the deficiencies of L2 learning and teaching in China as well as necessities of majority language contexts.Finally,basic strategies will be proposed to help L2 learners overcome various problems in majority language contexts.

Spatial differentiation pattern of interregional migration in ethnic minority areas of Yunnan Province, China

Interregional migration has broad and far-reaching impacts on regional urbanization process in ethnic minority areas of Southwest China.The previous literature of interregional migration paid less attention on the ethnic minority areas with fragile geographical feature and marginal socio-economic context in the developing world due to the dearth of reliable data.Based on the 2015 national 1%population sampling survey at the village/community scale,taking Yulong Naxi Autonomous County,Yunnan Province,China as the case study,this paper analyzed the spatial differentiation pattern.The results showed that:(1)migration in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County exhibited obvious spatial differentiation characteristics in terms of population aggregation,population loss,migration direction,and migration activity;(2)the overall spatial differentiation of migration exhibited a"layer+sector"pattern in Yulong Naxi Autonomous County:the first layer was active areas with net inflows(<20 km from the seat of the county government),the second layer was inactive areas(within 20–60 km of the seat of the county government),and the third layer was a mixed"layer+sector"zone(>60 km to the seat of the county government),comprised of inactive areas and active areas with net outflows;(3)the spatial differentiation pattern of migration was highly correlated with the regional contexts including the regional economic development,regional transportation accessibility and regional social development,while regional physical geographical factors had insignificant relationships with the migration pattern.

Short Video Recommendation Algorithm Incorporating Temporal Contextual Information and User Context

With the popularity of 5G and the rapid development of mobile terminals,an endless stream of short video software exists.Browsing short-form mobile video in fragmented time has become the mainstream of user’s life.Hence,designing an efficient short video recommendation method has become important for major network platforms to attract users and satisfy their requirements.Nevertheless,the explosive growth of data leads to the low efficiency of the algorithm,which fails to distill users’points of interest on one hand effectively.On the other hand,integrating user preferences and the content of items urgently intensify the requirements for platform recommendation.In this paper,we propose a collaborative filtering algorithm,integrating time context information and user context,which pours attention into expanding and discovering user interest.In the first place,we introduce the temporal context information into the typical collaborative filtering algorithm,and leverage the popularity penalty function to weight the similarity between recommended short videos and the historical short videos.There remains one more point.We also introduce the user situation into the traditional collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm,considering the context information of users in the generation recommendation stage,and weight the recommended short-formvideos of candidates.At last,a diverse approach is used to generate a Top-K recommendation list for users.And through a case study,we illustrate the accuracy and diversity of the proposed method.

国际语用学学会会议发言(三)

John Gumperz(University of California):迄今为上的大部分发言人采取了提出各种不同的可能的理论角度(theoreticalapproaches)—一或按有些人所说的“由上而下”(top-down)的角度—-来对待语用学.如果我们想寻找某种能统一我们大家的统一性(unity),也许还有一种大家愿意采用的策略:你对于资料(data)的着眼点(orientation)是什么?我们在研究的到底是什么?从这次会议反映的情况来看,我们可以明显地看出二个(也许是三个)

An Investigation Into Career Development Contexts of University Russian Language Teachers in China(1949-2019)From the Perspective of Ecological Theory

Although much research has been conducted on the interactions between the career development of foreign language teachers and their contexts around the world,a literature review reveals that there exists scanty research on the relationship between university Russian language teachers’career development and their contexts in China since 1949.Based on relevant studies on the career development of foreign language teachers and the ecological theory,this paper involves research on the impact that different ecological systems(micro-,meso-,macro-and exo-ones)have played in the career development of Russian language teachers in China.Participants are 10 Chinese Russian teachers of different ages from different universities in different parts of China.Via literature review,narration methods and semi-structured(in-depth)interviews with the help of NVivo,this research finds that Russian language teachers’career development results from multi-faceted interactions of the following contexts:ideology,Russian language educational policies and personal factors as well as college contexts.This paper concludes with some suggestions for improving Russian language teachers’career development in China.

Bibliometry-Aware and Domain-Specific Features for Discovering Publication Hierarchically-Ordered Contexts and Scholarly-Communication Structures

Discovering publication hierarchically-ordered contexts is the main task in context-based searching paradigm. The proposed techniques to discover publication contexts relies on the availability of domain-specific inputs, namely a pre-specified ontology terms. A problem with this technique is that the needed domain-specific inputs may not be available in some scientific disciplines. In this paper, we propose utilizing a powerful input that is naturally available in any scientific discipline to discover the hierarchically-ordered contexts of it, namely paper citation and co-authorship graphs. More specifically, we propose a set of domain-specific bibliometry-aware features that are automatically computable instead of domain-specific inputs that need experts’ efforts to prepare. Another benefit behind considering bibliometric-features to adapt to the special characteristics of the literature environment being targeted, which in turn facilitates contexts membership decision making. One key advantage of our proposal is that it considers temporal changes of the targeted publication set.

Objectives of Financial Reporting with Chinese Characters

Objectives of financial reporting are not immutable--they are influenced by a variety of factors, such as the economic, legal, political, and social environment in which financial reporting takes place. As the environmental contexts have changed in China since 1992, objectives of financial reporting have shown even more Chinese characters. In this paper, we focus on these special characters of objectives of financial reporting in China. In order to understand the objectives featured by Chinese characters, we are trying to find the hidden relationships between the objectives and environmental contexts. Our research shows that many researchers have already tried to establish objectives of financial reporting with Chinese characters, however current studies do have their limitations, and further studies should be done.

Inventing the Barbarians:The Changing Contexts of Yi in the Late Qing Dynasty

This study analyzes how the meaning of yi(夷,barbarian)was constructed in different historical contexts at the end of the Qing dynasty,which is important for us to reconsider xenophobia and Sino-centrism both in the past and present.Our study combines contextual with intertextual reading methods.It places different materials,including missionaries’works,newspapers,and official documents,in their specific historical contexts and links them to obtain a full picture of this transformation.We argue that yi was invented.Various agents and actors created the connotation of yi to suit their interests.It was transformed by the Qing court from“barbarians”to those who follow Confucianism to justify their rule.Then it was first translated as“foreigners”and later as“barbarians”when Europeans came to China.Our study situates the meaning of yi to help us rethink some of the labels and misconceptions attached to yi and the early missionaries in China.

The Translation of a Few Words With Old-Fashioned Meanings in Pride and Prejudice

Word meanings change with time. This paper analyzes the meanings of three language units from Jane Austen＇s Pride and Prejudice and their Chinese renderings by seven translators. These three units are recollect, handsome, and come upon the town. By studying the linguistic, situational, or cultural contexts of each language unit, the analysis shows that of the renderings of these three language units, the accuracy rate is three out of seven, one out of seven, and two out of seven respectively. The paper points out that one of the most important causes of the low accuracy rates is that these language units denote old-fashioned meanings. Another cause of the low accuracy rates is that some of the translators are not careful enough in their identification of the meanings of these language units. The paper suggests that in the translation of a classic novel like Pride and Prejudice, translators need to analyze carefully the linguistic, situational, or cultural contexts of a tricky language unit in the novel for very likely it denotes an old-fashioned meaning. Translators could also consult and compare what a tricky language unit means in other places of the novel, use an encyclopedic dictionary instead of a dictionary of contemporary English, and study the notes on tricky words in the novel made by established scholars.

Correlations between Human Adaptation, the Earth-Cosmos Context and Aristotle＇s Four Causalities

The Earth, which is a planet connection with the evolution of the Solar system, was formed and evolved as part of the WHOLE, in close of the Universe. The awareness, knowledge, and understanding of our coexistence with the Universe may clarify a series of obscure problems of our existence, and, at the same time, may bring solutions for other acute problems which our modem society has to face, such as energy, nature preservation, the origin, evolution and adaptation of the living and especially of man to the environment, etc.. This paper is trying to theoretically break up the concept of environmenf＇ into four fundamental contexts： terrestrial, lunar, solar-planetary, and cosmic context. We intend to approach the four contexts that distinctly and simultaneously influence life on the Earth using the interface theory which we developed in Informational Anthropology, Integronics and Biocosmological Anthropology. We consider that the living adapted and developed in a differentiated way according to the impact of these contexts. They may be the source for the four causalities Aristotle intuited, as well as the cause of many still unknown phenomena that diversified man＇s evolution and variability （Ackrill 1997; Falcon 2008）.

Pattern-Prototype Effects of Processing Familiar Metonymy in Sentential Context

This study conducted an eye-tracking experiment on processing different patterns of Chinese familiar metonymy in sentential contexts.It analyzes five eye-tracking measures concerning the processing of metonymy.The results indicate that different patterns of metonymy experience different processing processes under a sentential-context condition,and results in prototype effects.The main finding is that Spatial Part&Whole metonymy is more prototypical than other three patterns of metonymy,i.e.,Container and Contained,Location and Located,Entity and Adjacent Entity,and that the effect of metonymy pattern on the processing is stable and observable.It concludes that contextual information facilitates the processing of non-prototypical metonymy,but restrain the processing of prototypical metonymy.